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1989 European Parliament election in Spain

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FieldValue
election_name1989 European Parliament election in Spain
countrySpain
typeparliamentary
ongoingno
previous_election1987 European Parliament election in Spain
previous_year1987
next_election1994 European Parliament election in Spain
next_year1994
outgoing_membersList of members of the European Parliament for Spain, 1987–89
elected_membersList of members of the European Parliament for Spain, 1989–94
seats_for_electionAll 60 Spanish seats in the European Parliament
opinion_polls#Opinion polls
registered29,283,982 2.9%
turnout16,022,276 (54.7%)
13.8 pp
election_date15 June 1989
image1[[File:Fernando Morán 1985 (cropped).jpg170x170px]]
leader1Fernando Morán
party1Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
alliance1SOC
leader_since110 April 1987
leaders_seat1Spain
last_election128 seats, 39.1%
seats127
seat_change11
popular_vote16,275,552
percentage139.6%
swing10.5 pp
image2[[File:Marcelino Oreja 1980 (cropped).jpg170x170px]]
leader2Marcelino Oreja
party2People's Party (Spain)
alliance2ED (EPP)
leader_since220 January 1989
leaders_seat2Spain
last_election217 seats, 25.5%
seats215
seat_change22
popular_vote23,395,015
percentage221.4%
swing24.1 pp
image3[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg170x170px]]
leader3José Ramón Caso
party3Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)
alliance3LDR
leader_since328 April 1989
leaders_seat3Spain
last_election37 seats, 10.3%
seats35
seat_change32
popular_vote31,133,429
percentage37.1%
swing33.2 pp
image4[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg170x170px]]
leader4Fernando Pérez Royo
party4United Left (Spain)
alliance4COM (EUL)
leader_since425 April 1987
leaders_seat4Spain
last_election43 seats, 5.3%
seats44
seat_change41
popular_vote4961,742
percentage46.1%
swing40.8 pp
image5[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg170x170px]]
leader5Carles Gasòliba
party5Convergence and Union
alliance5LDR
EPP
leader_since51 January 1986
leaders_seat5Spain
last_election53 seats, 4.4%
seats52
seat_change51
popular_vote5666,602
percentage54.2%
swing50.2 pp
image6[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg170x170px]]
leader6José María Ruiz-Mateos
party6Ruiz-Mateos Group
alliance6European Democratic Alliance
leader_since67 May 1987
leaders_seat6Spain
last_election60 seats, 0.6%
seats62
seat_change62
popular_vote6608,560
percentage63.8%
swing63.2 pp
map{{Switcher

13.8 pp

EPP

| [[File:1989 European election in Spain - Vote Strength.svg|x315px]] | Vote winner strength by province | [[File:1989 European election in Spain - AC results.svg|x315px]] | Vote winner strength by autonomous community An election was held in Spain on Thursday, 15 June 1989, as part of the EU-wide election to elect the 3rd European Parliament. All 60 seats allocated to the Spanish constituency as per the 1985 Treaty of Accession were up for election.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) emerged as the largest party, followed by the newly amalgamated People's Party (PP) and Adolfo Suárez's Democratic and Social Centre—both of which scoring far below expectations—, as well as left-wing United Left (IU), which improved slightly on its 1987 performance. Ruiz-Mateos Group was the election surprise by winning two seats, with former Rumasa CEO and party leader José María Ruiz Mateos being elected as MEP—which granted him immunity from criminal prosecution, as he had been a fugitive from Spanish justice at the time of his election—. Registered turnout was a record low at the time for a nationwide election held in Spain, with abstention peaking at 45.3%.

The election was largely influenced by a recent string of PP–CDS agreements to vote no confidence motions on PSOE local governments, which included the Madrid city council and regional governments. This was said to have influenced the election's outcome, which had resulted in a sizeable PSOE win and a collapse in support for both the PP and CDS. His party's showing in this election was said to be one of the reasons that led Prime Minister Felipe González to call a snap general election for 29 October 1989.

Electoral system

60 members of the European Parliament were allocated to Spain as per the 1985 Treaty of Accession. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.

All seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with no electoral threshold being applied in order to be entitled to enter seat distribution. Seats were allocated to a single multi-member constituency comprising the entire national territory. The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.

