1935 Greek monarchy referendum

Background

After the defeat of Greece by the Turkish National Movement (the "Asia Minor Disaster" of 1922), the defeated army revolted against the royal government. King Constantine I was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King George II, was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a 1924 referendum, Greeks voted to create a republic.

In 1935, Prime Minister Georgios Kondylis, a former pro-Venizelos military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled Panagis Tsaldaris to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.

The referendum was scheduled to take place on 3 November per resolution "on the abolition of the republic" of 10 October 1935 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 456).

Conduct

Observers of the time raised concerns about the legitimacy of the election. In addition to the abnormally high "for" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic. Anyone who cast a vote to retain the republic risked intimidation or assault.

Results

References

References

1. [[Dieter Nohlen]] & Phillip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 {{ISBN. 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Nohlen & Stöver, p838
3. Miller, William. (1936). "A New Era in Greece". [[Foreign Affairs]].
4. see [http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFO_KkoXZFLcndtvSoClrL8Qhfx31vVvCF5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQokG3cqhtjw7iaqI5mjo_l6M0yDO77mVxRF4VcRV3VgM. Gazette 456, dated 10.10.1935, p. 2295]
5. [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,755330,00.html By the Grace of God] ''Time'', 18 November 1935