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1945 college football season

American college football season


American college football season

FieldValue
year1945
image
preseason_ap[Army](1945-army-cadets-football-team)
regular_season
number_of_bowls8
bowl_start
bowl_end
champion
heismanDoc Blanchard, (fullback, [Army](1945-army-cadets-football-team))

The 1945 college football season was the 77th season of intercollegiate football in the United States. Competition included schools from the Big Ten Conference, the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the Big Six Conference, the Southern Conference, the Southwest Conference, and numerous smaller conferences and independent programs. The season followed the end of World War II in August 1945, though many college players remained in military service.

Army was the unanimous No. 1 choice by all 116 voters in the final AP poll and was rated as national champion by all nine contemporary title selectors. The undefeated 1945 Army team was one of the strongest of all time, as during World War II, loose player transfer rules allowed service academies to assemble many of the nation's best players.

In 2016 a committee of former Baylor coach Grant Teaff, Georgia's Vince Dooley, and Texas A&M's R. C. Slocum awarded Oklahoma A&M an American Football Coaches Association championship title for 1945, upon OSU's application for the recognition.

The year's statistical leaders included halfback Bob Fenimore of Oklahoma A&M with 1,641 yards of total offense and 1,048 rushing yards, quarterback Al Dekdebrun of Cornell with 1,227 passing yards, and end Reid Moseley of Georgia with 662 receiving yards.

Conference and program changes

School1944 Conference1945 Conference
Wichita ShockersIndependentMissouri Valley

Season timeline

September

The Associated Press did not poll the writers until the third week of the season. Among the teams that had been ranked in the top six at the end of 1944, only the two service academies (Army and Navy) as well as Ohio State, were still playing a regular schedule. Among the service teams that had ranked high in 1944, Randolph Field, Bainbridge Naval, and Iowa Pre-Flight no longer played against college teams. Some service teams still remained in place, even after the end of World War II.

On September 15, Michigan beat Great Lakes Navy, 27–2. On September 22, Michigan lost to Indiana, 13–7. Minnesota beat Missouri, 34–0. In a Friday night game in Los Angeles, USC beat UCLA 13–6. September 29 Notre Dame beat Illinois 7–0, Army beat Louisville Field, 32–0, and Navy beat Villanova 49–0. USC won at California, 13–2, and Ohio State won at Missouri 47–6.

October

On October 6, Army beat Wake Forest, 54–0 and Navy beat Duke, 21–0. Ohio State beat Iowa 42–0. Minnesota won at Nebraska 61–7. Notre Dame won at Georgia Tech, 40–7. UCLA beat St. Mary's Pre-Flight, 26–14. The year's first AP Poll was led by No. 1 Army, No. 2 Navy, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Minnesota.

October 13 At Yankee Stadium in New York, No. 1 Army beat No. 9 Michigan, 28–7. No. 2 Navy stayed unscored upon with a 28–0 win over Penn State. No. 3 Notre Dame beat Dartmouth, 34–0. No. 4 Ohio State beat Wisconsin, 12–0. No. 5 Minnesota beat Fort Warren, 14–0. The top five in the AP Poll remained the same.

October 20 No. 1 Army beat Melville PT Boats 55–13. In Baltimore, No. 2 Navy beat Georgia Tech 20–6. No. 3 Notre Dame won at Pittsburgh, 39–9. No. 4 Ohio State lost to No. 9 Purdue, 35–13. No. 5 Minnesota defeated Northwestern, 30–7. The new top five was No. 1 Army, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Navy, No. 4 Purdue, and No. 5 Minnesota.

October 27 In New York, No. 1 Army beat No. 19 Duke 48–13. No. 2 Notre Dame beat Iowa 56–0. In Philadelphia, No. 3 Navy defeated No. 7 Penn, 14–7. No. 4 Purdue lost to unranked Northwestern, 26–14. No. 5 Minnesota lost to No. 12 Ohio State, 20–7. In Birmingham, No. 6 Alabama beat Georgia 28–14. No. 8 Indiana beat No. 14 Tulsa 7–2, to reach 5–0–1 and the No. 5 ranking behind Army, Notre Dame, Navy, and Alabama.