Outgoing delegation

Main article: List of members of the European Parliament for Spain, 1987–1989

GroupsPartiesMEPsSeatsTotal
Socialist Group}}"Socialist GroupSpanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"PSOE29
European Democrats}}"European DemocratsPeople's Party (Spain)}}"PP17
European United Left–Nordic Green Left}}"Communist and AlliesCommunist Party of Spain}}"PCE1
Socialist Action Party (Spain)}}"PASOC1
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia}}"PSUC1
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group}}"Liberal and Democratic Reformist GroupDemocratic Convergence of Catalonia}}"CDC2
European People's Party}}"European People's PartyDemocratic Union of Catalonia}}"UDC1
Rainbow Group}}"Rainbow GroupEusko Alkartasuna}}"EA1
Non-Inscrits}}"Non-InscritsDemocratic and Social Centre (Spain)}}"CDS6
Herri Batasuna}}"HB1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

CandidacyParties and
alliancesLeading candidateIdeologyPrevious resultRef.Vote %Seats
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"**PSOE**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)[[File:Fernando Morán 1985 (cropped).jpg50px]]
People's Party (Spain)}}"**PP**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onPeople's Party (PP)Navarrese People's Union (UPN)Centrists of Galicia (CdG)
Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)}}"**CDS**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onDemocratic and Social Centre (CDS)[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg50px]]José Ramón Caso
United Left (Spain)}}"**IU**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onCommunist Party of Spain (PCE)Socialist Action Party (PASOC)Republican Left (IR)
Convergence and Union}}"**CiU**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onDemocratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg50px]]
Herri Batasuna}}"**HB**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onPopular Unity (HB)
– People's Socialist Revolutionary Party (HASI)
– Basque Nationalist Action (EAE/ANV)
– Patriotic Socialist Committees (ASK)[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg50px]]Txema Montero
For the Europe of the Peoples (1989)}}"**PEP**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onBasque Solidarity (EA)Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)Galician Nationalist Party (PNG)
Nationalist Coalition (1989)}}"**CN**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onBasque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)Galician Coalition (CG)
Left of the Peoples (1989)}}"**IP**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onBasque Country Left (EE)Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)Valencian People's Union (UPV)
Federation of Regional Parties}}"**FPR**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onValencian Union (UV)Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)United Extremadura (EU)
Andalusian Party}}"**PA**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onAndalusian Party (PA)[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg50px]]Pedro Pacheco
Ruiz-Mateos Group}}"**Ruiz-Mateos**{{Collapsible listtitle = Listbullets = onRuiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)[[File:Portrait placeholder.svg50px]]José María Ruiz-Mateos

Opinion polls

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font.

;Color key:

Polling firm/CommissionerFieldwork dateSample sizeTurnout[[File:Logo PSOE, 1976-2001.svg17pxlink=Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyPSOE]][[File:AP logo (1983–1989).svg30pxlink=People's Alliance (Spain)AP]][[File:Centro Democrático y Social (corto).png27pxlink=Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)CDS]][[File:Logo-izquierda-unida2.png25pxlink=United Left (Spain)IU]][[File:Ciu 1980s.png35pxlink=Convergence and UnionCiU]][[File:Batasuna.svg27pxlink=Herri BatasunaHB]]PEPIPCN[[File:Unidad Comunista.png27pxlink=Workers' Party of Spain–Communist UnityPTE–UC]][[File:Logo PSA y PA 1976-1990.svg27pxlink=Andalusian PartyPA]][[File:PDP.png27pxlink=People's Democratic Party (Spain)PDP]]ARMLV[[File:People's Party (Spain) Logo (1989-1993).svg35pxlink=People's Party (Spain)PP]]LeadSpanish Socialist Workers' Party}};"People's Alliance (Spain)}};"Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)}};"United Left (Spain)}};"Convergence and Union}};"Herri Batasuna}};"For the Europe of the Peoples (1989)}};"Left of the Peoples (1989)}};"Nationalist Coalition (1989)}};"Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity}};"Andalusian Party}};"People's Democratic Party (Spain)}};"Ruiz-Mateos Group}};"Green List (Spain)}};"People's Party (Spain)}};"
**[1989 EP election](1989-european-parliament-election-in-spain-results)**15 Jun 198954.7**39.6**
7.1
6.1
4.2
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.9
3.8
1.0
21.4
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"18.2
title=El PSOE, satisfecho de su triunfo porque no se ve una alternativa clara al Gobiernourl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/06/16/pagina-16/33066570/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=16 June 1989}}15 Jun 198939,00054**39.3**
7.2
6.4
4.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.5
–2.2
3.6
–21.1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"18.2
title=El PSOE resiste, erosión del PP y CDS y ascenso de grupos minoritariosurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/06/16/pagina-1/33066555/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=16 June 1989}}15 Jun 1989?54.4**38.0–
39.0**
7.0
6.4
4.4
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.9
4.0
1.2
21.0–
22.0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"17.0
Sigma Dos/COPE15 Jun 1989??**35.0–
37.0**
7.0–
8.0
7.0–
7.5
4.3–
4.8
1.8–
2.0
1.4–
1.6
1.7–
1.9
1.4–
1.6
–2.0–
2.2
2.5–
3.0
–22.5–
23.5
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"12.5–
13.5
Demoscopia/Cadena SER15 Jun 1989??**36.4**
7.9
6.7
5.1
2.3
1.6
?
?
–?
4.0
–19.4
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"17.0
Metra Seis/RNE15 Jun 1989??**36.0–
38.0**
8.5–
10.0
5.5–
7.0
4.5–
5.0
1.3–
1.8
1.5–
2.0
2.0–
2.5
1.5–
2.0
–2.0–
2.5
2.0–
3.0
–24.0–
26.0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"12.0
title=Los sondeos electorales de los medios de comunicación muestran el retroceso del PSOEurl=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1989/06/09/028.htmllanguage=eswork=ABCdate=9 June 1989}}9 Jun 1989???
?
?
?
?
–––––––?
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"?
title=Los partidos grandes repiten, los menores cambianurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/06/09/pagina-23/33073693/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=9 June 1989}}5–8 Jun 19891,80050**37.8**
9.7
6.3
6.1
–1.9
1.6
?
––––25.5
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"12.3
title=El PSOE pierde de 3 a 5 escaños, IU gana 1 y el centro-derecha se mantieneurl=https://elpais.com/hemeroteca/elpais/portadas/1989/06/09/language=eswork=El Paísdate=9 June 1989}}1–5 Jun 19892,50050**35.3**
10.4
6.8
3.6
1.9
1.9
2.5
1.7
–2.7
1.5
?
27.7
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"7.6
title=El hipotético relevo de Pujolurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/06/03/pagina-15/33070699/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=3 June 1989}}3 Jun 1989???
?
?
?
?
?
?
–?
–––?
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"?
title=Una vez más, las encuestas de opinión no acertaron en sus estimaciones electoralesurl=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1989/06/19/070.htmllanguage=eswork=ABCdate=19 June 1989}}30 May–3 Jun 19892,40070**37.6**
8.3
7.7
4.6
2.2
0.7
2.2
1.1
?
1.9
–?
19.7
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"17.9
Gruppo/Colpisa2 Jun 19891,00057–62**33.4**
10.5
7.2
4.4
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
–1.3
––26.5
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"6.9
title=Desciende el PSOE y suben centristas y comunistasurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/06/04/pagina-22/33071842/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=4 June 1989}}15–26 May 19891,80050**36.1**
12.4
5.7
6.1
2.0
?
2.3
?
?
–––22.4
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"13.7
title=El PSOE perderá tres escaños, pero el centro-derecha no subeurl=https://elpais.com/diario/1989/05/28/portada/612309601_850215.htmllanguage=eswork=El Paísdate=28 May 1989}}17–21 May 19892,50055**37.8**
11.1
7.1
3.7
1.7
2.2
1.5
3.0
–2.6
––25.5
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"12.3
title=PSOE y PP repiten resultados y HB se queda sin escaño, dice un sondeo del CISurl=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1989/05/20/024.htmllanguage=eswork=ABCdate=20 May 1989}}9–11 May 19894,459?**41.6**
12.1
6.6
5.2
–––1.2
––––26.1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"15.5
Gruppo/Colpisa26 Apr 19891,00060–69**34.5**
11.7
8.4
4.2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
––––26.2
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"8.3
title=El Gobierno estudia adelantar las eleccionesurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/05/01/pagina-12/33068616/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=1 May 1989}}22–24 Apr 19892,499?**42.0**6.0–
9.05.0–
7.0–––––––––25.0–
28.0Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"14.0–
17.0
title=Sigue la tónica de ligero descenso del PSOE y mejora de la oposiciónurl=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1989/04/16/pagina-25/33072211/pdf.htmllanguage=eswork=La Vanguardiadate=16 April 1989}}7–10 Apr 19891,610?**34.8**15.05.96.7––––––––27.6Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"7.2
title=El CIS da más del 40% al PSOEurl=https://elpais.com/diario/1989/04/26/espana/609544810_850215.htmllanguage=eswork=El Paísdate=26 April 1989}}6–10 Apr 19892,951?**40.0–
42.0**9.0–
11.06.0–
7.0–––––––––23.0–
25.0Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"17.0
title=Fuerte descenso electoral del PSOE, según una encuestaurl=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1989/03/08/024.htmllanguage=eswork=ABCdate=8 March 1989}}7 Mar 1989???
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
–?
––?
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"?
**[1987 EP election](1987-european-parliament-election-in-spain)**10 Jun 198768.5**39.1**
24.6
10.3
5.3
4.4
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.6
–Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"14.5

