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1935 Philippine presidential election

1st election of Philippine president

Field	Value
election_name	1935 Philippine presidential election
country	Philippines
type	presidential
ongoing	no
previous_election	Presidential elections in the Philippines#1899
previous_year	1899
next_election	1941 Philippine presidential election
next_year	1941
election_date	September 16, 1935
flag_year	1919
image_size	120x120px
image1	Manuel Quezon LCCN2011647833 (cropped).jpg
nominee1	Manuel Quezon
party1	Nacionalista Party
running_mate1	Sergio Osmeña
popular_vote1	695,332
percentage1	67.99%
image2	Emilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg
nominee2	Emilio Aguinaldo
party2	National Socialist Party (Philippines)
running_mate2	Raymundo Melliza
popular_vote2	179,349
percentage2	17.54%
image3	The Most Rev. Gregorio L. Aglipay- Obispo Maximo I.jpg
nominee3	Gregorio Aglipay
party3	Republican Party (Philippines)
running_mate3	Norberto Nabong
popular_vote3	148,010
percentage3	14.47%
map_image	1935 Philippine presidential election results per province.png
map_size	300px
title	President
before_election	None (last held by Emilio Aguinaldo)
after_election	Manuel L. Quezon
after_party	Nacionalista Party
module	{{Infobox election
embed	yes
election_name	1935 Philippine vice presidential election
country	Philippines
type	presidential
ongoing	no
election_date	September 16, 1935
next_election	1941 Philippine presidential election
next_year	1941
image1	Senator Sergio Osmeña (1935).png
candidate1	Sergio Osmeña
party1	Nacionalista Party
popular_vote1	812,352
percentage1	86.91%
image2	Raymundo Melliza.jpg
candidate2	Raymundo Melliza
party2	National Socialist Party (Philippines)
popular_vote2	70,899
percentage2	7.59%
image3	Norberto Nabong.jpg
candidate3	Norberto Nabong
party3	Republican Party (Philippines)
popular_vote3	51,443
percentage3	5.5%
title	Vice President
before_election	Office established
after_election	Sergio Osmeña
after_party	Nacionalista Party

The 1935 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the enactment of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, a law that paved the way for a transitory government, as well as the first nationwide at-large election ever held in the Philippines.

Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon won a lopsided victory against former President Emilio Aguinaldo. His election victory was largely due to the weak political machinations of his rivals. Another losing contender was Gregorio Aglipay, co-founder and supreme bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Indepediente (Philippine Independent Church). Pascual Racuyal, a mechanic by profession, also ran for president as an independent. Quezon's running mate, Senate President Pro Tempore Sergio Osmeña won a more impressive victory as Vice President of the Philippines. He was said to have faced less effective candidates.

Nominations

Nacionalista Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942) (cropped).jpg|Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon File:Sergio Osmena photo.jpg|Senate President pro tempore Sergio Osmeña

After the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act in the United States in 1933, only requiring approval of the Philippine legislature, the Nacionalista Party was split between the Quezon and Osmeña factions. The Quezon wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Democratico or Partido Nacionalista Consolidado, was against the act. The Osmeña wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Pro-Independencia or Partido Nacionalista Democrata Pro-Independencia, was for the passage of the act. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo pointed out that the main reason for Quezon's rejection of the act lay in his anticipation that Osmeña, whose efforts brought the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, might run as President of the transition government slated to be established before granting of independence, resulting to the relegation of himself as second in command once more. Due to Quezon's efforts in the legislature, the Philippines rejected the act and himself promised a better law than the one brought home by Osmeña. His mission to the United States brought forth the passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934, just three months away from the Philippine legislative election, 1934.{{Cite book

The general election on June 5, 1934, turned into a gauge on which wing was supreme. Both factions claimed the Nacionalista label and independence became the central issue. When the results came in, Quezon's wing proved better than that of Osmeña, at least in the national scale. Osmeña faction candidates still dominated the local scene. After the election, the idea of forming a coalition between the two factions, reuniting the old Nacionalista party once more, floated in public discussion.

House of Representatives	Senate	Osmeña wing		70	Quezon wing		22	Quezon wing		19	Osmeña wing		2

On June 15, 1935, three months before the scheduled elections for the Commonwealth, both factions held their own national conventions, wherein Quezon was named candidate for president, and Osmeña was named candidate for vice president. At this, the two factions reconciled as a unified Nacionalista party with an eight-point program.

