1978 Pacific typhoon season

Seasonal summary

ImageSize = width:1030 height:325 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:2 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2014 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/01/2013 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression_=≤62_km/h(≤39_mph) id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Tropical_Storm_=62–88_km/h(39–54_mph) id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Tropical_Storm_=89–117_km/h(55–72_mph) id:TY value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Typhoon_=118–156_km/h(73–96_mph) id:VSTY value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Very_Strong_Typhoon_=157–193_km/h(97–119_mph) id:VITY value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.90) legend:Violent_Typhoon_=≥194_km/h(≥120_mph) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:01/01/2013 till:03/01/2013 color:TS text:"Mary" from:06/01/2013 till:13/01/2013 color:ST text:"Nadine" from:15/04/2013 till:01/05/2013 color:TY text:"Olive" from:07/06/2013 till:07/06/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:10/06/2013 till:10/06/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:12/06/2013 till:13/06/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:14/06/2013 till:20/06/2013 color:TS text:"Polly" from:21/06/2013 till:25/06/2013 color:TS text:"Rose" from:28/06/2013 till:02/07/2013 color:TS text:"Shirley" from:07/07/2013 till:11/07/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:11/07/2013 till:24/07/2013 color:TY text:"Trix" from:16/07/2013 till:16/07/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:22/07/2013 till:03/08/2013 color:TY text:"Wendy" from:22/07/2013 till:03/08/2013 color:TY text:"Virginia" from:22/07/2013 till:31/07/2013 color:ST text:"Agnes" from:31/07/2013 till:31/07/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:04/08/2013 till:05/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" barset:break from:04/08/2013 till:08/08/2013 color:TD text:"Gading" from:09/08/2013 till:13/08/2013 color:TS text:"Bonnie" from:09/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TY text:"Carmen" from:09/08/2013 till:13/08/2013 color:TS text:"Della" from:13/08/2013 till:17/08/2013 color:TD text:"Loleng" from:14/08/2013 till:14/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:18/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TS text:"13W" from:18/08/2013 till:19/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:20/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:21/08/2013 till:29/08/2013 color:TY text:"Elaine" from:22/08/2013 till:24/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:26/08/2013 till:26/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:27/08/2013 till:10/09/2013 color:VSTY text:"Faye" from:27/08/2013 till:31/08/2013 color:TS text:"Gloria" from:28/08/2013 till:01/09/2013 color:TS text:"Hester" from:29/08/2013 till:30/08/2013 color:TD text:"Oyang" from:31/08/2013 till:02/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" barset:break from:02/09/2013 till:07/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:09/09/2013 till:15/09/2013 color:TY text:"Irma" from:09/09/2013 till:15/09/2013 color:TD text:"Pasing" from:09/09/2013 till:17/09/2013 color:TY text:"Judy" from:10/09/2013 till:11/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:13/09/2013 till:19/09/2013 color:TD text:"Susang" from:17/09/2013 till:17/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:20/09/2013 till:28/09/2013 color:ST text:"Kit" from:21/09/2013 till:22/09/2013 color:TD text:"Tering" from:21/09/2013 till:22/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:24/09/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TY text:"Lola" from:30/09/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TY text:"Mamie" from:05/10/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:05/10/2013 till:17/10/2013 color:ST text:"Nina" from:08/10/2013 till:15/10/2013 color:TY text:"Ora" from:11/10/2013 till:14/10/2013 color:TD text:"25W" from:11/10/2013 till:17/10/2013 color:TD text:"Bidang" barset:break from:15/10/2013 till:23/10/2013 color:TY text:"Phyllis" from:17/10/2013 till:30/10/2013 color:VITY text:"Rita" from:29/10/2013 till:03/11/2013 color:TS text:"Unnamed" from:31/10/2013 till:07/11/2013 color:ST text:"Tess" from:09/11/2013 till:11/11/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:10/11/2013 till:12/11/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:15/11/2013 till:16/11/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:16/11/2013 till:20/11/2013 color:TD text:"Delang" from:17/11/2013 till:24/11/2013 color:VITY text:"Viola" from:25/11/2013 till:01/12/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:25/11/2013 till:30/11/2013 color:ST text:"Winnie" from:04/12/2013 till:04/12/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:13/12/2013 till:19/12/2013 color:TD text:"Garding" bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/01/2013 till:01/02/2013 text:January from:01/02/2013 till:01/03/2013 text:February from:01/03/2013 till:01/04/2013 text:March from:01/04/2013 till:01/05/2013 text:April from:01/05/2013 till:01/06/2013 text:May from:01/06/2013 till:01/07/2013 text:June from:01/07/2013 till:01/08/2013 text:July from:01/08/2013 till:01/09/2013 text:August from:01/09/2013 till:01/10/2013 text:September from:01/10/2013 till:01/11/2013 text:October from:01/11/2013 till:01/12/2013 text:November from:01/12/2013 till:01/01/2014 text:December

33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.