Results

Overall

Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeatsVotes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)6,275,55239.57+0.51**27**−1
People's Party (Spain)}}"People's Party (PP)13,395,01521.41−4.13**15**−2
Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)}}"Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)1,133,4297.15−3.11**5**−2
United Left (Spain)}}"United Left (IU)961,7426.06+0.81**4**+1
Convergence and Union}}"Convergence and Union (CiU)666,6024.20−0.23**2**−1
Ruiz-Mateos Group}}"Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)2608,5603.84+3.23**2**+2
Nationalist Coalition (1989)}}"Nationalist Coalition (CN)3303,0381.91+0.16**1**+1
Andalusian Party}}"Andalusian Party (PA)295,0471.86+0.90**1**+1
Left of the Peoples (1989)}}"Left of the Peoples (IP)4290,2861.83+0.47**1**+1
Herri Batasuna}}"Popular Unity (HB)269,0941.70−0.17**1**±0
For the Europe of the Peoples (1989)}}"For the Europe of the Peoples (PEP)5238,9091.51−0.19**1**±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity}}"Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)197,0951.24+0.080±0
Green List (Spain)}}"Green List (Adhered to the European Greens) (LV)6164,5241.04+0.140±0
The Ecologist Greens (Spain)}}"The Ecologist Greens (LVE)161,9031.02*New*0±0
Federation of Regional Parties}}"Federation of Regional Parties (FPR)7151,8350.96−0.160±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain}}"Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain–PCC (PCPE–PCC)79,9700.50*New*0±0
National Front (Spain, 1986)}}"National Front (FN)60,6720.38−0.260±0
VERDE}}"Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE)58,6860.37*New*0±0
Social Democratic Party of Catalonia}}"Social Democratic Coalition (CSD)52,5770.33+0.200±0
Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia}}"Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia (AV–MEC)47,2500.30*New*0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc}}"Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)46,0520.29+0.010±0
Workers' Socialist Party (Spain)}}"Workers' Socialist Party–Revolutionary Workers' Party (PST–PORE)838,6830.24−0.320±0
Europe for Life (EPV)30,2520.19*New*0±0
Falange Española de las JONS (1976)}}"Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)24,3400.15+0.030±0
Catalunya Lliure}}"Free Catalonia (CLL)19,7740.12*New*0±0
Humanist Party (Spain)}}"Humanist Party (PH)19,3560.12±0.000±0
Alliance for the Republic (Spain)}}"Alliance for the Republic (AxR)917,1890.11−0.020±0
Asturian Nationalist Unity}}"Asturian Nationalist Unity (UNA)13,1650.08*New*0±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)10,3920.07+0.020±0
Andalusian Liberation}}"Andalusian Liberation (LA)9,4210.06+0.010±0
Initiative for a European Democracy (IDE)8,7890.06*New*0±0
Carlist Party (1970)}}"Carlist Party (PC)8,4770.05*New*0±0
BACTERIA Electors' Group (BACTERIA)00.00*New*0±0
Blank ballots200,7941.27+0.28
Total15,858,47060±0
Valid votes15,858,47098.98+0.17
Invalid votes163,8061.02−0.17
Votes cast / turnout16,022,27654.71−13.81
Abstentions13,261,70645.29+13.81
Registered voters29,283,982
Sources
{{hiddenta1=lefttitle=Footnotes:content={{ubl1 People's Party results are compared to the combined totals of People's Alliance and People's Democratic Party in the 1987 election.2 Ruiz-Mateos Group results are compared to Social Action totals in the 1987 election.3 Nationalist Coalition results are compared to the combined totals of Europeanist Union, Canarian Independent Groups and Nationalist Party of Castile and León in the 1987 election.4 Left of the Peoples (1989) results are compared to Left of the Peoples (1987) totals in the 1987 election.5 For the Europe of the Peoples results are compared to Coalition for the Europe of the Peoples totals in the 1987 election.6 Green List (Adhered to the European Greens) results are compared to the combined totals of The Greens and Confederation of the Greens in the 1987 election.7 Federation of Regional Parties results are compared to the combined totals of Valencian Union, United Extremadura and Regionalist Party of Cantabria in the 1987 election.

