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1938 in music

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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1938.

Specific locations

Specific genres

Events

  • January 16
    • Benny Goodman plays the first jazz concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City, considered a legitimisation of the genre. It is recorded live and issued in 1950 as The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert.
    • Béla Bartók's Sonata for two pianos and percussion is premièred in Basel.
    • First recording of Mahler's Symphony No. 9, a live performance by the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Bruno Walter at the Musikverein, the same location, conductor and orchestra that had presented the première 26 years earlier, but now in the face of the Anschluss.
  • May 12 – Arthur Honegger's oratorio Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher is premièred in Basel, with Ida Rubinstein as Jeanne.
  • June 5 – Glenn Gould plays in public for the first time at a church service held at the Business Men's Bible Class in Uxbridge, Ontario to a congregation of about two thousand people.
  • September 22 – Anton Webern's String Quartet is premièred in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
  • October 5 – Ralph Vaughan Williams' Serenade to Music is premièred at the Royal Albert Hall in London to mark the 50th anniversary of conductor Henry Wood's first concert.
  • October 31 – Sister Rosetta Tharpe makes her first recording.
  • December 17 – Consolidated Film Industries, Inc. consummates the sale of its subsidiary American Record Corp. to Columbia Broadcasting on December 17, 1938, for a reported price of $700,000. American Record embraces the Brunswick, Vocalion and Columbia labels.
  • December 30 – The ballet Romeo and Juliet (with music by Prokofiev) receives its first full performance, at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia.
  • unknown dates
  • English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams begins an affair with writer Ursula Wood; they will marry in 1953.
  • Roy Acuff and the Crazy Tennesseans win a contract with the Grand Ole Opry.
  • Jelly Roll Morton speaks, sings and plays piano for an eight-hour Library of Congress recorded sound documentary produced by Alan Lomax.
  • Italian performer Fred Buscaglione and songwriter Leo Chiosso meet.
  • John Serry Sr. appears with Shep Fields in Paramount Pictures' film extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938.
  • The Roman Catholic hymnal Kirchenlied is first published in Germany.

Albums released

  • Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert – Benny Goodman

Top [[blues]] records

  • "Sunnyland" – Sonny Boy Williamson

Classical music

Premieres

ComposerCompositionDateLocationPerformers
Barber, SamuelAdagio for Strings1938-11-05New York CityNBC Symphony – Toscanini
Britten, BenjaminPiano Concerto1938-08-18London (BBC Proms)Britten / BBC Symphony – Wood
Bush, AlanPiano Concerto, with baritone and chorus1938-03-04LondonBush, Noble / BBC Symphony – Boult
Copland, Aaron*An Outdoor Overture*1938-12-16New York CityHigh School of Music & Art Orchestra, Alexander Richter (conductor)
Copland, Aaron*Signature*1938-02-23New York CityHigh-Low Chamber Orchestra – Karman
Dallapiccola, Luigi*Sei cori di Michelangelo Buonarroti il giovane*1938-04-26Prague[unknown ensemble] – Kabelác
Enescu, GeorgePiano Sonata No. 31938-12-06Salle Gaveau, ParisMarcel Ciampi
Ginastera, Alberto*Cantos del Tucumán*1938-07-26Buenos AiresFrías de López Buchardo, [unknown ensemble]
Jolivet, André*Ouverture Rondeau for four ondes Martenot, two pianos and percussion*1938-06-02ParisLesur, Steytler, Berthier, Breitner, Stein, Chapiro, Carasso – Evrard
Jolivet, André*Poèmes pour le enfant*1938-05-12ParisCroiza / [unknown ensemble] – Désormière
Jolivet, AndréSuite for String Trio1938-11-24ParisTrio Pasquier
Krenek, ErnstPiano Concerto No. 21938-03-17AmsterdamKrenek / Concertgebouw Orchestra – Walter
Piston, WalterSymphony No. 11938-04-08BostonBoston Symphony – Piston
Revultas, Silvestre*Sensemayá*1938-12-15Mexico City[unknown orchestra] – Revueltas
Rubbra, EdmundSymphony No. 21938-12-16LondonBBC Symphony – Rubbra
Schoenberg, ArnoldOrchestration of Johannes Brahms' Piano Quartet1938-05-07Los AngelesLos Angeles Philharmonic – Klemperer
Shostakovich, DmitriString Quartet No. 11938-10-10LeningradGlazunov Quartet
Shostakovich, DmitriSuite for Jazz Orchestra No. 21938-11-28MoscowUSSR State Jazz Band
Stravinsky, Igor*Dumbarton Oaks Concerto*1938-05-08Washington DC[unknown ensemble] – Boulanger
Tippett, MichaelPiano Sonata No. 11938-11-11LondonSellick
Webern, Anton*Das Augenlicht*1938-06-17London (ISCM 38)BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus – Scherchen