November

November 3 No. 1 Army beat Villanova, 54–0. No. 2 Notre Dame and No. 3 Navy, both 5–0–0, met in Cleveland, and played to a 6–6 tie. In Louisville, No. 4 Alabama defeated Kentucky, 60–19. No. 5 Indiana beat Cornell College of Iowa, 46–6, but dropped to sixth in the next poll. In Los Angeles, No. 8 St. Mary's beat No. 6 USC 26–0 and moved up to fifth place behind Army, Notre Dame, Alabama, and Navy.

November 10 No. 1 Army (6–0–0) and No. 2 Notre Dame (5–0–1) met for a showdown at Yankee Stadium, and it was no contest, with the Cadets winning 48–0. No. 3 Alabama was idle. In Baltimore, No. 4 Navy beat No. 7 Michigan 33–7. No. 5 St. Mary's beat Fresno State, 32–6. No. 6 Indiana won at No. 20 Minnesota, 49–0. The next poll was No. 1 Army, No. 2 Navy, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Indiana, and No. 5 St. Mary's.

November 17 In Philadelphia, No. 1 Army beat No. 6 Penn, 61–0. No. 2 Navy defeated Wisconsin 36–7 in Baltimore. In Nashville, No. 3 Alabama beat Vanderbilt, 71–0. No. 4 Indiana won at Pittsburgh, 19–0. No. 5 St. Mary's lost to UCLA, 13–7. No. 7 Notre Dame won at Northwestern 34–7 and moved back up to No. 5, with the top four remaining the same.

November 24 No. 1 Army (8–0–0) and No. 2 Navy (7–0–1), both unbeaten, were idle as they prepared for the Army–Navy Game. No. 3 Alabama beat the Pensacola Naval Air Station, 55–6. No. 4 Indiana closed its season at 9–0–1 with a 26–0 win over No. 18 Purdue. In New Orleans, No. 5 Notre Dame beat Tulane, 32–6. The top five remained the same.

December

December 1 In the second No. 1 and No. 2 matchup of the year, No. 1 Army (8–0–0) and No. 2 Navy (7–0–1) met at the Army–Navy Game in Philadelphia, with Army winning 32–13 to close a perfect season and a wire-to-wire No. 1 ranking. No. 3 Alabama defeated Mississippi State 55–13 and moved to No. 2 in the final poll with Navy falling to No. 3. Indiana had finished its season and remained at No. 4. No. 5 Notre Dame lost to the Great Lakes Navy team, 39–7. No. 6 Oklahoma A&M, which had finished the season 9–0–0 and accepted an invitation to the Sugar Bowl, rose to fifth in the final poll.

Bowl games

Bowl gameWinning teamLosing team
[Rose Bowl](1946-rose-bowl)No. 2 [Alabama](1945-alabama-crimson-tide-football)34
[Sugar Bowl](1946-sugar-bowl)No. 5 [Oklahoma A&M](1945-oklahoma-a-m-cowboys-football-team)33
[Orange Bowl](1946-orange-bowl)[Miami (FL)](1945-miami-hurricanes-football-team)13
[Cotton Bowl Classic](1946-cotton-bowl-classic)No. 10 [Texas](1945-texas-longhorns-football-team)40
[Sun Bowl](1946-sun-bowl)[New Mexico](1945-new-mexico-lobos-football-team)34
Gator BowlNo. 19 [Wake Forest](1945-wake-forest-demon-deacons-football-team)26
[Oil Bowl](1946-oil-bowl)No. 18 [Georgia](1945-georgia-bulldogs-football-team)20
[Raisin Bowl](1946-raisin-bowl)13
Vulcan Bowl[Tennessee A&I](1945-tennessee-a-i-tigers-football-team)33
Coconut Bowl32
Azelea Bowl18
Flower Bowl[Louisiana Normal (Grambling)](1945-louisiana-normal-tigers-football-team)19

