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1993 Russian legislative election

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Field	Value
country	Russian Federation
type	parliamentary
previous_election	1990 Russian Supreme Soviet election
previous_year	1990
election_date	12 December 1993
next_election	1995 Russian legislative election
next_year	1995
seats_for_election	All 450 seats to the State Duma
majority_seats	226
elected_members	List of members of the 1st Russian State Duma
turnout	54.33% ( 22.07 pp)
image1	[[File:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 01-03-1995 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader1	Vladimir Zhirinovsky
party1	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
leader_since1	13 December 1989
leaders_seat1	Shchyolkovo
seats1	64
popular_vote1	12,318,562
percentage1	21.35% (PL)
image2	[[File:YegorGaidar.jpg	150x150px]]
leader2	Yegor Gaidar
party2	Choice of Russia (electoral bloc)
leader_since2	16 October 1993
leaders_seat2	Federal list
seats2	62
popular_vote2	8,339,345
percentage2	14.45% (PL)
image3	[[File:Gennady Zyuganov and Govorukhin in 1998 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader3	Gennady Zyuganov
party3	Communist Party of the Russian Federation
leader_since3	14 February 1993
leaders_seat3	Federal list
seats3	42
popular_vote3	6,666,402
percentage3	11.55% (PL)
image4	[[File:Mikhail Lapshin.jpg	150x150px]]
leader4	Mikhail Lapshin
party4	Agrarian Party of Russia
leader_since4	26 February 1993
leaders_seat4	Federal list
seats4	38
popular_vote4	4,292,518
percentage4	7.44% (PL)
image5	[[File:Ba-yavlinsky-g-a-1999-june (sq, cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader5	Grigory Yavlinsky
party5	YaBL
leader_since5	16 October 1993
leaders_seat5	Federal list
seats5	27
popular_vote5	4,223,219
percentage5	7.32% (PL)
image6	{{CSS image crop
Image	Alevtina Fedulova (duma.gov.ru).jpg
bSize	150
cWidth	120
cHeight	150
oTop	0
oLeft	17
leader6	Alevtina Fedulova
party6	Women of Russia
leader_since6	1 October 1993
leaders_seat6	Federal list
seats6	24
popular_vote6	4,369,918
percentage6	7.57% (PL)
image7	[[File:Sergey Shakhray in circa 1993 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader7	Sergey Shakhray
party7	Party of Russian Unity and Accord
leader_since7	17 October 1993
leaders_seat7	Federal list
seats7	22
popular_vote7	3,620,035
percentage7	6.27% (PL)
image8	[[File:Nikolay Travkin in 1991 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader8	Nikolay Travkin
party8	Democratic Party of Russia
leader_since8	26 May 1990
leaders_seat8	Federal list
seats8	15
popular_vote8	2,969,533
percentage8	5.15% (PL)
image9	[[File:Arkady Volsky.jpg	150x150px]]
leader9	Arkady Volsky
party9	Civic Union (Russia)
leader_since9	21 October 1993
leaders_seat9	Federal list (lost)
seats9	7
popular_vote9	1,038,193
percentage9	1.80% (PL)
map
title	Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
posttitle	Chairman of the State Duma after
before_election	Ruslan Khasbulatov
before_party	Independent politician
after_election	Ivan Rybkin
after_party	Agrarian Party of Russia

Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993 to elect all 450 seats of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Federation. Additionally, the elections were the first and only instance of direct elections to the Federation Council, with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors.

The far-right Liberal Democratic Party of Russia won a total of 64 seats, the most deputies of any single bloc in the chamber. The pro-government Choice of Russia bloc came second with 62 deputies, and the anti-government Communist Party of the Russian Federation came third with 42. Five seats in Tatarstan were left vacant due to turnout below 25%, and one seat in Chechnya was also unfilled.

The elections were held concurrently with the 1993 Russian constitutional referendum.

Background

Since January 1993, there had been efforts between both elements within the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia and President Boris Yeltsin's inner circle. Boris Yeltsin and his alies hoped to create a parliament sympathetic to his reform agenda and minimise elements that were critical of his programme.