Compositions

  • Jean Absil – Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 1
  • Alan Bush – Piano Concerto, Op. 18, with baritone and male choir in last movement
  • Aaron Copland – Billy the Kid (ballet)
  • Hanns Eisler – Roman Cantata
  • George Enescu – Orchestral Suite No. 3 "Villageoise" in D major, Op. 27
  • Hamilton Harty – The Children of Lir
  • Roy Harris – Symphony No. 3
  • Herbert Howells – Hymnus Paradisi
  • Janis Ivanovs – Symphony No. 3
  • Frank Martin – Sonata da chiesa
  • Carl Orff – Carmina Burana
  • Walter Piston – Symphony No. 1
  • Silvestre Revueltas – Sensemayá (Canto para matar una culebra [Chant for the Killing of a Snake])
  • Dmitri Shostakovich – String Quartet No. 1
  • Ernst Toch – Cantata of Bitter Herbs
  • Heitor Villa-Lobos – String Quartet No. 6 (Quarteto brasileiro no. 2)
  • Leó Weiner – Divertimento for Strings No. 2

Opera

  • Jenő Ádám – Mária Veronika
  • Paul Frederic Bowles – Denmark Vesey
  • Paul Hindemith – Mathis der Maler
  • Dmitri Kabalevsky – Colas Breugnon
  • Jeronimas Kacinskas – Nonet
  • Ernst Krenek – Karl V (composed 1931–33), Neues Deutsches Theater in Prague, 22 June 1938
  • Mark Lothar – Tailor Wibbel
  • Douglas Stuart Moore – The Devil and Daniel Webster

Film

  • George Gershwin – The Goldwyn Follies
  • Erich Korngold – The Adventures of Robin Hood
  • Sergei Prokofiev – Alexander Nevsky (film)

[[Jazz]]

Main article: 1938 in jazz

[[Musical theatre]]

  • The Boys from Syracuse (Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart) – Broadway production opened at the Alvin Theatre on November 23 and ran for 235 performances
  • Great Lady Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on December 1 and ran for only 20 performances
  • Maritza aka Countess Maritza, London production opened at the Palace Theatre on July 6
  • The Fleet's Lit Up, London opened at the London Hippodrome and ran for 191 performances
  • Hellzapoppin', Broadway revue opened at the 46th Street Theatre on September 22 and ran for 1404 performances
  • I Married an Angel, Broadway production opened at the Sam S. Shubert Theatre on May 11 and ran for 338 performances
  • Knickerbocker Holiday, Broadway production opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on October 19 and ran for 168 performances
  • Leave It to Me!, Broadway production opened at the Imperial Theatre on November 9 and ran for 291 performances
  • Nine Sharp, London production opened at The Little Theatre on January 26 and ran for 405 performances
  • Operette, London production opened at His Majesty's Theatre on March 16
  • Right This Way, Broadway production opened at the 46th Street Theatre on January 5 and ran for 14 performances
  • Sing Out The News, Broadway revue opened at the Music Box Theatre on September 24 and ran for 105 performances
  • These Foolish Things London revue opened at the Palladium on September 29
  • You Never Know, Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 21 and ran for 78 performances