Conference standings

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

ConferenceChampion(s)Record
Central Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationVirginia State College7–0–1
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
Far Western Conference*No champion*
Indiana Intercollegiate ConferenceValparaiso4–0
Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceCentral (IA)5–0
Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
Lone Star Conference*No champion*
Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceGustavus Adolphus4–0
Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association*No champion*
Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association*No champion*
Nebraska College Athletic ConferenceNebraska Wesleyan2–0
New Mexico Intercollegiate Conference*No champion*
North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
North Dakota College Athletic Conference*No champion*
Ohio Athletic ConferenceOberlin2–0
Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
Pacific Northwest Conference*No champion*
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference*No champion*
Rocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceColorado College1–0
South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference*No champion*
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceRedlands4–0
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceFlorida A&M College6–0
Southwestern Athletic ConferenceWiley (TX)6–0
State Teacher's College Conference of Minnesota*No champion*
Texas Collegiate Athletic Conference*No champion*
Washington Intercollegiate Conference*No champion*
Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference*No champion*

Minor conference standings

Rankings

Main article: 1945 college football rankings

The teams ranked highest in the final Associated Press poll in December 1945 were:

RankTeamRecordNotes
1[Army](1945-army-cadets-football-team)9–0Outscored opponents, 412 to 46. Unanimous No. 1 choice by all 116 voters in the AP poll. Led country in total offense (462.7 yards per game). Fullback Doc Blanchard won 1945 Heisman Trophy. Four consensus All-Americans: Blanchard; halfback Glenn Davis; tackle Tex Coulter; and guard John Green. Part of 32-game undefeated streak covering entire 1944, 1945, and 1946 seasons.
2[Alabama](1945-alabama-crimson-tide-football-team)10–0SEC champion. Defeated [USC](1945-usc-trojans-football-team) in [1946 Rose Bowl](1946-rose-bowl). Led nation in total defense (109.9 yards per game) and ranked second in total offense (462.7 yards per game). Harry Gilmer had 905 passing yards. Center Vaughn Mancha was a consensus All-American.
3[Navy](1945-navy-midshipmen-football-team)7–1–1Lost to Army on December 1 in battle of No. 1 vs. No. 2. End Dick Duden was a consensus All-American.
4[Indiana](1945-indiana-hoosiers-football-team)9–0–1Big Ten champion. Outscored opponents, 279 to 56. Halfback George Taliaferro was first African-American Big Ten rushing leader. End Bob Ravensberg was a consensus All-American.
5[Oklahoma A&M](1945-oklahoma-a-m-cowboys-football-team)9–0Missouri Valley champion. Defeated [Saint Mary's (CA)](1945-saint-mary-s-gaels-football-team) in [1946 Sugar Bowl](1946-sugar-bowl). Consensus All-American halfback Bob Fenimore led country in total offense and rushing.
6[Michigan](1945-michigan-wolverines-football-team)7–3All three losses to teams ranked in top four: Army, Navy, and Indiana. Center Harold Watts team MVP.
7[Saint Mary's (CA)](1945-saint-mary-s-gaels-football-team)7–2Led nation in passing offense (161.3 yards per game). Consensus All-American halfback Herman Wedemeyer second nationally with 1,040 passing yards.
8[Penn](1945-penn-quakers-football-team)6–2Tackle George Savitsky a consensus All-American. Only losses to No. 1 Army and No. 3 Navy.
9[Notre Dame](1945-notre-dame-fighting-irish-football-team)7–2–1Quarterback Frank Dancewicz and guard John Mastrangelo were second-team All-Americans. Losses to No. 1 Army and unranked [Great Lakes Navy](1945-great-lakes-navy-bluejackets-football-team).
10[Texas](1945-texas-longhorns-football-team)10–1Southwest Conference champion. Defeated Missouri in [1946 Cotton Bowl Classic](1946-cotton-bowl-classic).

