| Field | Value |
|---|
| election_name | 1992 United States presidential election in Mississippi |
| country | Mississippi |
| flag_image | Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).svg |
| type | presidential |
| ongoing | no |
| previous_election | 1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi |
| previous_year | 1988 |
| next_election | 1996 United States presidential election in Mississippi |
| next_year | 1996 |
| election_date | November 3, 1992 |
| flag_year | 1894 |
| image_size | x160px |
| image1 | George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg |
| nominee1 | **George H. W. Bush** |
| party1 | Republican Party (United States) |
| home_state1 | Texas |
| running_mate1 | **Dan Quayle** |
| electoral_vote1 | **7** |
| popular_vote1 | **487,793** |
| percentage1 | **49.68%** |
| image2 | Bill Clinton.jpg |
| nominee2 | Bill Clinton |
| party2 | Democratic Party (United States) |
| home_state2 | Arkansas |
| running_mate2 | Al Gore |
| electoral_vote2 | 0 |
| popular_vote2 | 400,258 |
| percentage2 | 40.77% |
| image3 | RossPerotColor.jpg |
| nominee3 | Ross Perot |
| party3 | Independent |
| home_state3 | Texas |
| running_mate3 | James Stockdale |
| electoral_vote3 | 0 |
| popular_vote3 | 85,626 |
| percentage3 | 8.72% |
| map_image | 190px |
| map_size | 190px |
| map_caption | County results |
| title | President |
| before_election | George H. W. Bush |
| before_party | Republican Party (United States) |
| after_election | Bill Clinton |
| after_party | Democratic Party (United States) |
Main article: 1992 United States presidential election
Bush
Clinton
The 1992 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 3, 1992, as part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Mississippi was won by incumbent President George H. W. Bush (R-Texas) with 49.68% of the popular vote over Governor Bill Clinton (D-Arkansas) with 40.77%, making this state Bush's strongest in terms of vote percentage during this election. Businessman Ross Perot (I-Texas) finished in third, with 8.72% of the popular vote. Clinton ultimately won the national vote, defeating both incumbent President Bush and Perot.
Primary
Democratic
U.S. Representative Mike Espy and former Governor William F. Winter co-chaired Bill Clinton's campaign in the state.
U.S. Congress
- Mike Espy, member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi's 2nd congressional district (1987–1993)
Statewide officials
- Marshall Bennett, 51st Mississippi State Treasurer (1988–2003)
- Dick Molpus, 33rd Secretary of State of Mississippi (1984–1996)
- Mike Moore, 38th Attorney General of Mississippi (1988–2004)
- Steve Patterson, 39th State Auditor of Mississippi (1992–1996)
- William F. Winter, 58th Governor of Mississippi (1980–1984)
State legislature
- Tim Ford, 59th Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1988–2004)
Republican
The Mississippi Republican Party's executive committee voted to use a winner-take-all method for its primary, which benefited Bush. 45% of Mississippians who voted in a presidential primary did so in the Republican primary. This was an increase from 31% in 1988.
General
Lisa Walker was the director of Clinton's campaign in the state and James Smith was the chief of Ross Perot's campaign.
Despite the fact that Clinton was from neighboring Arkansas, the state remained reliably Republican as the party had recently gained a seat in 1988 elections While Clinton did manage to win a few other Southern States, Mississippi provided Bush with his highest vote percentage in the nation, which was the closest he came to winning an absolute majority in a state. (However, it was only his sixth-best state in margin of victory.) , this is the last election in which Hinds County voted for a Republican presidential candidate and the last election in which Tishomingo County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.
Clinton placed first in 30 counties, 12 more than Michael Dukakis had, and in 21 of the state's 24 majority black counties. Mississippi was Perot's second-worst performance, only ahead of the District of Columbia. The Democrats retained all five U.S. House seats in those concurrent elections.
67% of white voters supported Bush, while 22% supported Clinton. 11% supported Perot.