National Socialist Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:Emilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg|Former President Emilio Aguinaldo File:Raymundo Melliza.jpg|Former Governor of Iloilo Raymundo Melliza

Emilio Aguinaldo, who founded the National Socialist Party in 1934, announced his candidacy for president on June 2, 1935. Raymundo Melliza, former governor of Iloilo, was his running mate. His candidacy was also supported by the organization Veteranos de la Revolucion, formed during the administration of Governor-General Leonard Wood by remaining Filipino veterans of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.

– General Emilio Aguinaldo in his acceptance speech, June 1935.

Other parties that supported Aguinaldo's bid was the Partido Radical, a left-wing party formed in 1930 by Alfonso Mendoza, and Partido Filipinista, another party founded by Aguinaldo. Mendoza was then representative of Manila's second district.

Republican Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:The Most Rev. Gregorio L. Aglipay- Obispo Maximo I.jpg|Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay File:Norberto Nabong.jpg|Manila Councilor Norberto Nabong

After his worldwide tour in 1934, wherein Aglipay went to Copenhagen to attend the 11th International Congress of Religious Liberals by the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), and even claimed to have interviewed Adolf Hitler and talked with Alejandro Lerroux, Prime Minister of Spain, and Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, he expressed his intention to run as President of the Commonwealth. On June 19, 1935, Aglipay announced his candidacy, the last one to do so. Thus, Aglipay revived the Republican Party for this purpose, first organized in 1905 but collapsed after the 1907 elections. With this, he also launched his seven-point program.

– Bishop Gregorio Aglipay in his Manifesto of his candidacy, June 1935.

His bid was supported by the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), a left-wing party organized on November 7, 1930 by Crisanto Evangelista. The PKP fielded Norberto Nabong of Manila as Aglipay's running mate.

Results

Quezon carried all the provinces except Aguinaldo's home province of Cavite, Camarines Norte and Aglipay's home province of Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya. Aguinaldo showed strength in the Bicol provinces in the face of early results, but Quezon eventually triumphed in the region. Aglipay's strength in Nueva Vizcaya won the province for the Republican candidate, yet the Nacionalistas still prevailed from the rest of the provinces. Osmeña also carried all the provinces except Cavite, wherein Melliza won by a close margin. Osmeña's feat is unmatched to date.

While Aglipay quickly accepted the results, Aguinaldo protested about electoral manipulations. He raised the issue up to the United States, and his supporters in Cavite plotted not only a rally to disrupt the inauguration in November, but also launching an assassination attempt against the winners, yet to no avail.