Awards and honors

Heisman Trophy voting

The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player

PlayerSchoolPositionTotal
**Doc Blanchard****[Army](1945-army-cadets-football-team)****FB****860**
Glenn DavisArmyHB638
Bob Fenimore[Oklahoma A&M](1945-oklahoma-a-m-cowboys-football-team)HB187
Herman Wedemeyer[St. Mary's (CA)](1945-saint-mary-s-gaels-football-team)HB152
Harry Gilmer[Alabama](1945-alabama-crimson-tide-football-team)HB132
Frank Dancewicz[Notre Dame](1945-notre-dame-fighting-irish-football-team)QB56
Warren Amling[Ohio State](1945-ohio-state-buckeyes-football-team)G/OT42
Pete Pihos[Indiana](1945-indiana-hoosiers-football-team)E/FB38

All-America team

Main article: 1946 College Football All-America Team

Statistical leaders

Team leaders

Total offense

RankTeamGames playedTotal playsYards gainedYards per game
1Army95264164462.7
2Alabama95573795421.7
3Oklahoma A&M84963363420.4
4St. Mary's85022995374.4
5Georgia95753291365.7
6LSU95393269363.2
7Notre Dame96263180353.3
8Maryland74272433347.6
9Indiana106193254325.4
10Yale96482911323.4
11Tennessee74242260322.9
12Colorado College84622433304.1
13Mississippi State85422422302.8
14Tulsa105973021302.1
15Minnesota96092710301.1

Total defense

RankTeamGames playedTotal playsYards gainedYards per game
1Alabama9452989109.9
2Temple84031005125.6
3Holy Cross83711131141.4
4Mississippi State83651191148.9
5St. Mary's83971236154.5
6Tulsa104911550155.0
7Yale94271441160.1
8Tennessee73681142163.1
9Indiana105361641164.1
10Army95151528169.8
11Washington94971535170.6
12Texas105411710171.0
13Texas A&M105441763176.3
14Georgia63091074179.0
15Colgate63101097182.8

Rushing offense

RankTeamGamesRushesYards gainedYards per game
1Army94243238359.8
2LSU94432705300.6
3Alabama94402679297.7
4Oklahoma A&M83832293286.6
5Notre Dame94512395266.1
6Maryland73451846263.7
7Mississippi State84432028253.5
8Ohio State95052133237.0
9Colorado College83661882235.3
10Indiana104842331233.1
11Tennessee73281631233.0
12Duke83751806225.8
13Missouri94762018224.2
14Temple84051791223.9
15Tulsa104492236223.6

Rushing defense

RankTeamGamesRushesYards gainedYards per game
1Alabama932030533.9
2Tennessee723138555.0
3Temple829652065.0
4St. Mary's824059173.9
5Penn State829563479.3
6Yale930072180.1
7Army935772880.9
8Texas1035381381.3
9Mississippi State825667083.8
10Tulsa1035385085.0
11Colgate621559198.5
12Indiana103931004100.4
13Washington9344908100.9
14California104061023102.3
15Detroit9342933103.7

Passing offense

RankTeamGamesAtt.Compl.Int.Pct.
Compl.YardsYds/Game
1St. Mary's81507416.4931290161.3
2Cornell92079517.4591351150.1
3Georgia91597117.4471335148.3
4[Oklahoma A&M](1945-oklahoma-a-m-cowboys-football-team)81135411.4781070133.8
5Wake Forest593448.473634126.8
6Alabama9117714.6071116124.0
7SMU1126312326.4681310119.1
8TCU101908719.4581183118.3
9Colgate694468.489694115.7
10South Carolina71034414.427808115.4
11Kansas State81746220.356921115.1
12Yale91386915.5001015112.8
13Virginia677325.416682112.0
14Texas101546716.4351095109.5
15Michigan State91688912.530958106.4

Individual leaders

Total offense

RankPlayerTeamGamesPlaysRush YdsPass YdsTotal YdsAvg Gain
per Play
1Bob FenimoreOklahoma A&M8203**1048**593**1641**8.08
2Harry GilmerAlabama916755290514578.72
3Herman WedemeyerSt. Mary's8199388104014287.18
4Stan KozlowskiHoly Cross924784143812795.18
5Al DekdebrunCornell9**282**27**1227**12544.45
6Glenn DavisArmy91029442531197**11.74**
7Gene RossidesColumbia815250649711037.45
8Leon JoslinTCU102086195510164.88
9Curtis KuykendallAuburn101836163679835.37
10Linwood SextonWichita81557072469536.15
11Bobby ThomasonVMI92133595939524.47
12Ollie ClineOhio State917293109315.41
13ThompsonWisconsin91955793309094.66
14Jerry NilesIowa921768728784.05
15Walt SchlinkmanTexas Tech1014787108715.93
16Nick SacrintyNevada51532785788565.59
17Ed CodyPurdue1015784708475.39
18EllisVirginia81242905428326.71
19LundTennessee71284663608266.45
20George TaliaferroIndiana10175728968244.71

