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1992 Philippine presidential election

12th election of Philippine president

12th election of Philippine president

FieldValue
election_name1992 Philippine presidential election
countryPhilippines
flag_year1936
typepresidential
ongoingno
previous_election1986 Philippine presidential election
previous_year1986
next_election1998 Philippine presidential election
next_year1998
turnout75.5% (3.3pp)
election_dateMay 11, 1992
image1{{CSS image cropImage = Fidel Valdez Ramos Official Photo as President of the Philippines (1995).jpg
bSize240cWidth = 150cHeight = 185oTop = 0oLeft = 25Location=center}}
candidate1**Fidel V. Ramos**
party1Lakas-NUCD
running_mate1Lito Osmeña
popular_vote1**5,342,521**
percentage1**23.58%**
image2
candidate2Miriam Defensor Santiago
party2People's Reform Party
running_mate2Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
popular_vote24,468,173
percentage219.72%
image3
candidate3Danding Cojuangco
party3Nationalist People's Coalition
running_mate3**Joseph Estrada**
popular_vote34,116,376
percentage318.17%
image4
candidate4Ramon Mitra Jr.
party4Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
running_mate4Marcelo Fernan
popular_vote43,316,661
percentage414.64%
image5
candidate5Imelda Marcos
party5Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
running_mate5Vicente Magsaysay
popular_vote52,338,294
percentage510.32%
image6
candidate6Jovito Salonga
party6Liberal Party (Philippines)
running_mate6Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
popular_vote62,302,123
percentage610.16%
map_image1992 Philippine presidential election result per province.png
map_size300px
map_captionElection results per province/city.
titlePresident
before_electionCorazon Aquino
after_electionFidel V. Ramos
before_partyIndependent (politician)
after_partyLakas-NUCD
module{{Infobox election
embedyes
election_name1992 Philippine vice presidential election
countryPhilippines
flag_year1936
typepresidential
ongoingno
previous_election1986 Philippine presidential election
previous_year1986
election_dateMay 11, 1992
next_election1998 Philippine presidential election
next_year1998
image1[[File:President Joseph Erap Ejercito Estrada poses with Senate President Andres Zaldiver of Chile.jpg120x120px]]
candidate1**Joseph Estrada**
party1Nationalist People's Coalition
popular_vote1**6,739,738**
percentage1**33.01%**
image2[[File:Senator Marcelo B. Fernan.jpg120x120px]]
candidate2Marcelo Fernan
party2Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
popular_vote24,438,494
percentage221.74%
image3[[File:No avatar.png120x120px]]
candidate3Lito Osmeña
party3Lakas-NUCD
popular_vote33,362,467
percentage316.47%
image4[[File:Senator Ramon "Jun" B. Magsaysay Jr.jpg120x120px]]
candidate4Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
party4People's Reform Party
popular_vote42,900,556
percentage414.20%
image5[[File:Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.gif120x120px]]
candidate5Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
party5Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan
popular_vote52,023,289
percentage59.91%
image6[[File:Vicente Magsaysay Photo.jpg120x120px]]
candidate6Vicente Magsaysay
party6Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
popular_vote6699,895
percentage63.43%
map_image1992_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_per_province.png
map_size300px
map_captionElection results per province/city
titleVice President
before_electionSalvador Laurel
before_partyNacionalista Party
after_electionJoseph Estrada
after_partyNationalist People's Coalition

The 1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1992. This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution and after the EDSA People Power Revolution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.

The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive. Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term, as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.

In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party. Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).

Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence. Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular. However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties. Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president.

Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race. Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes.

Candidates

Presidential candidatePrevious positionPartyVice presidential candidatePrevious positionParty
Danding CojuangcoFormer Member of the House of Representatives from Tarlac's 1st congressional district (1969–1972)Nationalist People's Coalition}}Nationalist People's CoalitionJoseph EstradaSenator (1987–1992)
Miriam Defensor SantiagoFormer Secretary of Agrarian Reform (1989–1990)People's Reform Party}}People's Reform PartyRamon Magsaysay Jr.Former Member of the House of Representatives from Zambales's at-large congressional district (1965–1969)
Salvador LaurelVice PresidentNacionalista Party}}Nacionalista PartyEva Estrada KalawFormer Mambabatas Pambansa from Manila (1984–1986)
Imelda MarcosFormer First Lady (1965–1986)Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}Kilusang Bagong LipunanVicente MagsaysayFormer Governor of Zambales (1978–1986)
Ramon Mitra Jr.Speaker of the House of RepresentativesLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino}}Laban ng Demokratikong PilipinoMarcelo FernanFormer Chief Justice (1988–1991)
Fidel V. RamosFormer Secretary of National Defense (1988–1991)Lakas-NUCD-UMDP}}Lakas–NUCDLito OsmeñaGovernor of Cebu (1988–1992)
Jovito SalongaFormer Senate President (1987–1992)Liberal Party (Philippines)}}Liberal PartyNene PimentelSenator (1987–1992)

Debates

A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992. It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program.

