1950 Iranian legislative election

Background

Elections for the 16th Majlis began in late July 1949. The 16th Majlis was to be a bicameral parliament composed of the Majlis as the lower house and the Senate as the upper house. Following a framework set down in the 1906 Constitution, the Shah began appointing 30 of the 60 senators. As a reaction to the Shah's selection of royalists friendly to his views, and concerns about his rigging of the general elections, Mohammad Mosaddegh called for a protest on 13 October 1949. Thousands marched from his mansion to the royal palace gardens. There, in a meeting with Interior Minister Abdolhossein Hazhir, 20 opposition and radical politicians led by Mosaddegh demanded a halt to the Shah's hindrance of free elections. After three days of sit-in protest they extracted a promise from Hazhir that he would conduct elections fairly. Directly afterward, the committee of 20 formed the National Front coalition. In the next few weeks, elections were challenged as rigged. As a result, Hazhir was assassinated on 4–5 November 1949 by the Fada'iyan-e Islam. In February 1950 at the conclusion of elections for the 16th Majlis, the National Front took eight seats in the Majlis—Abol-Ghasem Kashani and Mosaddegh both won seats—and from that platform for the next few years continued to call for reductions in the power of the monarchy; a return to the Constitution of 1906. With the backing of the extremist Fada'iyan, the regular clergy, and the middle-class people, despite its minority toehold in parliament, the National Front became the main opposition movement of Iran. The self-serving constitutional changes had created a backlash against the Shah.

Campaign

On 28 July 1949, the term of the 15th Majlis came to its natural end. Abdolhossein Hazhir, the Shah's interior minister, initiated preparations to hold elections for the 16th Majlis, including Iran's first Senate. The Shah began selecting the 30 senators that were his to choose. The election was held, and it became clear that rural Iran was voting in favor of royalist supporters of the Shah. Mosaddegh and others reacted to what they saw as rigged results in rural elections by organizing a protest. Mosaddegh called for the people of Tehran to join him in marching on the royal palace on 13 October 1949. Thousands of workers, students and middle-class people gathered at his estate and walked together to the royal palace gates where they requested bast (political sanctuary), a traditional act requiring the king to provide protection. After messages were exchanged between the people and the palace, 20 of the crowd were selected as leaders, with Mosaddegh at the head. These 20 were allowed inside the royal grounds to begin bast, in this case a form of sit-in protest. They passed a message to the Shah saying that Interior Minister Abdolhossein Hazhir had rigged the elections in rural Iran. Mosaddegh wrote a note to Hazhir saying that, "the main reason for our sit-in is that in this period of parliamentary recess when the appointment of a Prime Minister does not require a vote of inclination by the Majlis, we hope His Majesty can appoint a government whose goal is to preserve the interests of the monarchy and the nation." The Fada'iyan guarded the polls to stop royal interference.

Results

According to Michele Penner Angrist, Fakhreddin Azimi and John Limbert, the National Front gained 8 out of 136 seats. Mosaddegh and seven other leaders of the front were elected to the Majlis; in Tehran, Mosaddegh received the highest number of votes of any candidate. Ervand Abrahamian says they had eleven seats.

References

References

1. Abrahamian, Ervand. (March–April 1979). "Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces". [[Middle East Research and Information Project]] (MERIP).
2. Marsh, Steve. (1 July 2003). "The United States, Iran and Operation 'Ajax': inverting interpretative orthodoxy". Middle Eastern Studies.
3. Milani 2012, p. 170
4. Poulson, Stephen C.. (2006). "Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks". Lexington Books.
5. Cottam, Richard W.. (1979). "Nationalism in Iran: Updated Through 1978". University of Pittsburgh Press.
6. Azimi 2008, p. 140
7. Penner Angrist, Michele. (2011). "Party Building in the Modern Middle East". University of Washington Press.
8. Limbert, John W.. (2009). "Negotiating with Iran: Wrestling the Ghosts of History". US Institute of Peace Press.
9. Abrahamian, Ervand. (2013). "The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations". The New Press.