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1993 International Formula 3000 Championship
Motor racing competition
Motor racing competition
1993 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship 1993 British Formula Two Championship The 1993 FIA Formula 3000 International Championship was a motor racing series for Formula 3000 cars. Contested over nine races, it was the ninth FIA Formula 3000 International Championship.
French driver, Olivier Panis won the championship driving a Reynard 93D for the French DAMS team.
Technical changes
The 1993 Championship was the first to feature only one make of chassis, although the rules were still open to multiple manufacturers. Ralt had already ceased involvement in F3000 in 1992. After two poor seasons, Lola had no European customers after their two French teams, DAMS and Apomatox, switched to Reynards. Lolas would continue to have success in Japan, and would return to Europe in 1994.
In 1992, the manufacturers had agreed to a two-year cycle for chassis development for the first time, with the intention of reducing costs. Several teams, including the previous champions Crypton, kept their Reynard 92D cars. The new 93D featured a manual sequential gearbox, as opposed to the H-pattern found on the previous car, along with aerodynamic and suspension improvements.
Cosworth introduced a new low-crank engine, the AC, to compete with the Judd KV. Several teams retained the old DFV, which would score its last major victory at Pau. For the first time since 1988, there were no Mugen Honda engines in Europe.
Season summary
Olivier Beretta joined the Forti Corse team for 1993, and won the opening round at Donington Park. Reigning British Formula 3 Champion Gil de Ferran then won at Silverstone. The Pau Grand Prix was marked by the usual first-lap crash at the Lyceé hairpin, followed by another on the pit straight as several drivers were unable to see the red flags. Pedro Lamy won the restarted race, giving the DFV its last major victory.
Enna produced the usual crashes, as well as a fine battle for the lead between Lamy and eventual winner David Coulthard. Frenchman Olivier Panis then won both German rounds and at Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium.
A rain shower caused havoc at Magny-Cours. Panis lost the lead due to a stuck wheel nut when he pitted for rain tires. His DAMS teammate Franck Lagorce picked up the win.
Going into the final round at Nogaro, Panis led Lamy by a single point. Coulthard also had an outside chance at the title, but he retired after only a few corners. Later on the opening lap, Panis was taken out by Vincenzo Sospiri, and had to be restrained from attacking the Italian in the pitlane. Shortly thereafter, though, Lamy came into the pits with damaged rear suspension. His team would repair it, but he lost several laps. With all three contenders eliminated in the opening laps, Panis celebrated from the pit wall as his teammate Lagorce won from the two Apomatox cars of Boullion and Collard.
Drivers and teams
The following drivers and teams competed in the championship.
| Team | Chassis | Engine | No. | Driver | Rounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITA Crypton Engineering | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 1 | POR Pedro Lamy | All |
| 2 | ITA Guido Knycz | 1-7 | |||
| FRA Nicolas Leboissetier | 8-9 | ||||
| ITA Forti Corse | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 3 | MCO Olivier Beretta | All |
| 4 | BRA Pedro Diniz | All | |||
| ITA Il Barone Rampante | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 5 | FRA Éric Angelvy | 1-5 |
| 6 | NLD Jan Lammers | 1-6 | |||
| Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 7 | ITA Vittorio Zoboli | 1-4 | |
| GBR Pacific Racing | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 8 | GBR David Coulthard | All |
| 9 | DEU Michael Bartels | 1-7 | |||
| GBR Phil Andrews | 8-9 | ||||
| FRA Apomatox | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 10 | FRA Emmanuel Collard | All |
| 11 | FRA Jean-Christophe Boullion | All | |||
| FRA DAMS | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 14 | FRA Olivier Panis | All |
| 15 | FRA Franck Lagorce | All | |||
| GBR Paul Stewart Racing | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 16 | GBR Paul Stewart | All |
| 17 | BRA Gil de Ferran | All | |||
| NLD Vortex Motorsport | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 20 | ITA Massimiliano Papis | All |
| 21 | ITA Paolo Delle Piane | All | |||