Results
| 1992 United States presidential election in Mississippi | Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|---|
| **Republican** | **George H. W. Bush** **(incumbent)** | **487,793** | **49.68%** | **7** | |
| Democratic | Bill Clinton | 400,258 | 40.77% | 0 | |
| Independent | Ross Perot | 85,626 | 8.72% | 0 | |
| New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 2,625 | 0.27% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Andre Marrou | 2,154 | 0.22% | 0 | |
| Constitution Party | Howard Phillips | 1,652 | 0.17% | 0 | |
| Natural Law | John Hagelin | 1,140 | 0.12% | 0 | |
| Populist | James "Bo" Gritz | 545 | 0.06% | 0 | |
| **Totals** | **981,793** | **100.0%** | **7** | | |
Results by county
| County | George H.W. Bush |
|---|
| Republican | Bill Clinton |
| Democratic | Ross Perot |
| Independent | Various candidates |
| Other parties | Margin | Total votes cast | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | Totals | 487,793 | 49.68% | 400,258 | 40.77% | 85,626 | 8.72% | 8,116 | 0.83% | 87,535 | 8.91% | 981,793 |
| Adams | | 5,831 | | 36.73% | | 8,255 | | 51.99% | | 1,753 | | 11.04% | | 38 | | 0.24% | | -2,424 | | -15.26% | | 15,877 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alcorn | | 6,249 | | 44.21% | | 6,373 | | 45.08% | | 1,349 | | 9.54% | | 165 | | 1.17% | | -124 | | -0.87% | | 14,136 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Amite | | 2,561 | | 45.08% | | 2,608 | | 45.91% | | 498 | | 8.77% | | 14 | | 0.25% | | -47 | | -0.83% | | 5,681 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Attala | | 3,520 | | 49.67% | | 3,015 | | 42.54% | | 529 | | 7.46% | | 23 | | 0.32% | | 505 | | 7.13% | | 7,087 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Benton | | 1,253 | | 31.68% | | 2,402 | | 60.73% | | 293 | | 7.41% | | 7 | | 0.18% | | -1,149 | | -29.05% | | 3,955 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Bolivar | | 4,752 | | 33.40% | | 8,801 | | 61.87% | | 593 | | 4.17% | | 80 | | 0.56% | | -4,049 | | -28.47% | | 14,226 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Calhoun | | 3,191 | | 50.87% | | 2,462 | | 39.25% | | 607 | | 9.68% | | 13 | | 0.21% | | 729 | | 11.62% | | 6,273 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Carroll | | 1,695 | | 54.96% | | 1,182 | | 38.33% | | 200 | | 6.49% | | 7 | | 0.23% | | 513 | | 16.63% | | 3,084 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Chickasaw | | 3,150 | | 44.96% | | 3,220 | | 45.95% | | 629 | | 8.98% | | 8 | | 0.11% | | -70 | | -0.99% | | 7,007 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Choctaw | | 2,026 | | 53.77% | | 1,435 | | 38.08% | | 298 | | 7.91% | | 9 | | 0.24% | | 591 | | 15.69% | | 3,768 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Claiborne | | 935 | | 21.19% | | 3,302 | | 74.84% | | 161 | | 3.65% | | 14 | | 0.32% | | -2,367 | | -53.65% | | 4,412 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Clarke | | 4,207 | | 60.67% | | 2,259 | | 32.58% | | 450 | | 6.49% | | 18 | | 0.26% | | 1,948 | | 28.09% | | 6,934 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Clay | | 3,297 | | 38.50% | | 4,620 | | 53.95% | | 626 | | 7.31% | | 20 | | 0.23% | | -1,323 | | -15.45% | | 8,563 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Coahoma | | 4,120 | | 36.85% | | 6,409 | | 57.33% | | 518 | | 4.63% | | 133 | | 1.19% | | -2,289 | | -20.48% | | 11,180 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Copiah | | 4,600 | | 48.68% | | 4,397 | | 46.53% | | 409 | | 4.33% | | 43 | | 0.46% | | 203 | | 2.15% | | 9,449 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Covington | | 3,525 | | 50.39% | | 2,775 | | 39.67% | | 654 | | 9.35% | | 42 | | 0.60% | | 750 | | 10.72% | | 6,996 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| DeSoto | | 16,104 | | 58.40% | | 8,833 | | 32.03% | | 2,569 | | 9.32% | | 69 | | 0.25% | | 7,271 | | 26.37% | | 27,575 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Forrest | | 12,432 | | 54.64% | | 8,333 | | 36.62% | | 1,909 | | 8.39% | | 79 | | 0.35% | | 4,099 | | 18.02% | | 22,753 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Franklin | | 1,942 | | 49.31% | | 1,587 | | 40.30% | | 393 | | 9.98% | | 16 | | 0.41% | | 355 | | 9.01% | | 3,938 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| George | | 4,141 | | 43.55% | | 2,650 | | 27.87% | | 1,335 | | 14.04% | | 1,383 | | 14.54% | | 1,491 | | 15.68% | | 9,509 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Greene | | 2,406 | | 51.90% | | 1,664 | | 35.89% | | 559 | | 12.06% | | 7 | | 0.15% | | 742 | | 16.01% | | 4,636 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Grenada | | 4,721 | | 49.34% | | 4,203 | | 43.93% | | 609 | | 6.36% | | 35 | | 0.37% | | 518 | | 5.41% | | 9,568 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Hancock | | 6,422 | | 47.78% | | 4,651 | | 34.61% | | 2,302 | | 17.13% | | 65 | | 0.48% | | 1,771 | | 13.17% | | 13,440 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Harrison | | 25,049 | | 52.84% | | 15,268 | | 32.21% | | 6,855 | | 14.46% | | 235 | | 0.50% | | 9,781 | | 20.63% | | 47,407 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Hinds | | 45,031 | | 46.90% | | 43,434 | | 45.23% | | 5,341 | | 5.56% | | 2,218 | | 2.31% | | 1,597 | | 1.67% | | 96,024 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Holmes | | 1,694 | | 28.17% | | 4,092 | | 68.04% | | 203 | | 3.38% | | 25 | | 0.42% | | -2,398 | | -39.87% | | 6,014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Humphreys | | 1,721 | | 36.75% | | 2,696 | | 57.57% | | 258 | | 5.51% | | 8 | | 0.17% | | -975 | | -20.82% | | 4,683 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Issaquena | | 298 | | 30.10% | | 550 | | 55.56% | | 79 | | 7.98% | | 63 | | 6.36% | | -252 | | -25.46% | | 990 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Itawamba | | 4,142 | | 47.54% | | 3,635 | | 41.72% | | 918 | | 10.54% | | 18 | | 0.21% | | 507 | | 5.82% | | 8,713 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jackson | | 25,321 | | 56.36% | | 13,017 | | 28.97% | | 6,484 | | 14.43% | | 108 | | 0.24% | | 12,304 | | 27.39% | | 44,930 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jasper | | 2,789 | | 43.39% | | 3,059 | | 47.59% | | 568 | | 8.84% | | 12 | | 0.19% | | -270 | | -4.20% | | 6,428 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jefferson | | 562 | | 15.96% | | 2,796 | | 79.39% | | 156 | | 4.43% | | 8 | | 0.23% | | -2,234 | | -63.43% | | 3,522 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jefferson Davis | | 2,228 | | 39.55% | | 2,991 | | 53.10% | | 382 | | 6.78% | | 32 | | 0.57% | | -763 | | -13.55% | | 5,633 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jones | | 13,824 | | 56.59% | | 8,035 | | 32.89% | | 2,523 | | 10.33% | | 48 | | 0.20% | | 5,789 | | 23.70% | | 24,430 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Kemper | | 1,830 | | 41.96% | | 2,243 | | 51.43% | | 278 | | 6.37% | | 10 | | 0.23% | | -413 | | -9.47% | | 4,361 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lafayette | | 5,251 | | 46.07% | | 5,224 | | 45.84% | | 861 | | 7.55% | | 61 | | 0.54% | | 27 | | 0.23% | | 11,397 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lamar | | 8,259 | | 63.37% | | 3,208 | | 24.62% | | 1,543 | | 11.84% | | 22 | | 0.17% | | 5,051 | | 38.75% | | 13,032 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lauderdale | | 17,098 | | 62.25% | | 8,489 | | 30.91% | | 1,659 | | 6.04% | | 220 | | 0.80% | | 8,609 | | 31.34% | | 27,466 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lawrence | | 2,689 | | 