On 21 September Yeltsin declared the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet dissolved. Alexander Rutskoy called Yeltsin's move a step toward a coup d'état. The next day, the Constitutional Court held that Yeltsin had violated the constitution and could be impeached. During an all-night session, parliament declared the president's decree null and void. This began the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.

With Yeltsin being victorious over parliament in the crisis, electoral law he declared by presidential decree was enacted, and his preferred constitutional draft put to referendum. Reformist parties supportive of Yeltsin were unsure how they would fare under the new electoral system.

Most political parties were not well-established, and instead functioned more akin to parliamentary groups than political parties. The parties with the most established organisational structures were there Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and the Agrarian Party of Russia. Political parties development were impacted by crises, and by their own improvisation in response to new institutions and the crises. Parties with less established structures had only a small window of time to prepare for Federal campaigning.

There were a total of 490 candidates competing for seats in the Federation Council, and for the State Duma, there were 1,757 candidates on party lists for the proportional representation seats, and 1,567 candidates running for the first-past-the-post electoral district seats.

Electoral system

The new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated a parallel voting system, with the 225 of the 450 seats being party-list proportional seats, and the other 225 as single-member constituency seats elected via first-past-the-post voting. Every voter thus received two different ballots, one for both kinds of seat. The party-list proportional representation ballot required each voter to endorse an electoral organization or vote against all of them. By contrast, the single-member constituency ballot required a voter to endorse an individual, whose party affiliation, if any, could not be given on the ballot.

The new election law also saw the introduction of an 'Against all' option on ballots.

In order to nominate a list of candidates for the party-list proportional representation ballot, a party or electoral alliance had to gather 100,000 signatures from the electorate, of which no more than 15% could be from any one region or republic. The method used to calculate the number of seats won by each party was the Hare method, with a threshold of 5.0 per cent of the valid vote, including votes cast against all, but excluding invalid ballots.

To secure a place on a single-member constituency ballot, candidates had to gather the signatures of at least 1.0 percent of that constituency's electorate. The winner in each single-member districts contest was simply the candidate with the plurality of votes, regardless of the number of votes cast against all.

Additionally, an election was held for the upper house, the Federation Council. Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia served as a dual-member constituency, meaning a total of 178 seats. The two most voted-for candidates winning the seats. As the new constitution stated, both houses were elected for a two-year term.

Political blocs

№	Bloc	Abbr.	First troika	Political position	Ideologies	Notes
1	Agrarian Party of Russia}};"		Agrarian Party of Russia	APR	Mikhail Lapshin • Alexander Davydov • Alexander Zaveryukha	Left-wing	Agrarian socialism / Collectivism
2	Yabloko}};"		Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin
RPRF, SDPR, RHDS–ND	YaBL	Grigory Yavlinsky • Yury Boldyrev • Vladimir Lukin	Centre-left	Social democracy / Social liberalism
3	Future of Russia–New Names}};"		Future of Russia–New Names
NPSR, "Civic Union" Association	BRNI	Vyacheslav Laschevsky • Oleg Sokolov • Vladimir Mironov	Centre	Youth politics / Social policies
4	Democratic Choice of Russia}};"		Choice of Russia
VR, DR, PDI, KPR	VR	Yegor Gaidar • Sergei Kovalev • Ella Pamfilova	Centre-right	Conservative liberalism / Liberal conservatism
5	Civic Union (Russia)}};"		Civic Union for Stability, Justice and Progress
RSPP, Renewal, RSDC, APPR, VVZM	GS	Arkady Volsky • Nikolay Bekh • Alexander Vladislavlev	Centre to centre-left	Social democracy / Anti-Yeltsinism / Federalism
6	Democratic Party of Russia}};"		Democratic Party of Russia	DPR	Nikolay Travkin • Stanislav Govorukhin • Oleg Bogomolov	Centre-right	Conservatism
7	Dignity and Charity}};"		Dignity and Charity
VSV, VOI, Chernobyl Union of Russia	DM	Konstantin Frolov • Nikolai Gubenko • Vyacheslav Grishin	Big tent	Federalism / Veterans' rights / Disabled rights
8	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}};"		Communist Party of the Russian Federation	CPRF	Gennady Zyuganov • Vitaly Sevastyanov • Viktor Ilyukhin	Left-wing to far-left	Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Left-wing nationalism
9	Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"}};"		Constructive-Ecological Movement of Russia "Kedr"	KEDR	Lyubov Lymar • Vladimir Chiburayev • Stanislav Baranov	Centre to centre-left	Green politics / Agrarianism
10	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}};"		Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	LDPR	Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Viktor Kobelev • Vyacheslav Marychev	Right-wing to far-right	Right-wing populism / Pan-Slavism
11	Party of Russian Unity and Accord}};"		Party of Russian Unity and Accord	PRES	Sergey Shakhray • Alexander Shokhin • Konstantin Zatulin	Centre-right	Moderate liberalism / Conservatism / Regionalism
12	Women of Russia}};"		Women of Russia	ZhR	Alevtina Fedulova • Ekaterina Lakhova • Natalya Gundareva	Centre	Women's rights / Pacifism
13	Russian Democratic Reform Movement}};"		Russian Democratic Reform Movement	RDDR	Anatoly Sobchak • Svyatoslav Fyodorov • Oleg Basilashvili	Centre	Liberal democracy / Federalism