President

Results per province

Province/City	Quezon	Aguinaldo	Aglipay	Racuyal	Nacionalista Party}}"		National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}"		Republican Party (Philippines)}}"
Abra	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,891	Nacionalista Party}};"	92.68	5	0.07	539	7.25	0	0.00
Agusan	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,242	Nacionalista Party}};"	79.99	244	4.60	814	15.35	3	0.06
Albay	Nacionalista Party}};"	23,535	Nacionalista Party}};"	74.99	7,817	24.91	33	0.11	0	0.00
Antique	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,123	Nacionalista Party}};"	50.00	3,178	25.95	2,934	23.96	11	0.09
Bataan	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,579	Nacionalista Party}};"	47.32	3,506	36.23	1,590	16.43	1	0.01
Batanes	Nacionalista Party}};"	773	Nacionalista Party}};"	79.20	198	20.29	4	0.41	1	0.10
Batangas	Nacionalista Party}};"	27,661	Nacionalista Party}};"	74.00	8,749	23.41	968	2.59	2	0.01
Bohol	Nacionalista Party}};"	20,374	Nacionalista Party}};"	76.67	5,500	20.70	694	2.61	6	0.02
Bukidnon	Nacionalista Party}};"	1,785	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.78	9	0.50	13	0.72	0	0.00
Bulacan	Nacionalista Party}};"	19,681	Nacionalista Party}};"	53.88	15,299	41.88	1,548	4.24	0	0.00
Cagayan	Nacionalista Party}};"	13,439	Nacionalista Party}};"	62.79	2,372	11.08	5,584	26.09	7	0.03
Camarines Norte	3,106	43.57	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	4,017	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	56.35	6	0.08	0	0.00
Camarines Sur	Nacionalista Party}};"	15,538	Nacionalista Party}};"	63.14	8,708	35.38	364	1.48	0	0.00
Capiz	Nacionalista Party}};"	18,632	Nacionalista Party}};"	91.36	1,508	7.39	253	1.24	0	0.00
Cavite	10,084	39.60	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	15,245	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	59.87	134	0.53	0	0.00
Cebu	Nacionalista Party}};"	45,441	Nacionalista Party}};"	86.21	6,876	13.05	369	0.70	23	0.04
Cotabato	Nacionalista Party}};"	2,307	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.35	55	2.13	218	8.44	2	0.08
Davao	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,200	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.16	588	5.70	527	5.11	4	0.04
Ilocos Norte	6,482	34.17	43	0.23	Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	12,445	Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	65.60	0	0.00
Ilocos Sur	Nacionalista Party}};"	14,749	Nacionalista Party}};"	64.96	212	0.93	7,744	34.11	0	0.00
Iloilo	Nacionalista Party}};"	33,274	Nacionalista Party}};"	64.20	13,427	25.91	5,121	9.88	5	0.01
Isabela	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,130	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.05	1,551	9.69	5,321	33.25	1	0.01
La Union	Nacionalista Party}};"	10,496	Nacionalista Party}};"	59.21	544	3.07	6,684	37.71	2	0.01
Laguna	Nacionalista Party}};"	18,655	Nacionalista Party}};"	72.28	3,384	13.11	3,766	14.59	4	0.02
Lanao	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,426	Nacionalista Party}};"	94.89	190	2.81	155	2.29	1	0.01
Leyte	Nacionalista Party}};"	43,929	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.45	4,187	8.53	994	2.02	2	0.00
Manila	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,281	Nacionalista Party}};"	63.23	10,188	25.48	4,507	11.27	5	0.01
Marinduque	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,021	Nacionalista Party}};"	84.06	1,062	14.83	78	1.09	2	0.03
Masbate	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,296	Nacionalista Party}};"	82.10	1,272	16.59	99	1.29	2	0.03
Mindoro	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,636	Nacionalista Party}};"	62.76	2,957	32.93	387	4.31	0	0.00
Misamis Occidental	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,590	Nacionalista Party}};"	72.21	1,375	15.07	1,160	12.71	1	0.01
Misamis Oriental	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,010	Nacionalista Party}};"	75.06	1,087	10.19	1,571	14.72	4	0.04
Mountain Province	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,084	Nacionalista Party}};"	79.38	119	1.86	1,200	18.74	2	0.03
Negros Occidental	Nacionalista Party}};"	36,851	Nacionalista Party}};"	71.42	3,527	6.84	11,206	21.72	12	0.02
Negros Oriental	Nacionalista Party}};"	15,526	Nacionalista Party}};"	88.30	1,108	6.30	949	5.40	0	0.00
Nueva Ecija	Nacionalista Party}};"	15,066	Nacionalista Party}};"	44.10	9,032	26.44	10,066	29.46	2	0.01
Nueva Vizcaya	2,039	32.86	164	2.64	Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	4,002	Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	64.49	1	0.02
Palawan	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,525	Nacionalista Party}};"	88.24	577	11.25	26	0.51	0	0.00
Pampanga	Nacionalista Party}};"	21,903	Nacionalista Party}};"	65.11	7,958	23.66	3,777	11.23	1	0.00
Pangasinan	Nacionalista Party}};"	34,425	Nacionalista Party}};"	51.09	1,851	2.75	31,103	46.16	2	0.00
Rizal	Nacionalista Party}};"	23,107	Nacionalista Party}};"	62.57	8,921	24.16	4,888	13.24	11	0.03
Romblon	Nacionalista Party}};"	3,471	Nacionalista Party}};"	73.06	1,246	26.23	32	0.67	2	0.04
Samar	Nacionalista Party}};"	22,920	Nacionalista Party}};"	80.22	4,984	17.44	660	2.31	8	0.03
Sorsogon	Nacionalista Party}};"	12,014	Nacionalista Party}};"	61.84	7,403	38.11	4	0.02	5	0.03
Sulu	Nacionalista Party}};"	1,414	Nacionalista Party}};"	93.52	60	3.97	38	2.51	0	0.00
Surigao	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,879	Nacionalista Party}};"	80.35	497	4.50	1,668	15.10	6	0.05
Tarlac	Nacionalista Party}};"	10,785	Nacionalista Party}};"	55.82	1,082	5.60	7,453	38.57	1	0.01
Tayabas	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,078	Nacionalista Party}};"	86.22	3,126	10.75	870	2.99	12	0.04
Zambales	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,504	Nacionalista Party}};"	60.91	1,069	10.01	3,105	29.08	0	0.00
Zamboanga	Nacionalista Party}};"	10,147	Nacionalista Party}};"	86.40	1,313	11.18	280	2.38	4	0.03
Nacionalista Party}};"	694,104	Nacionalista Party}};"	67.94	179,390	17.56	147,951	14.48	158	0.02
Source: Department of Agriculture and Commerce