[[Musical film]]s

  • The Big Broadcast of 1938, starring W. C. Fields, Bob Hope, Dorothy Lamour and Martha Raye
  • Carefree, starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers
  • Champagnegaloppen, starring Svend Methling and Valdemar Møller.
  • Cocoanut Grove, starring Fred MacMurray, Harriet Hilliard, Ben Blue and Eve Arden.
  • Cowboy from Brooklyn, starring Dick Powell and Priscilla Lane
  • Doctor Rhythm, starring Bing Crosby, Mary Carlisle and Beatrice Lillie.
  • Dos amigos y un amor, directed by Lucas Demare
  • Es leuchten die Sterne, starring Ernst Fritz Fürbringer and Fridtjof Mjøen
  • Freshman Year, starring Constance Moore, William Lundigan and Dixie Dunbar. Directed by Frank McDonald.
  • The Girl Of The Golden West, starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy
  • Going Places, starring Dick Powell, Anita Louise, Allen Jenkins and Ronald Reagan and featuring Louis Armstrong and Maxine Sullivan
  • Gold Diggers in Paris, starring Rudy Vallée, Rosemary Lane, Hugh Herbert and Allen Jenkins. Directed by Ray Enright.
  • The Great Waltz, released November 4 starring Luise Rainer and Miliza Korjus. Oscar Hammerstein II contributed new English lyrics to the music of Johann Strauss II
  • Happy Landing, starring Sonja Henie, Don Ameche and Ethel Merman and featuring the Raymond Scott Quintet
  • Hold That Co-ed, starring John Barrymore, George Murphy and Joan Davis
  • Honeysuckle, starring Hugo del Carril and Libertad Lamarque
  • It's in the Air, starring George Formby, Polly Ward and Jack Hobbs. Directed by Anthony Kimmins.
  • Jettatore, starring Tito Lusiardo, directed by Luis Bayon Herrera
  • Joy of Living, starring Irene Dunne and Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
  • Kicking the Moon Around, starring Bert Ambrose, Evelyn Dall, Harry Richman and Florence Desmond.
  • Kilómetro 111, starring Delia Garcés and Pepe Arias, directed by Mario Soffici
  • La Route Enchantée, starring Charles Trenet, directed by Pierre Caron
  • La Valentina starring Jorge Negrete and Esperanza Baur
  • Love Finds Andy Hardy starring Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland
  • Mad About Music, starring Deanna Durbin. Directed by Norman Taurog.
  • My Irish Molly, directed by Alex Bryce, starring Binkie Stuart, Tom Burke and Maureen O'Hara
  • My Lucky Star, starring Sonja Henie, Richard Greene, Joan Davis and Art Jarrett
  • Napoli d'altri tempi, starring Vittorio De Sica, Emma Gramatica and Elisa Cegani.
  • Outside of Paradise, starring Phil Regan and Penny Singleton
  • Radio City Revels, released February 11, starring Bob Burns, Jack Oakie and Kenny Baker and featuring Jane Froman performing with Hal Kemp's orchestra.
  • Romance in the Dark, starring Gladys Swarthout, John Boles, John Barrymore and Claire Dodd. Directed by H. C. Potter.
  • Sally, Irene and Mary, starring Alice Faye, Tony Martin, Fred Allen, Jimmy Durante, Joan Davis and Marjorie Weaver
  • Sing You Sinners, starring Bing Crosby, Fred MacMurray and Donald O'Connor.
  • The Singing Cop, starring Keith Falkner, Marta Labarr, Ivy St Helier and Bobbie Comber
  • Start Cheering, released March 3, starring Jimmy Durante, Gertrude Niesen and the Three Stooges.
  • Sweethearts, starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy
  • That Certain Age, released October 7, starring Deanna Durbin. Songs by (lyrics) Harold Adamson and (music) Jimmy McHugh
  • Tropic Holiday, released July 1, starring Bob Burns, Dorothy Lamour, Ray Milland and Martha Raye
  • Volga-Volga, starring Lyubov Orlova, directed by Grigori Aleksandrov
  • We're Going to Be Rich starring Gracie Fields, Victor McLaglen and Brian Donlevy

