1991 Uttarkashi earthquake

Tectonic setting

The Garhwal division in northern India, flanked by the Tons River to the west and the Alaknanda River to the east, is located at the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. In the region, the Indian plate is moving northeastward at a rate of 5 cm per year. The Main Central Thrust is the primary northwest-striking structure and dips to the north at 30–40°. The fault plane solutions from the parametric catalogs for the 1991 and 1999 events showed low-angle thrust faulting with varying amounts of strike-slip movement.

Earthquake

Six three-axis accelerometers that were within 60 km captured the event, including two units that were close to the projection of the fault at the surface. Analysis of the data recorded by these devices revealed the distribution of slip, moment release over time, and the location of the maximum slip. The mechanism of the event was typical of the thrust system of the Himalayas, with maximum slip (1.5 m) occurring to the west and southwest of the hypocenter. Energy release began slowly and built to a crescendo four seconds after the initiation of the rupture.

Damage

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK) conducted a survey of the affected areas between 27 October and 4 November. Their work revealed that more than 300,000 people in 1,294 villages were affected by the shock. Stone masonry homes (that usually supported heavy roofs) fared badly in areas where high intensity shaking occurred. The United States' National Geophysical Data Center indicates that 7,500 homes were damaged and another 7,500 were destroyed while the IITK report shows that up to 42,400 houses were damaged.

The United States' National Geophysical Data Center and the Belgian Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters' EM-DAT database both list 1,500 fatalities for the event with EM-DAT also listing 1,383 injuries. The USGS's Preliminary Determination of Epicenters and the Utsu catalog both list 2,000 deaths and 1,800 injured.

Intensity

stated that the shock was generally moderate while further clarifying the intensities that were observed at specific locations. Ghansyali, Gongotri, and Tehri were listed as experiencing intensity VII (Very strong) shaking and Bhatwari, Budhakedar, Krishanpur, Mahinanda, Maneri, and Uttarkashi were listed as experiencing intensity VIII (Severe) shaking. In a report that documented the study of strong motion recordings of the event, clarified that while Bhatwari and Uttarkashi experienced intensity VIII shaking at distances of 25 km and 40 km respectively, there was a small 20 km square mile area that experienced a maximum intensity of IX (Violent).

References

References

1. (2015). "Himalayan hazard study on the basis of stress and strain state of 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake using Coulomb stress transfer model". Geomatics, Natural Hazards, and Risk.
2. (1991). "Rupture history and seismotectonics of the 1991 Uttarkashi, Himalaya earthquake". Tectonophysics.
3. (1992). "Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991". National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering.
4. (1993). "Analysis of Strong Motion Records from Uttarkashi Earthquake for Assessment of Code Provisions for Different Seismic Zones". Earthquake Spectra.
5. ISC. (2016). "ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012)". [[International Seismological Centre]].
6. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS). (1972). "Significant Earthquake Database". [[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
7. (4 September 2009). "PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog". United States Geological Survey.
8. Kayal, J. R.. (2015). "Precursor seismicity, foreshocks and aftershocks of the Uttarkashi earthquake of October 20, 1991 at Garhwal Himalaya". Tectonophysics.