On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays, with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network. Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.

The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN. The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino.

The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay, moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.

Results

Main article: Congressional canvass for the Philippine presidential election, 1992

For President

Breakdown

RegionRamosSantiagoCojuangcoMitraMarcosSalongaLaurelLakas-CMD}};"People's Reform Party}};"Nationalist People's Coalition}};"Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino}};"Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}};"Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"Nacionalista Party}};"Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
Ilocos Region**526,653****36.84**74,0845.18376,46526.3367,0094.69355,55024.8722,9601.617,0060.49
Cordillera Administrative Region76,64318.1066,34815.67********76,22418.0065,96915.5845,13310.663,7020.87
Cagayan Valley110,23713.2046,3785.55********91,97011.01241,12528.8856,4476.766,0830.73
Central Luzon692,51527.57519,76920.69********216,9448.64135,0225.38178,8967.1213,9510.56
National Capital Region679,17120.54**990,288****29.94**572,30117.30193,3985.85379,84611.48438,04813.2454,2731.64
Southern Tagalog442,56313.93**579,563****18.24**517,72416.30538,86916.96173,3895.46344,80310.85483,26215.21
Bicol Region285,37021.49177,20213.35227,71817.15********21,3361.61273,47820.6052,2753.52
Western Visayas326,70116.04**1,240,002****60.88**253,64912.45134,8346.6220,1300.9950,9542.5010,5810.52
Central Visayas**618,520****35.25**168,2409.59244,73213.95545,24531.0754,0633.0888,0685.0235,8412.04
Eastern Visayas254,25822.9149,0214.4287,2857.86192,09017.31********173,47815.637,7350.70
Western Mindanao**225,268****30.18**114,86115.39145,36819.48150,09820.1131,1254.1765,7818.8113,7991.85
Northern Mindanao**351,575****27.71**86,2906.80169,33413.35233,65718.42180,13014.20228,10917.9819,6801.55
Southern Mindanao**363,059****23.51**192,28312.45223,96614.50272,97817.68231,10614.97233,16915.1027,5121.78
Central Mindanao119,33520.99**124,506****21.90**74,13413.0491,18816.0484,54714.8782,29111.6510,2051.79
ARMM152,11825.3138,1976.36109,47018.22********17,7542.9538,0096.3221,3723.56
Absentee voters1,81923.191,14114.55********1722.191,05113.401551.983043.88
**Total****5,342,521****23.58**4,468,17319.724,116,37618.173,316,66114.642,338,29410.322,302,12410.16770,0463.40

For Vice President

References

References

  1. "Phl presidential elections and the stock market". [[The Philippine Star]].
  2. "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippine – Article VII". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
  3. Jurado, Emil P.. (25 July 1988). "Realignment of forces". Manila Standard.
  4. Shenon, Philip. "Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote".
  5. "Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election".
  6. (2006). "Southeast Asian Affairs 2006". Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  7. Servando, Kristine F.. "Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power". ABS-CBN News.
  8. Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder. (2018-05-30). "Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia". World Scientific.
  9. "Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?". Rappler.
  10. "Erap presidency redux". [[The Philippine Star]].
  11. "Term of Office of Senators".
  12. (February 1, 2016). "Political Handbook of the World 1998". Springer.
  13. "Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III".
  14. Maragay, Fel V.. (March 9, 1992). "Laurel, Mitra trade barbs in TV debate". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  15. (March 9, 1992). "Give and take". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  16. (March 15, 1992). "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  17. Maragay, Fel V.. (March 16, 1992). "Enlightening, but ho hum". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  18. Jurado, Emil P. V.. (March 16, 1992). "The temporary insanity of senatorial candidates". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  19. Maragay, Fel V.. (March 23, 1992). "Laurel loses points in the debate". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  20. (March 23, 1992). "An interrupted debate". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  21. (March 30, 1992). "Mismatch". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
  22. (March 29, 1992). "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Kagitingan Publications, Inc..
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