Births

  • January 6 – Adriano Celentano, singer-songwriter
  • January 8 – Yevgeny Nesterenko, opera singer and educator (died 2021)
  • January 11 – Narvel Felts, country singer
  • January 13
    • Daevid Allen, Australian musician (died 2015)
    • Paavo Heininen, Finnish composer
    • Shivkumar Sharma, santoor player
  • January 14
    • Jack Jones, singer
    • Allen Toussaint, songwriter and record producer (died 2015)
  • January 18 – Hargus "Pig" Robbins, session piano player
  • January 21 – Wolfman Jack, DJ (died 1995)
  • January 25
    • Etta James, blues singer (died 2012)
    • Vladimir Vysotsky, singer, songwriter, poet and actor (died 1980)
  • February 11
    • Edith Mathis, Swiss operatic soprano (died 2025)
    • Bobby "Boris" Pickett, singer ("Monster Mash") (died 2007)
  • February 16 – John Corigliano, composer
  • February 22 – Bobby Hendricks, R&B singer (The Drifters) (died 2022)
  • February 27
    • Mobarak Hossain Khan, surbahar player and musicologist (died 2019)
    • Jake Thackray, singer-songwriter (died 2002)
  • March 2
    • Simon Estes, operatic bass
    • Lawrence Payton, Motown tenor (The Four Tops) (died 1997)
  • March 3 – Douglas Leedy, composer (died 2015)
  • March 9 – Lill-Babs, pop singer (died 2018)
  • March 12 – Dimitri Terzakis, composer
  • March 13
    • Hans-Joachim Hespos, composer (died 2022)
    • Jean-Claude Risset, composer (died 2016)
  • March 18 – Charley Pride, country singer (died 2020)
  • March 25 – Hoyt Axton, country singer-songwriter and actor (died 1999)
  • April 2 – Booker Little, jazz trumpeter and composer (died 1961)
  • April 3 – Jeff Barry, songwriter
  • April 4 – Declan Mulligan, rock guitarist (The Beau Brummels) (died 2021)
  • April 7
    • Spencer Dryden, rock drummer (Jefferson Airplane, The Dinosaurs) (died 2005)
    • Freddie Hubbard, jazz trumpeter (died 2008)
  • April 13 – Frederic Rzewski, composer (died 2021)
  • April 19 – Jonathan Tunick, composer
  • April 26
    • Duane Eddy, rock guitarist (died 2024)
    • Maurice Williams, doo-wop vocalist (Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs)
  • April 29 – Klaus Voormann, rock guitarist, producer and sleeve designer (Manfred Mann)
  • May 4 – Tyrone Davis, singer (died 2005)
  • May 10
    • Henry Fambrough, R&B vocalist (The Spinners)
    • Maxim Shostakovich, orchestral conductor
  • May 11 – Bruce Langhorne, folk guitarist (died 2017)
  • May 13 – Lucille Starr, French-Canadian singer (died 2020)
  • May 15 – Lenny Welch, pop singer
  • May 19 – Herbie Flowers, bass player (died 2024)
  • May 26 – Teresa Stratas, operatic soprano
  • May 27 – Elizabeth Harwood, operatic soprano (died 1990)
  • May 28 – Prince Buster, ska musician (died 2016)
  • June 9 – Charles Wuorinen, composer (died 2020)
  • June 13 – Gwynne Howell, opera singer
  • June 14 – Julie Felix, folk singer (died 2020)
  • June 15 – Jean-Claude Éloy, composer (died 2025)
  • June 20 – Mickie Most, record producer (died 2003)
  • June 23 – Alan Vega, American rock singer, musician (Suicide (band)) (died 2016)
  • June 24 – Edoardo Vianello, Italian singer and composer
  • June 26 – Billy Davis Jr., pop singer (The 5th Dimension)
  • July 1 – Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia, bansuri player
  • July 4 – Bill Withers, singer-songwriter (died 2020)
  • July 5 – Ronnie Self, American singer-songwriter (died 1981)
  • July 9 – Paul Chihara, American composer
  • July 14 – Tommy Vig, Hungarian composer, arranger and vibraphonist
  • July 27 – Isabelle Aubret, singer
  • July 28 – George Cummings, rock guitarist and songwriter (Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show)
  • July 31 – Bonnie Brown, country singer (The Browns) (died 2016)
  • August 8 – Jacques Hétu, composer (died 2010)
  • August 13 – Dave "Baby" Cortez, pop keyboard player
  • August 21 – Kenny Rogers, country singer (died 2020)
  • August 23 – Roger Greenaway, singer-songwriter (David & Jonathan)
  • August 24
    • David Freiberg, rock musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
    • Mason Williams, guitarist and composer
  • August 26 – Jet Black, punk rock/new wave drummer (The Stranglers) (died 2022)
  • September 3 – Larry Grossman, composer of Broadway musicals
  • September 6 – Joan Tower, composer and singer
  • September 19 – Zygmunt Krauze, pianist and composer
  • September 21
    • Atli Heimir Sveinsson, composer (died 2019)
    • Yuji Takahashi, composer
  • September 28 – Ben E. King, singer (died 2015)
  • October 3 – Eddie Cochran, singer (died 1960)
  • October 15
    • Marv Johnson, singer (died 1993)
    • Fela Kuti, Afrobeat multi-instrumentalist (died 1997)
  • October 16 – Nico, singer-songwriter, actress and model (died 1988)
  • October 18 – Ronnie Bright, The Coasters (died 2015)
  • November 2 – Jay Black (Jay and the Americans) (died 2021)
  • November 4 – Harry Elston (Friends Of Distinction)
  • November 6
    • Jim Pike (The Lettermen) (died 2019)
    • P. J. Proby, singer
  • November 7 – Dee Clark, soul singer (died 1990)
  • November 16 – Troy Seals, singer, songwriter
  • November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, singer-songwriter (died 2023)
  • November 19 – Hank Medress, doo-wop vocalist and producer (The Tokens) (died 2007)
  • December 1 – Sandy Nelson, drummer (died 2022)
  • December 5 – J. J. Cale, singer-songwriter (died 2013)
  • December 8 – Bernie Krause, bioacoustician
  • December 10 – Yuri Temirkanov, conductor (died 2023)
  • December 11 – McCoy Tyner, jazz pianist (died 2020)
  • December 12 – Connie Francis, singer
  • December 15 – Fela Kuti, Afrobeat pioneer (died 1997)
  • December 18 – Chas Chandler, musician, record producer and manager (died 1996)
  • December 20 – John Harris Harbison, composer
  • December 24 – Mesías Maiguashca, composer
  • December 28 – Charles Neville (The Neville Brothers) (died 2018)
  • date unknown
    • Fanta Damba, jalimosolu singer
    • Abdul Jabbar, singer (died 2017)
    • Atli Heimir Sveinsson, composer (died 2019)