Rushing

RankPlayerTeamGamesRushesYds GainedYds LostNet YdsAvg Gain
per Play
1Bob FenimoreOklahoma A&M8142**1119**71**1048**7.38
2Glenn DavisArmy98298036944**11.51**
3Ollie ClineOhio State917193329315.44
4Walt SchlinkmanTexas Tech10145908378716.01
5Ed CodyPurdue10157868218475.39
6Stan KozlowskiHoly Cross9**186**916758414.52
7George TaliaferroIndiana10156801737284.67
8Doc BlanchardArmy910172687187.11
9Lowell TewAlabama988737227158.13
10Linwood SextonWichita8120762557075.89
11Ben BendrickWisconsin9142723426814.80
12Gene KnightLSU985709306797.99
13Cal RossiUCLA695700216797.15
14Dick ConnersNorthwestern9116685146715.78
15Camp WilsonTulsa10138679176624.80
16Lynn ChewningVMI9129707626455.00
17Harper DavisMississippi State9122710666445.28
18Bill CanfieldPurdue10143654256294.40
19Curtis KuykendallAuburn10132692**76**6164.67
20Guy BrownDetroit982649396107.44

Passing

RankPlayerTeamGamesAtt.Compl.Int.Pct. Compl.Yds.
1Al DekdebrunCornell9**194****90**15.464**1227**
2Leon JoslinTCU101426911.486955
3Jerry NilesIowa91796315.352872
4Herman WedemeyerSt. Mary's8103595.5731040
5Jack O. PriceBaylor1112559**16**.472708
6Harry GilmerAlabama988573**.648**905
7Arthur DakosYale91095610.514723
8Bob DeMossPurdue101175512.470742
9Russ ReaderMichigan State990535.589613
10HotsingerGeorgia Tech9116499.422682
11Bob ThomasonVMI91144610.404593
12GrayOregon State9924112.446359
13Nick SacrintyWake Forest581405.494578
14Doak WalkerSMU565384.585387
15Ben RaimondiIndiana1084373.440593
16Howard MaleySMU1179366.456288
17EvansPenn868356.515517
18Y. A. TittleLSU976359.461414
19HardeyTexas Tech1067337.493427
20WolffPittsburgh983339.398499

Receiving

RankPlayerTeamGamesReceptionsReceiving
Yards
1Reid MoseleyGeorgia10**31****662**
2Gene WilsonSMU11**31**311
3Steve ContosMichigan State9**31**285
4Hub BechtolTexas1025389
5O'ConnerSt. Mary's823373
6Bill CanfieldPurdue1023314
7JoinerBaylor1121319
8Paul WalkerYale921277
9JonesKentucky619369
10MasonTCU1019218
11Seymour KuppersmithNYU719207
12Neill ArmstrongOklahoma A&M818316
13SteinerAlabama918315
14PageSMU1118234
15CordeiroSt. Mary's817346
16MorrisNorthwestern916301
17PierceBaylor1116183
18R. AndersonOregon915290
19RyanSt. Mary's815276
20CashTulane915260

Scoring

RankPlayerTeamPointsTDPATFG
1Walt TrojanowskiConnecticut1322200
2FowlerArkansas Tech1292090
3Doc BlanchardArmy1151910
4RossWiley1141900
5Glenn DavisArmy1081800
6Harry GhaulMiami (FL)10013220
7BassTennessee A&I9614120
8Lou KusserowColumbia901500
9Stan KoslowskiHoly Cross8712150
10GreeneCatawba841400
11Bob PfohlMerchant Marine831350
12JonesVirginia State7711110
13Bob FenimoreOklahoma A&M721200
13Ed CodyPurdue721200
13RaganRedlands721200
13MontgomeryFlorida A&M721200
17Herman WedemeyerSt. Mary's719170
17CromerColorado State7110110
19Fred GrantAlabama661100
19Lowell TewAlabama661100
19Gene RossidesColumbia661100
19GoodeTexas A&M661100
19BrownVirginia661100
19BoswellOberlin661100
19PerryCompton661100