| GBR CoBRa Motorsports | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 22 | ITA Andrea Gilardi | 3-6 |
| GBR Apache Racing | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 22 | GBR Dominic Chappell | 8-9 |
| GBR East Essex Racing | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 25 | GBR Mark Albon | 1 |
| ITA Durango | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 25 | ITA Domenico Gitto | 4-5 |
| ITA Severino Nardozzi | 6-9 | ||||
| FRA European Technique | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 26 | FRA Giuseppe Bugatti | 3-7 |
| BRA Constantino de Oliveira Jr. | 8-9 | ||||
| 27 | GBR Phil Andrews | 8-9 | |||
| JPN TOM'S Racing Team | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 30 | JPN Hideki Noda | 1-3, 4-9 |
| ITA Mythos Racing | Reynard 93D | Judd KV | 31 | ITA Giampiero Simoni | All |
| 32 | ITA Vincenzo Sospiri | All | |||
| GBR Nordic Racing | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 33 | ITA Alessandro Zampedri | All |
| GBR Omegaland | Reynard 92D | Judd KV | 35 | FRA Yvan Muller | All |
| 36 | FRA Jérôme Policand | All | |||
| GBR PTM 3000 | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 38 | BRA Constantino de Oliveira Jr. | 1-7 |
| Reynard 92D | Judd KV | 39 | GBR Phil Andrews | 1 | |
| GBR Tom Walkinshaw Racing | Reynard 93D | Ford Cosworth AC | 39 | ESP Jordi Gené | 4-9 |
| DEU Mönninghoff Racing | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 40 | ITA Antonio Tamburini | 1-3 |
| 41 | DEU Klaus Panchyrz | 1-2 | |||
| GBR Automotive Consultancy | Reynard 92D | Ford Cosworth DFV | 42 | ZAF Hilton Cowie | 1-2 |
| ITA Enrico Bertaggia | 3-9 | ||||
| **Sources:** |
Calendar
The championship was contested over nine races.
| Round | Event | Circuit | Date | Laps | Distance | Time | Speed | Pole position | Fastest lap | Winner | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nowrap | Tom Wheatcroft Cup | nowrap | GBR Donington Park | nowrap | 3 May | 46 | 4.023=185.058 km | 1'03:01.35 | 178.15 km/h | nowrap | MCO Olivier Beretta | nowrap | BRA Gil de Ferran | nowrap | MCO Olivier Beretta | ||||||||||
| nowrap | BRDC International Trophy | nowrap | GBR Silverstone Circuit | nowrap | 9 May | 37 | 5.226=193.362 km | 1'00:20.32 | 192.25 km/h | nowrap | BRA Gil de Ferran | nowrap | GBR David Coulthard | nowrap | BRA Gil de Ferran | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Grand Prix de Pau | nowrap | FRA Pau Grand Prix | nowrap | 30 May | 72 | 2.78=200.16 km | 1'25:55.83 | 138.753 km/h | nowrap | PRT Pedro Lamy | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | nowrap | PRT Pedro Lamy | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Gran Premio del Mediterraneo | nowrap | ITA Autodromo di Pergusa | nowrap | 17 July | 37 | 4.95=183.15 km | 0'53:47.528 | 204.286 km/h | nowrap | DEU Michael Bartels | nowrap | GBR David Coulthard | nowrap | GBR David Coulthard | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Hockenheim F3000 | nowrap | DEU Hockenheimring | nowrap | 24 July | 26 | 6.815=177.19 km | 0'51:01.607 | 208.349 km/h | nowrap | PRT Pedro Lamy | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Nürburgring F3000 | nowrap | DEU Nürburgring | nowrap | 22 August | 45 | 4.542=204.39 km | 1'26:52.13 | 183.394 km/h | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | nowrap | PRT Pedro Lamy | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Spa-Francorchamps F3000 | nowrap | BEL Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps | nowrap | 29 August | 29 | 6.974=202.246 km | 1'01:57.34 | 195.862 km/h | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | nowrap | PRT Pedro Lamy | nowrap | FRA Olivier Panis | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Magny-Cours F3000 | nowrap | FRA Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours | nowrap | 3 October | 47 | 4.25=199.750 km | 1'17:20.577 | 154.959 km/h | nowrap | FRA Emmanuel Collard | nowrap | FRA Franck Lagorce | nowrap | FRA Franck Lagorce | ||||||||||
| nowrap | Grand Prix de Nogaro | nowrap | FRA Circuit Paul Armagnac | nowrap | 10 October | 55 | 3.636=199.980 km | 1'14:44.597 | 160.533 km/h | nowrap | FRA Franck Lagorce | nowrap | FRA Jean-Christophe Boullion | nowrap | FRA Franck Lagorce | ||||||||||
| **Source:** |
Points system
For every race points were awarded: 9 points for first place, 6 for second place, 4 for third place, 3 for fourth place, 2 for fifth place and 1 for sixth place. All results were taken into consideration in determining the title.