Maps

File:1989 European election in Spain - Vote Strength.svg|Vote winner strength by province. File:1989 European election in Spain - AC results.svg|Vote winner strength by autonomous community.

Distribution by European group

GroupsPartiesSeatsTotal%
Socialist Group}}"Socialist Group (SOC)27**27**
European People's Party}}"European People's Party (EPP)15
1**16**
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party}}"Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (LDR)5
1**6**
European United Left}}"European United Left (EUL)2
1
1**4**
Rainbow Group}}"Rainbow Group (RBW)1
1**2**
The Green Group in the European Parliament}}"The Green Group in the European Parliament (G)1**1**
Non-Inscrits}}"Non-Inscrits (NI)2
1
1**4**
Total6060100.00

Notes

References

;Opinion poll sources

;Other

References

  1. (16 June 1989). "La abstención quita escaños a los grandes y se los da a los pequeños". El País.
  2. González Ibañez, Juan. (9 May 1989). "Fraga anuncia su acuerdo con el CDS para derribar a Barranco, Leguina y cuatro alcaldes socialistas". El País.
  3. Montoliu, Pedro. (18 May 1989). "Centristas y populares presentan la moción de censura contra el alcalde de Madrid". El País.
  4. (30 May 1989). "La moción de censura contra Leguina se votará tras las elecciones europeas". El País.
  5. (24 June 1989). "Caso admite que puede haber sido un error presentar mociones de censura con el PP". El País.
  6. Díez, Anabel. (7 August 1989). "El CDS se desmarca de los populares tras el daño electoral y la desmoralización de sus bases". El País.
  7. González Ibañez, Juan. (19 August 1989). "Felipe González, claramente favorable al adelanto de las elecciones tras reflexionar en Doñana". El País.
  8. González Ibañez, Juan. (26 August 1989). "González convocará las legislativas para el 29 de octubre". El País.
  9. (19 June 1985). "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General".
  10. (15 November 1985). "Treaty concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community".
  11. Gallagher, Michael. (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin.
  12. Lozano, Carles. "Parlamento Europeo: Distribución de los Eurodiputados españoles en grupos parlamentarios".
  13. Díez, Anabel. (7 April 1987). "Fernando Morán encabezará la candidatura del PSOE para el Parlamento Europeo". El País.
  14. (9 February 1989). "Morán vuelve a ser el cabeza de lista del PSOE al Parlamento Europeo". El País.
  15. (20 January 1989). "Manuel Fraga lanza hoy el Partido Popular como clave de la renovación del centro-derecha". El País.
  16. (28 April 1989). "Confirmada la entrada de Caso en la lista europea de los centristas". El País.
  17. Bayarri, Francesc. (26 April 1987). "Gerardo Iglesias afirma que el Gobierno no conocía el impacto de la entrada de España en la CE". El País.
  18. (8 May 1987). "Ruiz-Mateos define su partido como democrático y constitucional". El País.
  19. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". [[Ministry of the Interior (Spain).
  20. Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Europeas 15 de junio de 1989".
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