Deaths

  • January 19 – Rosa Mayreder, feminist writer, artist and musician, 79
  • January 20 – Nikolai Zhilyayev, musicologist, 56
  • January 29 – Carl Venth, violinist and composer, 77
  • February 4 – Dominique Heckmes, composer and music critic, 59
  • February 25 – Růžena Maturová, operatic contralto, 68
  • February 27 – Gianni Bettini, phonograph maker (born 1860)
  • March 2 – Ben Harney, ragtime composer & entertainer, 65
  • March 12 – Lyda Roberti, actress and singer, 31 (heart attack)
  • March 18 – Cyril Rootham, composer, 62
  • April 5 – Reine Davies, actress and singer, 51 (heart attack)
  • April 8 – Joe "King" Oliver, jazz trumpeter & band leader, 52
  • April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, operatic bass, 65
  • April 18 – Richard Runciman Terry, musicologist, 72
  • May 7 – Papa Charlie Jackson, American blues musician, 50
  • June 26 – James Weldon Johnson, US songwriter, author, diplomat and educationalist, 67
  • July 9 – H. Benne Henton, American ragtime and early jazz saxophonist songwriter, 60
  • July 24 – Anatole Friedland, American composer and songwriter, 57
  • July 27 – James Thornton, English-born US songwriter and vaudeville comedian, 76
  • August 14 – Landon Ronald, pianist and composer, 65
  • August 16 – Robert Johnson, blues musician, 27 (suspected strychnine poisoning)
  • August 30 – James Scott, ragtime composer, 53
  • September 2 – Fleta Jan Brown Spencer, songwriter, composer, pianist, and singer, 56
  • September 4 – Oreste Candi, violin-maker, 72
  • September 8 – Agustín Magaldi, tango singer, 39
  • September 12 – Mary Elizabeth Turner Salter, American soprano singer and composer, 82
  • September 28 – Con Conrad, songwriter, 47
  • October 22 – May Irwin, vaudeville star, 76
  • October 23 – Fred Barnes, music hall entertainer, 53 (Tuberculosis)
  • October 27
    • Alma Gluck, soprano, 54 (liver failure)
    • Khadija Gayibova, Azerbaijani pianist, 45 (executed)
  • November 21 – Leopold Godowsky, pianist and composer, 68
  • December 10 – Mario Pilati, composer, 35
  • December 21 – James Milton Black, hymn-writer and choir-master, 82
  • date unknown
    • Minnie Egener, operatic mezzo-soprano (born 1881)
    • Attilio Salvaneschi, operatic tenor (born 1873)
  • probable – Oskar Böhme, trumpeter and composer (born 1870)