Championship standings
| Pos | Driver | DON | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBR | SIL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR | PAU | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA | PER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA | HOC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DEU | NÜR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DEU | SPA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BEL | MAG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA | NOG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA | Points | 1 | 32 | 2 | 31 | 3 | 25 | 4 | 21 | 5 | 21 | 6 | 20 | 7 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 13 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 15 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 17 | 2 | 18 | 2 | 19 | 2 | 20 | 2 | 21 | 1 | 22 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 32 | 0 | ||||||||||
| FRA Olivier Panis | 3 | 6 | *Ret* | Ret | *1* | **1** | **1** | 10† | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PRT Pedro Lamy | 2 | DNS | **1** | 8† | **2** | *4* | *4* | 3 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR David Coulthard | 13† | *2* | 2 | *1* | Ret | 7 | 3 | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Franck Lagorce | 8 | 4 | 7 | 11 | DNS | 11 | 10 | *1* | **1** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BRA Gil de Ferran | *Ret* | **1** | Ret | Ret | 9† | 2 | 2 | Ret | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MCO Olivier Beretta | **1** | 10 | 4 | Ret | 4 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Vincenzo Sospiri | Ret | Ret | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5 | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Jean-Christophe Boullion | 7 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 9 | Ret | 2 | *2* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR Paul Stewart | 5 | 5 | 3 | Ret | DNS | Ret | 6 | 6 | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Massimiliano Papis | 4 | Ret | 5 | Ret | Ret | 15 | Ret | Ret | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Jérôme Policand | 12 | 7 | Ret | 3 | Ret | 13 | 7 | 7† | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Emmanuel Collard | 10 | Ret | Ret | 9 | Ret | 8 | 8 | **Ret** | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Alessandro Zampedri | Ret | DSQ | DNQ | Ret | Ret | 3 | Ret | Ret | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DEU Michael Bartels | Ret | 3 | Ret | **Ret** | Ret | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NLD Jan Lammers | 9 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 7 | Ret | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Nicolas Leboissetier | 4 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Paolo Delle Piane | Ret | 8 | Ret | Ret | 5 | Ret | 9 | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Yvan Muller | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 11 | Ret | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Enrico Bertaggia | DNQ | 5 | DNQ | 20 | Ret | Ret | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Andrea Gilardi | 8 | 6 | 6 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Giampiero Simoni | 6 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 12 | Ret | Ret | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BRA Pedro Diniz | Ret | Ret | DNQ | 7 | Ret | 16 | 14 | 11 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ESP Jordi Gené | Ret | 8 | 10 | 12 | Ret | Ret | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BRA Constantino de Oliveira Jr. | Ret | Ret | DNQ | DNQ | Ret | 17 | 17 | 8† | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| JPN Hideki Noda | Ret | 11 | 9 | Ret | 19 | 15 | Ret | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Guido Knycz | DNQ | 13 | DNQ | 10 | Ret | 18 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Antonio Tamburini | 11 | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Vittorio Zoboli | Ret | 12 | DNQ | Ret | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR Dominic Chappell | 12 | Ret | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Domenico Gitto | 12 | DNQ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR Phil Andrews | 14 | Ret | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Severino Nardozzi | DNQ | 18 | Ret | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DEU Klaus Panchyrz | DNQ | NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ITA Giuseppe Bugatti | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRA Éric Angelvy | Ret | Ret | Ret | DNQ | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GBR Mark Albon | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ZAF Hilton Cowie | DNQ | DNQ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Sources:** |
Complete Overview
| first column of every race | 10 | = grid position |
|---|
| second column of every race | 10 | = race result |
|---|
R10=retired, but classified NC=not classified R=retired NS=did not start NQ=did not qualify DIS(6)=disqualified after finishing in sixth place