Vice-President

Results per province

Province/City	Osmeña	Melliza	Nabong	Nacionalista Party}}"		National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}"		Republican Party (Philippines)}}"
Abra	Nacionalista Party}};"	7,052	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.08	4	0.06	134	1.86
Agusan	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,039	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.11	17	0.33	80	1.56
Albay	Nacionalista Party}};"	27,050	Nacionalista Party}};"	91.71	2,412	8.18	33	0.11
Antique	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,120	Nacionalista Party}};"	75.00	1,927	17.80	779	7.20
Bataan	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,230	Nacionalista Party}};"	70.25	1,417	19.03	798	10.72
Batanes	Nacionalista Party}};"	782	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.99	79	9.09	8	0.92
Batangas	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,754	Nacionalista Party}};"	90.30	2,649	9.29	118	0.41
Bohol	Nacionalista Party}};"	23,802	Nacionalista Party}};"	96.79	702	2.85	88	0.36
Bukidnon	Nacionalista Party}};"	1,801	Nacionalista Party}};"	100	0	0.00	0	0.00
Bulacan	Nacionalista Party}};"	23,576	Nacionalista Party}};"	76.39	6,589	21.35	698	2.26
Cagayan	Nacionalista Party}};"	16,797	Nacionalista Party}};"	87.21	735	3.82	1,728	8.97
Camarines Norte	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,789	Nacionalista Party}};"	75.20	1,579	24.80	0	0.00
Camarines Sur	Nacionalista Party}};"	20,116	Nacionalista Party}};"	91.62	1,748	7.96	91	0.41
Capiz	Nacionalista Party}};"	19,162	Nacionalista Party}};"	96.20	702	3.52	55	0.28
Cavite	10,518	49.30	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	10,651	National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"	49.93	165	0.77
Cebu	Nacionalista Party}};"	47,036	Nacionalista Party}};"	92.55	3,728	7.34	57	0.11
Cotabato	Nacionalista Party}};"	2,385	Nacionalista Party}};"	95.36	38	1.52	78	3.12
Davao	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,897	Nacionalista Party}};"	97.05	238	2.33	63	0.62
Ilocos Norte	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,741	Nacionalista Party}};"	72.02	3,728	27.56	57	0.42
Ilocos Sur	Nacionalista Party}};"	18,616	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.26	79	0.38	2,160	10.36
Iloilo	Nacionalista Party}};"	38,999	Nacionalista Party}};"	79.38	9,232	18.79	900	1.83
Isabela	Nacionalista Party}};"	11,567	Nacionalista Party}};"	81.31	402	2.83	2,256	15.86
La Union	Nacionalista Party}};"	16,134	Nacionalista Party}};"	94.89	260	1.53	609	3.58
Laguna	Nacionalista Party}};"	19,178	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.36	1,081	5.04	1,203	5.61
Lanao	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,565	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.92	33	0.50	39	0.59
Leyte	Nacionalista Party}};"	47,237	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.30	637	1.33	181	0.38
Manila	Nacionalista Party}};"	32,038	Nacionalista Party}};"	83.15	4,560	11.84	1,931	5.01
Marinduque	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,849	Nacionalista Party}};"	95.56	268	4.38	4	0.07
Masbate	Nacionalista Party}};"	7,950	Nacionalista Party}};"	95.79	340	4.10	9	0.11
Mindoro	Nacionalista Party}};"	6,422	Nacionalista Party}};"	86.06	925	12.40	115	1.54
Misamis Occidental	Nacionalista Party}};"	7,223	Nacionalista Party}};"	85.12	545	6.42	718	8.46
Misamis Oriental	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,305	Nacionalista Party}};"	96.50	160	1.66	177	1.84
Mountain Province	Nacionalista Party}};"	5,884	Nacionalista Party}};"	94.84	37	0.60	283	4.56
Negros Occidental	Nacionalista Party}};"	46,165	Nacionalista Party}};"	93.01	1,062	2.14	2,409	4.85
Negros Oriental	Nacionalista Party}};"	16,413	Nacionalista Party}};"	95.64	219	1.28	529	3.08
Nueva Ecija	Nacionalista Party}};"	21,496	Nacionalista Party}};"	71.65	4,271	14.24	4,236	14.12
Nueva Vizcaya	Nacionalista Party}};"	3,040	Nacionalista Party}};"	53.95	94	1.67	2,501	44.38
Palawan	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,579	Nacionalista Party}};"	91.69	412	8.25	3	0.06
Pampanga	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,672	Nacionalista Party}};"	88.02	2,052	7.04	1,443	4.95
Pangasinan	Nacionalista Party}};"	52,372	Nacionalista Party}};"	82.64	677	1.07	10,327	16.29
Rizal	Nacionalista Party}};"	31,364	Nacionalista Party}};"	85.39	3,548	9.66	1,820	4.95
Romblon	Nacionalista Party}};"	4,303	Nacionalista Party}};"	94.88	227	5.01	5	0.11
Samar	Nacionalista Party}};"	26,808	Nacionalista Party}};"	98.59	322	1.18	62	0.23
Sorsogon	Nacionalista Party}};"	16,258	Nacionalista Party}};"	91.11	1,572	8.81	14	0.08
Sulu	Nacionalista Party}};"	1,431	Nacionalista Party}};"	97.02	39	2.64	5	0.34
Surigao	Nacionalista Party}};"	10,068	Nacionalista Party}};"	97.13	211	2.04	87	0.84
Tarlac	Nacionalista Party}};"	12,763	Nacionalista Party}};"	76.02	450	2.68	3,577	21.30
Tayabas	Nacionalista Party}};"	24,384	Nacionalista Party}};"	94.16	1,180	4.56	331	1.28
Zambales	Nacionalista Party}};"	7,655	Nacionalista Party}};"	83.21	460	5.00	1,085	11.79
Zamboanga	Nacionalista Party}};"	11,061	Nacionalista Party}};"	97.16	306	2.69	17	0.15
Nacionalista Party}};"	817,446	Nacionalista Party}};"	86.97	70,906	7.54	51,573	5.49
Source: Department of Agriculture and Commerce