Longest plays

Longest punts (including roll)

  1. Witherspoon, Florida N&I vs. Knoxville - 82 yards

  2. Stabler, Charleston Teachers vs. Macomb Teachers - 80 yards

  3. Lewis, Texas College vs. Wiley - 76 yards

  4. Pattee, Kansas vs. Marquette - 75 yards

  5. Perry, Southern vs. Langston - 75 yards

  6. Pass, Johnson C. Smith vs. North Carolina College - 75 yards

Longest rushing plays

  1. Fleming, Montana State vs. Faragut Navy - 95 yards

  2. Engraham, Florida A&M vs. Tuskegee - 95 yards

  3. Montgomery, Florida A&M vs. Moorhouse - 92 yards

  4. Aschenbrenner, Great Lakes vs. Michigan State - 90 yards

  5. Faunce, Minot Teachers vs. Winnipeg Bombers - 90 yards

Longest forward-pass plays

  1. Green to Robinson, West Virginia State vs. Virginia State - 100 yards

  2. Gray to Fuqua, Vanderbilt vs. LSU - 87 yards

  3. Corlett to Fisher, Johnson C. Smith vs. Shaw - 85 yards

  4. Powell to Edmonston, California vs. St. Mary's - 83 yards

  5. Wieche to Hoover, Miami (OH) vs. Bowling Green - 82 yards

Longest interception runbacks

  1. Needs, Oklahoma vs. Kansas State - 100 yards

  2. Joiner, Baylor vs. TCU - 100 yards

  3. Howard, Iowa State vs. Kansas State - 100 yards

  4. Turner, NC State vs. Duke - 100 yards

  5. Pfohl, Merchant Marine vs. Ursinus - 100 yards

Longest punt runbacks

  1. Goode, Texas A&M vs. Ellington Field - 98 yards

  2. Morris, Colorado vs. Utah - 95 yards

  3. Robinson, Pittsburgh vs. Michigan State - 87 yards

  4. Welch, SMU vs. Blackland AFB - 85 yards

  5. Robinson, Pittsburgh vs. Penn State - 84 yards

Longest kickoff runbacks

  1. McCandless, Marin JC vs. Santa Rosa - 100 yards

  2. Howard, Iowa State vs. Kansas State - 96 yards

  3. Talliaferro, Indiana vs. Minnesota - 95 yards

  4. Miller, Indiana vs. Nebraska - 94 yards

  5. Kishbaugh, Bloomsburg Teachers vs. East Stroudsburg Teachers - 92 yards

References

References

  1. (1995). "1995 NCAA Football Records Book". [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]].
  2. Connelly, Bill. (10 December 2016). "What made 1945 Army the greatest college football team of all time". Vox Media, LLC.
  3. Marshall, Kendrick. (October 18, 2016). "AFCA member explains why OSU awarded 1945 national championship". Tulsa World.
  4. Fornelli, Tom. (2016-10-13). "Why Oklahoma State has been named college football's 1945 national champion". CBS Sports.
  5. Tramel, Berry. (2017-08-23). "Why is Oklahoma State on an island with the retroactive titles?". [[Daily Oklahoman]].
  6. "1945 Heisman Trophy Voting". Sports Reference LLC.
  7. (1946). "The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946". A.S. Barnes and Company.
  8. (1947). "The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946". A.S. Barnes and Company.
  9. (1946). "The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946". A.S. Barnes and Company.
  10. (1946). "The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946". A.S. Barnes and Company.
  11. (1946). "The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946". A.S. Barnes and Company.
  12. W.J. Bingham, ed. (1946). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 39.
  13. W.J. Bingham, ed. (1946). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1946. A.S. Barnes and Company. pp. 39-40.
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