1968 South Australian state election

Key dates

Outcome

The election saw the Liberal and Country League opposition form a minority government, winning the same number of seats in the House of Assembly as the incumbent Australian Labor Party government, despite the fact that Labor won 53.2 percent of the two-party vote, and the LCL only 46.8. This result was due to what had become known as the Playmander − an electoral malapportionment that had previously resulted in the LCL also forming government despite having a clear minority of the statewide two-party vote in 1944, 1953 and 1962.

Labor lost the seats of Murray and Chaffey to the LCL. Murray was decided by a mere 21 votes, which, if they had gone in the other direction, would have secured Labor's return for a second term of government.

The LCL were able to form minority government in the hung parliament with confidence and supply from the long-serving crossbench independent MP Tom Stott, who held the balance of power. Stott, a good friend of former premier Playford, and an opponent of Labor, agreed to support the LCL and became Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly. This allowed the LCL to form government by one seat.

LCL leader Steele Hall had served as Leader of the Opposition for two years before becoming premier. Young and handsome, he was also the first Australian state premier to sport sideburns. Indeed, the 1968 election, fought between Hall and his opponent Don Dunstan, was described by the Democratic Labor Party as the battle of "the matinée idols".

The 1968 election was also notable for the result in the seat of Millicent. Labor won the seat by a single vote. However, a by-election was triggered by a decision of the Court of Disputed Returns. The by-election saw Labor increase their margin. Notably, turnout increased at the by-election.

Subsequent electoral reform

Hall was embarrassed that the LCL was even in a position to govern despite having clearly lost in terms of actual votes. Acknowledging that the obvious unfairness of the election result put him in a politically unacceptable position, he decided to institute electoral reforms to weaken the malapportionment of the Playmander.

Since 1936, the House of Assembly had comprised 39 seats – 13 in metropolitan Adelaide, and 26 in the country. That was in accordance with the requirement of the State Constitution that there be two country seats for every one in Adelaide. However, by 1968, Adelaide accounted for two-thirds of the state's population, a nearly-exact reversal of the situation three decades earlier. Although the population in metropolitan areas outnumbered that in rural areas 620,000 to 450,000, the number of members representing the rural areas was twice that allotted to metropolitan areas.

The most populous metropolitan seats had five to ten times as many voters as the least populous rural seats. For instance, the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes. At the election, the LCL won only three metropolitan seats – Burnside, Mitcham and Torrens. However, Labor lost two country seats to the LCL, which resulted in a hung parliament.

Hall's reforms included increasing the size of House of Assembly to 47 seats – 28 metropolitan seats and 19 rural seats – the increase of 15 metropolitan seats more than doubling the previous number. Because country areas remained over-represented, the change fell short of the "one vote one value" that Labor had demanded. The most populous metropolitan seats still contained double the number of voters in the least populous rural seats. Nevertheless, while the rural weighting remained, Adelaide would now elect a majority of the legislature. Even at its height in the 1940s and 1950s, the LCL had been all but non-existent in Adelaide. Under the circumstances, the reforms made it a near-certainty that Labor would win the next election; indeed, conventional wisdom held that Hall was well aware he had effectively made Dunstan premier for a second time.

Subsequent collapse of minority government and further reforms

Eventually, Hall and Stott fell out over the proposed Chowilla Dam. Stott wanted the dam built in his electorate, while Hall thought its construction was not justified. Constituent pressure forced Stott to vote against the Hall government, leading to an early election – the 1970 South Australian state election – which was fought on much fairer electoral boundaries. As expected, Dunstan led Labor to a decisive victory. Further reforms replaced the Playmander with a "one vote one value" system after the 1975 election, at which Labor retained government despite a two-party-preferred vote of 49.2 percent.

A further reform was effected following the 1989 election, at which Labor retained government despite a two-party vote of 48.1 percent. It was enacted that the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission should redraw electoral boundaries after each election, with the objective that the party which received over 50 percent of the state-wide two-party vote at the forthcoming election should win the majority of seats. South Australia is the only state that redistributes electoral boundaries on the basis of the two-party vote. One element of the Playmander remains to this day − the change from multi-member electorates to single-member electorates.

Results

| turnout % = 94.48% | informal % = 2.31% |votes % = 51.98% |votes % = 43.82% |votes % = 1.64% |votes % = 0.85% |votes % = 0.40% |votes % = 0.29% |votes % = 1.03% |2pp % 1 = 46.80% |2pp % 2 = 53.20% |}

• The state-wide two-party preferred vote figures (available from 1944 onward) had only been able to be estimated prior to 1968, as a result of both major parties consistently declining to field candidates in all electorates. This pattern had been occurring ever since numerous controversial fundamental electoral changes (later dubbed the Playmander) took effect from 1938, due in particular to the replacement of the multi-member system (previously used continuously since self-government) with the single-member system. From 1968 onward, both major parties have chosen to consistently field candidates in all electorates, which has since enabled state-wide two-party figures to be calculated rather than estimated.

Post-election pendulum

[[South Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] results

Notes

References

1. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19680304&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "SA Govt. fights for life"], ''The Age'' (Melbourne), 4 March 1968, p1
2. Jaensch, Dean. (March 2007). "History of South Australian elections 1857–2006: House of Assembly, Volume 1". State Electoral Office South Australia.
3. Green, Antony. (27 August 2010). "Antony Green's election blog: Hung Parliament – Where to From Here?".
4. . (5 March 1968). ["S.A. Election: two seats still in doubt"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107039931). *[[The Canberra Times]]*.
5. . (24 June 1968). ["Mr. Hall's next move"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107059260). *The Canberra Times*.
6. . (8 March 1968). ["Cliff-hanging in South Australia"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107040590). *The Canberra Times*.
7. Aitkin, Don. (10 July 1968). "Between the Lines". The Canberra Times.
8. . (24 June 1968). ["The vote in Millicent"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107059263). *The Canberra Times*.
9. . (22 March 1968). ["Steele Hall Confident"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107042972). *The Canberra Times*.
10. . (28 March 2016). ["Reform: SA style"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107043951). *The Canberra Times*.
11. . (15 March 1968). ["Rationalizing the gerrymander"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107041826). *The Canberra Times*.
12. . (1 May 1970). ["Speaker's vote defeats SA Government"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110318896). *The Canberra Times*.
13. "Details of SA 1968 Election". Australian Politics and Elections Database.
14. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001923/http://www.abc.net.au/elections/sa/2006/guide/pastelec.htm Two-party preferred figures since 1950], [[ABC News (Australia). ABC News Online]]