1974 Australian referendum (Democratic Elections)

Background

The referendum was held in conjunction to the 1974 Federal Election on 18 May 1974. After the rejection of 6 Bills by the Opposition-controlled Senate, a double dissolution election was called from the 1974 Federal Election. The incumbent Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam defeated the opposition Liberal-Country coalition led by Billy Snedden. While this was the case, the Liberal-Country Party Opposition retained control of the Senate. Prime Minister Gough Whitlam had been an active prime minister since his party's victory in the 1972 election, and his government enforced several socially progressive reforms and policies over its first term. However, Whitlam's government suffered through the 1973 oil crisis and the 1973-75 recession and received a hostile reception from the Coalition, with the last Senate election held in 1970.

The proposal represented goals by the Labor leadership to strengthen the representative democratic foundations of Australia's political system by enshrining proportional representation in Australia, also referred to as one vote, one value. It was intended to prevent the gerrymandering system then in place in Queensland (Bjelkemander), South Australia (Playmander) and Western Australia. These systems featured pro-rural electoral malapportionment

Question

The 1974 Australian referendum (Democratic Elections) posed the question: “An Act to alter the Constitution so as to ensure that the members of the House of Representatives and of the parliaments of the states are chosen directly and democratically by the people. Do you approve the proposed law?”

Results

Public debate

There has been significant debate about the results of the 1974 Australian referendum and the implications of it being unsuccessful. The failure of the Democratic Elections referendum proposal to reach a double majority raised questions about the strength of democracy in Australia’s parliamentary and electoral systems.

The proposal to enable people rather than geographic size as the determinant for the size of electorates was a goal to increase democratic processes. While the 1974 voter turnout did not indicate a lack of desire for an effective democratic design for electoral systems, it raised debate about democratic satisfaction in Australia. The series of four questions in the 1974 Australian referendum also sparked scholarly discussions about voter volatility and uncertainty in referendum voting behaviour, unlike in elections.

The view that political information is limited during referendum processes has been supported by various political scholars. The lack of information and resources available preceding referendums have been discussed by political scholars as contributing to lower percentage of voter approval. McGrath (2012) and DeLuc (2020) discuss the manner in which referendums receive limited media coverage and are less politicised, resulting in a limited dialogue about the subject of referendums and the implications of the possibility of a majority vote and or an uncarried referendum. There are views that limited media coverage and the depoliticised nature of referendums has led to poor voter knowledge, and that this can create a reluctance to vote, and to vote intentionally.

This was the first unsuccessful referendum that sought to enshrine proportional representation in Australia and prevent gerrymandering by the use of electoral malapportionment.

References

References

1. {{url. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/billshistorical/HBILL197400016/upload_binary/016 - CONSTITUTION ALTERATION (DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS) Bill 1974.pdf. ''Constitution Alteration (Democratic Elections) Bill'' 1974 (Cth).
2. [[Australian Electoral Commission]]. "Referendum dates and results".
3. "4. The crisis of 1974-75". Commonwealth Parliament.
4. National Archives of Australia. (2017). "Gough Whitlam: Timeline".
5. McGrath, Michael. (September 2012). "Election reform and voter turnout: A review of the history". National Civic Review.
6. LeDuc, Lawrence. (2002). "Referendums and elections". Taylor & Francis.