Manila vote

Manila, as showed in the June 1934 election, leaned to vote for the opposition. First District voted for Gregorio Perfecto, a Democrata, as representative. Second District voted Alfonso Mendoza, a Radical. However, an opposition bailiwick the city could have been, the Nacionalista party won overwhelmingly, whereas it was expected that Aguinaldo and Aglipay will make an upset advantage.

Candidate	Votes	Percent	Quezon	Aguinaldo	Aglipay
25,454	63.33%
10,236	25.47%
4,503	11.20%

In popular culture

Quezon, 2025 film about Manuel L. Quezon, culminating in the 1935 election.

References

(21 September 1935). "Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935".
(22 April 1933). "Quezon and Osmena, April 22, 1933".
Agoncillo, Teodoro. (1974). "Introduction to Filipino History". Garotech Publishing.
Banlaoi, Rommel. (1996). "Political parties in the Philippines". Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
Joaquin, Nick. (1990). "Manila, My Manila". Vera-Reyes Inc..
Clifford, Mary Dorita. "Aglipayanism as a political movement".
(2013). "Philippine Electoral Almanac". presidential communications development and strategic planning office.
[http://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1935/09/21/coalition-ticket-wins-by-landslide-september-21-1935/ Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935]
(1935). "The Philippine Statistical Review". Bureau of Printing.

Info: Wikipedia Source

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