Systems

Severe Tropical Storm Nadine

| 10-min winds = 55 | 1-min winds = 50 Nadine stayed at sea and was the first severe tropical storm of the season. It lived at least 1 week.

Typhoon Olive (Atang)

Main article: Typhoon Olive (1978)

| 10-min winds = 80 | 1-min winds = 85

On 12:00 UTC on April 11, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor a surface circulation which had formed within the trough. Five days later, the JTWC issued their first warning on the system as it began coalescing. On April 18, the system entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, resulting in PAGASA naming the system Atang. Later that day, the system intensified into a tropical storm, resulting in it being named Olive.

Olive would steadily intensify after it entered the South China Sea on April 20, being in an environment with good outflow aloft and warm Sea surface temperatures, resulting in it intensifying into a typhoon on April 22. Olive would recurve due to a break in the subtropical ridge, peaking with sustained winds of 100 mph the next day. It accelerated to the east-northeast, steadily weakening due to intruding cool and dry air, resulting in the system becoming extratropical early on April 26.

As Olive passed the Philippines, it would affect nearly 370,000 people in the nation, leaving 3,500 homeless. The MV Leyte, a lengthened ship of the Compania Maritima was caught in it, being wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island as she was on a Manila-Cebu voyage. The Hong Kong Observatory would hoist its Stand-By Signal No. 1 for Hong Kong on April 24 as Olive was at its closest to the island.

Tropical Storm Polly (Bising)

| 10-min winds = 45 | 1-min winds = 50

Polly was the first of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Rose (Klaring)

| 10-min winds = 45 | 1-min winds = 40 Rose was the second of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Shirley (Deling)

| 10-min winds = 45 | 1-min winds = 35 Shirley hit Vietnam as a tropical storm.

Typhoon Trix

| 10-min winds = 70 | 1-min winds = 70

Trix did a loop.

Typhoon Virginia

| 10-min winds = 70 | 1-min winds = 70 Virginia stayed largely at sea.

Typhoon Wendy (Emang)

| 10-min winds = 70 | 1-min winds = 80 Wendy ultimately hit Japan.

Severe Tropical Storm Agnes

| 10-min winds = 55 | 1-min winds = 50 Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 65 mph. It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.

Tropical Storm Bess-Bonnie

| 10-min winds = 40 | 1-min winds = 40 Bonnie hit Vietnam.

Typhoon Carmen (Iliang)

| 10-min winds = 75 | 1-min winds = 70 Carmen affected South Korea.

Tropical Storm Della (Heling)

| 10-min winds = 45 | 1-min winds = 45 Della made landfall in Taiwan and China.

Tropical Depression Loleng

| 10-min winds = 30 Only recognized by PAGASA.

Tropical Storm 13W

| 10-min winds = 40 | 1-min winds = 30 13W was weak but hit Japan.

Typhoon Elaine (Miding)

| 10-min winds = 65 | 1-min winds = 65 Elaine struck the Northern Philippines and the Chinese province of Guangdong.

Typhoon Faye

| 10-min winds = 90 | 1-min winds = 105 Faye stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Gloria (Norming)

| 10-min winds = 40 | 1-min winds = 40 Gloria stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Hester

| 10-min winds = 45 | 1-min winds = 50 Hester stayed away from land.

Typhoon Irma (Ruping)

| 10-min winds = 65 | 1-min winds = 65 Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan. It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan. It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded. Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats. Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea. Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.

Typhoon Judy

| 10-min winds = 80 | 1-min winds = 90 Judy did not impact land.

Severe Tropical Storm Kit (Uding)

| 10-min winds = 50 | 1-min winds = 50 Kit hit Vietnam and The Philippines.

Typhoon Lola (Weling)

| 10-min winds = 70 | 1-min winds = 75 Lola hit China and the Philippines.

Typhoon Mamie

| 10-min winds = 70 | 1-min winds = 70 Mamie recurved out to sea.

Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)

| 10-min winds = 60 | 1-min winds = 60 According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.

Typhoon Ora (Aning)

| 10-min winds = 80 | 1-min winds = 85 Ora brushed Taiwan.

Tropical Depression 25W

| 1-min winds = 30 | 10-min winds = 30 25W did not affect land.

Tropical Depression 26W (Bidang)

| 1-min winds = 20 | 10-min winds = 30 26W followed 25W.

Typhoon Phyllis

| 10-min winds = 80 | 1-min winds = 95 Phyllis recurved from Japan.

Typhoon Rita (Kading)

Main article: Typhoon Rita (1978)

| 10-min winds = 120 | 1-min winds = 150 Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars on October 25, only 8 milibars higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.

Tropical Storm Twenty-seven

| 10-min winds = 35 Tropical Storm 27 was weak and short-lived.

Severe Tropical Storm Tess

| 10-min winds = 60 | 1-min winds = 60 A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70 mph storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.

Tropical Depression 30W (Delang)

| 1-min winds = 25 | 10-min winds = 30 30W came close to land.

Typhoon Viola (Esang)

| 10-min winds = 105 | 1-min winds = 125 Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690 mi southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17. Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track. Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon. Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145 mph. Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22. By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.

Severe Tropical Storm Winnie

| 10-min winds = 55 | 1-min winds = 55 A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65 mph. Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.

Tropical Depression Garding

| 1-min winds = | 10-min winds = 30 The last system of the season, Tropical Depression Garding was named by PAGASA.

Storm names

During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.

One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.

Philippines

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in .

Retirement

Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoons Olive (Atang) and Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the names Atang from its main list and Kading from its auxiliary list. They were replaced by Akang and Katring from the 1982 season.

Season effects

This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.

|- | Nadine || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Marshall Islands || None || None || |- | Olive (Atang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Taiwan || Unknown || || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | Polly (Bising) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Japan || None || None || |- | Rose (Klaring) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan || None || None || |- | Shirley (Deling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia || Unknown || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | Trix || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, China || Unknown || Unknown || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Wendy (Emang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Japan || None || None || |- | Virginia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | Agnes || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China || None || || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None || |- | Gading || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None || |- | Bonnie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam || None || None || |- | Carmen (Iliang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korea || Unknown || 33 || |- | Della (Heling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, China || None || None || |- | Loleng || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None || |- | 13W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None || |- | Elaine (Miding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || Unknown || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Korean Peninsula || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None || |- | Faye || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Taiwan || None || None || |- | Gloria (Norming) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None || |- | Hester || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | Oyang || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan || None || None || |- | Irma (Ruping) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan|| None || || |- | Pasing || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None || |- | Judy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None || |- | Susang || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Vietnam || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau || None || None || |- | Kit (Uding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || Unknown || Unknown || |- | Tering || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None || |- | Lola (Weling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || Unknown || |- | Mamie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Nina (Yaning) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || Unknown || || |- | Ora (Aning) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands || None || None || |- | 25W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | 26W (Bidang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None || |- | Phyllis || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Rita (Kading) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines || || || |- | Twenty-seven || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None || |- | Tess || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None || |- | 30W (Delang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None || |- | Viola (Esang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malaysia || None || None || |- | Winnie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Garding || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || Unknown || None || |-

References

References

1. [https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1978atcr.pdf 1978 TCR] – Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Retrieved 1/17/24)
2. "DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS 1970-2003".
3. "DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS 1970-2003".
4. (April 27, 1978). "Typhoon". [[The Canberra Times]].
5. "Typhoon "Atang" {{!}} Philippine Ship Spotters Society".
6. (1979). "Meteorological Statistics 1978: Part 3 (Tropical Cyclone Summaries)". [[Hong Kong Observatory]].
7. [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1978atcr/pdf/1978.html 1978 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS] {{webarchive. link. (2011-06-06)
8. "Historical Information".
9. Morford, Dean R.. (January 1, 1995). "1978 Annual Typhoon Report".
10. (September 18, 1978). "Typhoon Irma leaves 3,000 homeless". [[The Canberra Times]].
11. "Typhoon brushes Japan; 6 die (September 16, 1978)".
12. (October 13, 1978). "59 flood deaths". [[The Canberra Times]].
13. "Typhoon #31 (16-24 NOV 1978)". Unisys Weather.