References

References

  1. (13 March 1939). "Colorful Fetes Mark Royal Wedding that will Link Egypt and Persian". The Meriden Daily Journal.
  2. (December 21, 1938). "Frank Walker". Variety.
  3. (2014). "The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music". Taylor & Francis.
  4. Labonté, Thomas. (2008). "Die Sammlung "Kirchenlied" (1938). Entstehung, Korpusanalyse, Rezeption". Francke Verlag.
  5. Whitburn, Joel. (1986). "Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890–1954". Record Research.
  6. "Decca matrix 63693. A-tisket, a-tasket / Chick Webb Orchestra – Discography of American Historical Recordings".
  7. (February 1939). "Some New Highs". [[Variety (magazine).
  8. "Victor matrix BS-024049. My reverie / Larry Clinton Orchestra; Bea Wain – Discography of American Historical Recordings".
  9. "Victor matrix BS-023211. Music, maestro, please / Tommy Dorsey Orchestra; Edythe Wright – Discography of American Historical Recordings".
  10. (August 28, 1954). "Decca Records 20th Anniversary". The Billboard.
  11. "photo of CD".
  12. "Adagio for Strings". Library of Congress.
  13. "Piano Concerto, Benjamin Britten".
  14. "Alan Bush Music Trust – Music – Concertos / Solo Instrument and Orchestra".
  15. "''An Outdoor Overture'', Aaron Copland".
  16. "''Signature'', Aaron Copland".
  17. "''Sei cori di Michelangelo Buonarroti il giovane'', Luigi Dallapiccola".
  18. Elena Zottoviceanu, Adrian Rațiu, and Myriam Marbe, "Premiera Operei Oedip (1934–1936)", in ''George Enescu: Monografie'', 2 vols., edited by Mircea Voicana, 739–876 (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971): 750.
  19. "''Cantos del Tucumán'', Alberto Evaristo Ginastera".
  20. "''Ouverture Rondeau'', André Jolivet".
  21. "''Poèmes pour l'enfant'', André Jolivet".
  22. "Suite, André Jolivet".
  23. "Concerto pour piano et orchestre No. 2, Ernst Krenek".
  24. "World Premieres: The 1900s". Boston Symphony Orchestra.
  25. "Chicago Symphony Orchestra".
  26. Schaarwächter, Jürgen. (February 27, 2015). "Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945. A preliminary survey. With a foreword by Lewis Foreman. Volume 2". Georg Olms Verlag.
  27. "Johannes Brahms: Klavierquartett g-Moll [original op. 25], Arnold Schoenberg".
  28. "Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 1".
  29. "Suite No. 2, Dimitri Chostakovitch".
  30. "Concerto en mi bémol, Igor Stravinsky".
  31. "Sonate No. 1, Sir Michael Tippett".
  32. "''Das Augenlicht'', Op. 26, Anton Webern".
  33. "Opera Composers: A".
  34. Gundle, Stephen. ''Mussolini's Dream Factory: Film Stardom in Fascist Italy''. Berghahn Books, 2013. p.153
  35. (January 20, 2012). "Etta James: Acclaimed Soul Singer Who Fought to Overcome Her Personal Demons". The Independent.
  36. (9 September 2024). "Herbie Flowers, bassist who played with Lou Reed and David Bowie and wrote Grandad for Clive Dunn". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
  37. Randel, Don Michael. (30 October 2002). "The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians". Harvard University Press.
  38. ''[[The Times]]'' obituary, 23 June 1990, p. 23
  39. Mason, Peter. (8 September 2016). "Prince Buster obituary". The Guardian.
  40. (16 March 2020). "Charles Wuorinen, Uncompromising Modernist Composer".
  41. "A Conversation with Bruce Duffie".
  42. (July 25, 1938). "Anatol Friedland. Wrote Song Hits. Author of 'My Little Persian Rose,' 'Lily of the Valley' and Others Dies in Jersey". [[The New York Times]].
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