| DON | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBR | SIL | |||||||
| GBR | PAU | |||||||
| FRA | PER | |||||||
| ITA | HOC | |||||||
| DEU | NÜR | |||||||
| DEU | SPA | |||||||
| BEL | MAG | |||||||
| FRA | NOG | |||||||
| FRA | ||||||||
| **Place** | **Name** | **Team** | **Chassis** | **Engine** | ||||
| 1 | FRA Olivier Panis | DAMS | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| 2 | PRT Pedro Lamy | Crypton Engineering | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 4 | 2 | 6 | NS |
| 3 | GBR David Coulthard | Pacific Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 13 | R13 | 9 | 2 |
| 4 | BRA Gil de Ferran | Paul Stewart Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 2 | R | 1 | 1 |
| FRA Franck Lagorce | DAMS | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 8 | 8 | 12 | 4 | |
| 6 | MCO Olivier Beretta | Forti Corse | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 1 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
| 7 | ITA Vincenzo Sospiri | Mythos Racing | Reynard | Judd | 7 | R | 11 | R |
| 8 | FRA Jean-Christophe Boullion | Apomatox | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 9 | 7 | 10 | R |
| 9 | GBR Paul Stewart | Paul Stewart Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
| 10 | ITA Massimiliano Papis | Vortex | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 10 | 4 | 18 | R |
| 11 | DEU Michael Bartels | Pacific Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 18 | R | 2 | 3 |
| FRA Jérôme Policand | Omegaland | Reynard | Judd | 23 | 12 | 7 | 7 | |
| ITA Alessandro Zampedri | Nordic Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 12 | R | 8 | DIS(6) | |
| FRA Emmanuel Collard | Apomatox | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 14 | 10 | 19 | R | |
| 15 | NLD Jan Lammers | Il Barone Rampante | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 15 | 9 | 15 | 9 |
| FRA Nicolas Leboissetier | Crypton Engineering | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - | |
| 17 | ITA Enrico Bertaggia | ACE Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| ITA Paolo Delle Piane | Vortex | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 17 | R | 17 | 8 | |
| ITA Andrea Gilardi | CoBRa Motorsports | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - | |
| FRA Yvan Muller | Omegaland | Reynard | Judd | 16 | R | 20 | R | |
| 21 | ITA Giampiero Simoni | Mythos Racing | Reynard | Judd | 6 | 6 | 13 | R |
| - | BRA Pedro Diniz | Forti Corse | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 20 | R | 14 | R |
| - | ESP Jordi Gené | TWR 3000 | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| - | BRA Constantino de Oliveira Jr. | PTM 3000 | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 24 | R | 16 | R |
| European Technique | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | ||||||
| - | JPN Hideki Noda | TOM's | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 11 | R | 21 | 11 |
| - | ITA Guido Knycz | Crypton Engineering | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 27 | NQ | 26 | 13 |
| - | ITA Antonio Tamburini | Mönnighoff Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 19 | 11 | 24 | R |
| - | ITA Vittorio Zoboli | Il Barone Rampante | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 25 | R | 23 | 12 |
| - | GBR Dominic Chappell | Apache Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| - | ITA Domenico Gitto | Durango | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| - | GBR Phil Andrews | PTM 3000 | Reynard | Judd | 26 | 14 | - | - |
| European Technique | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | ||||||
| - | ITA Severino Nardozzi | Durango | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| - | DEU Klaus Panchyrz | Mönnighoff Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 29 | NQ | 25 | NC |
| - | ITA Giuseppe Bugatti | European Technique | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | - | - | - | - |
| - | FRA Éric Angelvy | Il Barone Rampante | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 22 | R | 22 | R |
| - | GBR Mark Albon | East Essex Racing | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 21 | R | - | - |
| - | ZAF Hilton Cowie | Automotive Consultancy | Reynard | Ford Cosworth | 28 | NQ | 27 | NQ |
References
References
- 1993 Formula 3000 International Championship, 1993 FIA Yearbook of Automobile Sport, yellow section, pages 83 to 85
- ''L'annee Formule 3000 1992''. Drapeau a Damier.
- "FIA Formula 3000 Int. Championship - 1993: Entrylist". Speedsport Magazine.
- "F3000 International Championship Entry List 1993". Motorsport Stats.
- Automobile Year 1993/94, pages 256 & 257
- Peter Higham, The Guinness Guide To International Motor Racing, 1995, pages 244-245
- "F3000 International Championship Results 1993". Motorsport Stats.
- "F3000 International Championship Standings 1993". Motorsport Stats.
- "FIA Formula 3000 Int. Championship - Season 1993: Results". Speedsport Magazine.
- "1993 FIA International F3000 Championship". [[Motor Sport (magazine).
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