44.12% | | 2,582 | | 42.36% | | 765 | | 12.55% | | 59 | | 0.97% | | 107 | | 1.76% | | 6,095 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Leake | | 3,943 | | 50.64% | | 3,333 | | 42.81% | | 497 | | 6.38% | | 13 | | 0.17% | | 610 | | 7.83% | | 7,786 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lee | | 12,231 | | 54.36% | | 7,710 | | 34.27% | | 2,041 | | 9.07% | | 519 | | 2.31% | | 4,521 | | 20.09% | | 22,501 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Leflore | | 5,298 | | 42.39% | | 6,374 | | 51.00% | | 611 | | 4.89% | | 215 | | 1.72% | | -1,076 | | -8.61% | | 12,498 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lincoln | | 7,040 | | 53.78% | | 4,744 | | 36.24% | | 1,281 | | 9.79% | | 26 | | 0.20% | | 2,296 | | 17.54% | | 13,091 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lowndes | | 10,509 | | 55.80% | | 6,552 | | 34.79% | | 1,716 | | 9.11% | | 58 | | 0.31% | | 3,957 | | 21.01% | | 18,835 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Madison | | 12,810 | | 54.00% | | 9,386 | | 39.57% | | 1,478 | | 6.23% | | 47 | | 0.20% | | 3,424 | | 14.43% | | 23,721 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Marion | | 5,776 | | 49.74% | | 4,654 | | 40.08% | | 1,162 | | 10.01% | | 21 | | 0.18% | | 1,122 | | 9.66% | | 11,613 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Marshall | | 3,847 | | 30.75% | | 7,913 | | 63.24% | | 689 | | 5.51% | | 63 | | 0.50% | | -4,066 | | -32.49% | | 12,512 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Monroe | | 5,994 | | 49.03% | | 4,933 | | 40.36% | | 1,255 | | 10.27% | | 42 | | 0.34% | | 1,061 | | 8.67% | | 12,224 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Montgomery | | 2,324 | | 48.66% | | 2,076 | | 43.47% | | 370 | | 7.75% | | 6 | | 0.13% | | 248 | | 5.19% | | 4,776 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Neshoba | | 6,135 | | 61.09% | | 3,090 | | 30.77% | | 794 | | 7.91% | | 23 | | 0.23% | | 3,045 | | 30.32% | | 10,042 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Newton | | 5,128 | | 65.69% | | 2,146 | | 27.49% | | 494 | | 6.33% | | 38 | | 0.49% | | 2,982 | | 38.20% | | 7,806 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Noxubee | | 1,623 | | 32.22% | | 3,188 | | 63.29% | | 203 | | 4.03% | | 23 | | 0.46% | | -1,565 | | -31.07% | | 5,037 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Oktibbeha | | 6,381 | | 48.50% | | 5,726 | | 43.52% | | 984 | | 7.48% | | 65 | | 0.49% | | 655 | | 4.98% | | 13,156 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Panola | | 4,644 | | 40.52% | | 6,066 | | 52.93% | | 729 | | 6.36% | | 21 | | 0.18% | | -1,422 | | -12.41% | | 11,460 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pearl River | | 7,726 | | 52.21% | | 4,683 | | 31.65% | | 2,352 | | 15.90% | | 36 | | 0.24% | | 3,043 | | 20.56% | | 14,797 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Perry | | 2,538 | | 56.39% | | 1,490 | | 33.10% | | 462 | | 10.26% | | 11 | | 0.24% | | 1,048 | | 23.29% | | 4,501 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pike | | 6,005 | | 43.90% | | 6,279 | | 45.90% | | 1,380 | | 10.09% | | 15 | | 0.11% | | -274 | | -2.00% | | 13,679 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pontotoc | | 4,595 | | 54.92% | | 2,965 | | 35.44% | | 777 | | 9.29% | | 29 | | 0.35% | | 1,630 | | 19.48% | | 8,366 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Prentiss | | 4,317 | | 50.63% | | 3,385 | | 39.70% | | 781 | | 9.16% | | 43 | | 0.50% | | 932 | | 10.93% | | 8,526 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Quitman | | 1,451 | | 35.45% | | 2,422 | | 59.17% | | 210 | | 5.13% | | 10 | | 0.24% | | -971 | | -23.72% | | 4,093 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rankin | | 24,537 | | 67.76% | | 8,155 | | 22.52% | | 