Opinion polls

Polling firm	Fieldwork date	LDPR	VR	CPRF	YaBL	ZhR	DPR	RDDR	PRES	APR	GS	BRNI	DM	KEDR	Against
all	Unsure	Not
voting
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}}"		Democratic Choice of Russia}}"		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"		Yabloko}}"		Women of Russia}}"		Democratic Party of Russia}}"		Russian Democratic Reform Movement}}"		Party of Russian Unity and Accord}}"		Agrarian Party of Russia}}"		Civic Union (Russia)}}"		Future of Russia–New Names}}"		Dignity and Charity}}"		Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"}}"
title=Россия-95: накануне выборов	trans-title=Russia-95: On the eve of the election	language=ru	editor=G.V. Osipov	editor-link=Gennady Osipov	url=https://xn--h1aauh.xn--p1ai/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Doklad-95.pdf	location=Moscow	publisher=ISPR RAS	year=2014	pages=2224	isbn=}}	4–5 Dec 1993	11	14	4	8	10	6	4	3	2	1	4	9	5	2	13	21
ISPR RAS
(exit poll)	12 Dec 1993	18	22	11	12	8	6	5	5	4	3	2	1	1	2		2

Results

State Duma

By region

Region	Total
seats	Seats won	LDPR	VR	CPRF	APR	Yabloko	ZhR	PRES	DPR	GS	RDDR	DM	BRNI	Kedr	Ind.	Vacant	1	1	4	1	1	2	1	6	2	2	1	1	5	2	1	2	2	1	1	4	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	4	2	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	7	4	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	15	10	2	1	6	1	1	4	3	3	1	2	4	3	1	6	2	8	1	1	5	4	2	4	7	2	5	1	2	3	1	2	2	2	2	1	2	4	2	4	1	2	225
Adygea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Altai Krai	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0
Altai Republic	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Amur Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Arkhangelsk Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0
Astrakhan Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Bashkortostan	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0
Belgorod Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Bryansk Oblast	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Buryatia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Chechnya	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Chelyabinsk Oblast	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
Chita Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Chukotka	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Chuvashia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Dagestan	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Evenk Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Ingushetia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Irkutsk Oblast	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Ivanovo Oblast	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kabardino-Balkaria	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kaliningrad Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Kalmykia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kaluga Oblast	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
[[File:Flag_of_Kamchatka_Oblast.svg	border	22x22px]] Kamchatka Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Karachay-Cherkessia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Karelia	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kemerovo Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0
Khabarovsk Krai	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Khakassia	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kirov Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Komi Republic	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Koryak Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Kostroma Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Krasnodar Krai	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
Krasnoyarsk Krai	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Kurgan Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Kursk Oblast	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Leningrad Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
Lipetsk Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Magadan Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Mari El	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mordovia	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moscow	0	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	8	0
Moscow Oblast	1	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	0
Murmansk Oblast	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
North Ossetia–Alania	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Novgorod Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Novosibirsk Oblast	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
Omsk Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Orenburg Oblast	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Oryol Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Penza Oblast	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
[[File:Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg	25x25px]] Perm Oblast	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
Primorsky Krai	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Pskov Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rostov Oblast	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0
Ryazan Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0
Saint Petersburg	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	0
Sakha	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Sakhalin Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Samara Oblast	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0
Saratov Oblast	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Smolensk Oblast	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stavropol Krai	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Sverdlovsk Oblast	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0
Tambov Oblast	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tatarstan	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5
Taymyr Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tomsk Oblast	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tula Oblast	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tuva	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tver Oblast	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Tyumen Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Udmurtia	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Ulyanovsk Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Vladimir Oblast	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Volgograd Oblast	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
Vologda Oblast	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Voronezh Oblast	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Yaroslavl Oblast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Party list	59	40	32	21	20	21	18	14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Russia	450	64	64	42	37	27	23	22	14	9	5	3	1	1	132	6

Federation Council

Although the Federation Council was contested on a non-party basis, 11 were members of the Communist Party, six were members of Russia's Choice and nine were members of other parties.

Aftermath

Opening of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Federation

The results of the election proved to be disappointing for the government: the two competing pro-government parties, Russia's Choice and the Party of Russian Unity and Accord, gained 15.5% and 6.7% of the vote respectively and won 123 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. Neither party was able to control the parliamentary agenda nor impose the will of the president on the Duma. Lacking legislative success, both parties rapidly lost membership.

Deputies elected for single-member constituency seats not already affiliated to a political party or bloc were able to affiliate or associate themselves with such. Some of these deputies chose to informally associate themselves with multiple.

The new Duma ratified the Yeltsin Constitution. The new constituiton produced a strong Presidency, particularly over the Duma as it confirmed the ability for the president to dissolve parliament, and to pass laws by presidential decree.

Parliamentary groups

The use of the mixed system for the election of the Duma produced a large number of deputies which were unaffiliated with any electoral bloc. By joining other parliamentary groups or forming groups of independent deputies, they could significantly influence the balance of power in the Duma. Hence, the parliamentary groups in the first two-year term of the Duma showed lack of stability and its numbers may be given only with approximation.

Parliamentary group	Leader	Seats
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	Vladimir Zhirinovsky	53–64
Russia's Choice	Yegor Gaidar	47–78
Communist Party of the Russian Federation	Gennady Zyuganov	45–47
Women of Russia	Yekaterina Lakhova	20–24
Agrarian Party of Russia	Mikhail Lapshin	50–55
Yabloko	Grigory Yavlinsky	27–28
Party of Russian Unity and Accord	Sergey Shakhray	12–34
Democratic Party of Russia	Nikolay Travkin	8–15
Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December	Irina Khakamada	11–38
New Regional Politics – Duma-96	V. Medvedev	30–67
Russia	I. Shichanin	34–38
Stability	A. Leushkin	34–40
Russian Way (unregistered)	Sergei Baburin	11–14
Strong State (Derzhava) (unregistered)	V. Kobelev	4–5

Notes

References

Sources

References

{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
"Указ Президента РФ от 21.09.1993 N 1400 "О поэтапной конституционной реформе в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями) | ГАРАНТ".
"Заключение Конституционного Суда РФ от 21.09.1993 N З-2 "О соответствии Конституции Российской Федерации действий и решений Президента Российской Федерации Б.Н. Ельцина, связанных с его Указом "О поэтапной конституционной реформе в Российской Федерации" от 21 сентября 1993 года N 1400 и Обращением к гражданам России 21 сентября 1993 года" | ГАРАНТ".
[http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=1&nd=102026173&intelsearch= Постановление Верховного Совета Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 года № 5790-I «О неотложных мерах по преодолению государственного переворота 21 сентября 1993 года»]
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1995
(11 December 1993). "Sunday's election". [[United Press International.
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1995
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1996
{{ws. [[s:Constitution of Russia#SECOND SECTION. CONCLUDING AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS. 1993 Constitution of Russia. Section 2]] 7.
"Выборы в Государственную Думу Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации первого созыва".
(2014). "Россия-95: накануне выборов". [[ISPR RAS]].
[http://www.politika.su/fs/gd1ood.html Результаты выборов в Думу I созыва] {{in lang. ru.
{{Harvb. Remington. Smith. 1995

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