3,454 | | 9.54% | | 64 | | 0.18% | | 16,382 | | 45.24% | | 36,210 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Scott | | 5,268 | | 56.47% | | 3,349 | | 35.90% | | 691 | | 7.41% | | 21 | | 0.23% | | 1,919 | | 20.57% | | 9,329 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sharkey | | 1,008 | | 36.63% | | 1,526 | | 55.45% | | 145 | | 5.27% | | 73 | | 2.65% | | -518 | | -18.82% | | 2,752 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Simpson | | 5,358 | | 57.45% | | 3,213 | | 34.45% | | 726 | | 7.78% | | 29 | | 0.31% | | 2,145 | | 23.00% | | 9,326 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Smith | | 4,106 | | 60.49% | | 1,968 | | 28.99% | | 680 | | 10.02% | | 34 | | 0.50% | | 2,138 | | 31.50% | | 6,788 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stone | | 2,295 | | 54.53% | | 1,447 | | 34.38% | | 447 | | 10.62% | | 20 | | 0.48% | | 848 | | 20.15% | | 4,209 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sunflower | | 3,726 | | 39.68% | | 5,050 | | 53.77% | | 600 | | 6.39% | | 15 | | 0.16% | | -1,324 | | -14.09% | | 9,391 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tallahatchie | | 2,213 | | 40.11% | | 2,902 | | 52.59% | | 380 | | 6.89% | | 23 | | 0.42% | | -689 | | -12.48% | | 5,518 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tate | | 4,196 | | 50.13% | | 3,519 | | 42.04% | | 634 | | 7.57% | | 22 | | 0.26% | | 677 | | 8.09% | | 8,371 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tippah | | 4,444 | | 50.85% | | 3,475 | | 39.76% | | 802 | | 9.18% | | 18 | | 0.21% | | 969 | | 11.09% | | 8,739 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tishomingo | | 3,393 | | 42.03% | | 3,910 | | 48.44% | | 751 | | 9.30% | | 18 | | 0.22% | | -517 | | -6.41% | | 8,072 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tunica | | 693 | | 30.90% | | 1,451 | | 64.69% | | 96 | | 4.28% | | 3 | | 0.13% | | -758 | | -33.79% | | 2,243 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Union | | 5,173 | | 53.10% | | 3,714 | | 38.12% | | 816 | | 8.38% | | 39 | | 0.40% | | 1,459 | | 14.98% | | 9,742 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Walthall | | 2,728 | | 45.72% | | 2,476 | | 41.49% | | 711 | | 11.92% | | 52 | | 0.87% | | 252 | | 4.23% | | 5,967 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Warren | | 10,209 | | 49.61% | | 8,175 | | 39.73% | | 2,146 | | 10.43% | | 48 | | 0.23% | | 2,034 | | 9.88% | | 20,578 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Washington | | 7,598 | | 38.59% | | 10,588 | | 53.78% | | 795 | | 4.04% | | 708 | | 3.60% | | -2,990 | | -15.19% | | 19,689 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Wayne | | 3,874 | | 49.78% | | 3,064 | | 39.37% | | 824 | | 10.59% | | 21 | | 0.27% | | 810 | | 10.41% | | 7,783 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Webster | | 2,791 | | 55.95% | | 1,746 | | 35.00% | | 444 | | 8.90% | | 7 | | 0.14% | | 1,045 | | 20.95% | | 4,988 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Wilkinson | | 1,399 | | 28.29% | | 3,210 | | 64.91% | | 307 | | 6.21% | | 29 | | 0.59% | | -1,811 | | -36.62% | | 4,945 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Winston | | 4,311 | | 48.07% | | 3,953 | | 44.08% | | 688 | | 7.67% | | 16 | | 0.18% | | 358 | | 3.99% | | 8,968 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Yalobusha | | 2,179 | | 41.52% | | 2,617 | | 49.87% | | 438 | | 8.35% | | 14 | | 0.27% | | -438 | | -8.35% | | 5,248 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Yazoo | | 5,113 | | 47.58% | | 4,880 | | 45.42% | | 669 | | 6.23% | | 83 | | 0.77% | | 233 | | 2.16% | | 10,745 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
- Adams
- Alcorn
- Amite
- Chickasaw
- Jasper
- Kemper
- Leflore
- Panola
- Pike
- Tishomingo
- Washington
- Yalobusha