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1934 United States Senate elections
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| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| election_name | 1934 United States Senate elections |
| country | United States |
| flag_year | 1912 |
| type | legislative |
| ongoing | no |
| previous_election | 1932 United States Senate elections |
| previous_year | 1932 |
| next_election | 1936 United States Senate elections |
| next_year | 1936 |
| seats_for_election | 36 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate |
| majority_seats | 49 |
| election_date | November 6, 1934 |
| previous_seat_election | 1928 United States Senate elections |
| previous_seat_year | 1928 |
| next_seat_election | 1940 United States Senate elections |
| next_seat_year | 1940 |
| seat_class | Class 1 |
| image_size | 160x180px |
| 1blank | Seats up |
| 2blank | Races won |
| party1 | Democratic Party (United States) |
| image1 | Joseph T. Robinson cropped.jpg |
| leader1 | Joseph Robinson |
| leader_since1 | December 3, 1923 |
| leaders_seat1 | Arkansas |
| seats_before1 | **60** |
| seats_after1 | **69** |
| seat_change1 | 9 |
| 1data1 | 17 |
| 2data1 | **26** |
| party2 | Republican Party (United States) |
| image2 | Charles Linza McNary cph.3b18950 (cropped 3x4).jpg |
| leader2 | Charles McNary |
| leader_since2 | March 4, 1933 |
| leaders_seat2 | Oregon |
| seats_before2 | 35 |
| seats_after2 | 25 |
| seat_change2 | 10 |
| 1data2 | **18** |
| 2data2 | 8 |
| party4 | Farmer–Labor Party |
| seats_before4 | 1 |
| seats_after4 | 1 |
| seat_change4 | |
| 1data4 | 1 |
| 2data4 | 1 |
| party5 | Wisconsin Progressive Party |
| seats_before5 | 0 |
| seats_after5 | 1 |
| seat_change5 | 1 |
| 1data5 | 0 |
| 2data5 | 1 |
| map_image | |
| map_size | 320px |
| map_caption | **Results of the elections:** |
| title | Majority Leader |
| before_election | Joseph Robinson |
| before_party | Democratic Party (US) |
| after_election | Joseph Robinson |
| after_party | Democratic Party (US) |
The 1934 United States Senate elections were held in the middle of Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. During the Great Depression, voters strongly backed Roosevelt's New Deal and his allies in the Senate, with Democrats picking up a net of nine seats, giving them a supermajority (which required 64 seats, two-thirds of the total 96 seats in 1934). Republicans later lost three more seats due to mid-term vacancies (one to Farmer-Labor and two to Democrats); however, a Democrat in Iowa died and the seat remained vacant until the next election. The Democrats entered the next election with a 70-22-2-1 majority.
This marked the first time that an incumbent president's party gained seats in both houses of Congress in midterm election cycles, followed by 1998 and 2002. This was also the second of three times since the ratification of the 17th Amendment that the opposition party failed to flip any Senate seats, alongside 1914 and 2022.
A number of historic figures were first elected to the Senate in 1934, including future President Truman, future Federal District Judge and Labor Secretary Schwellenbach, and future Supreme Court Justice Minton.
Gains, losses, and holds
Retirements
Two Democrats and one Republican retired instead of seeking re-election.
| State | Senator | Replaced by | Maryland | Nebraska (special) | Nebraska | Washington |
|---|
Defeats
Eight Republicans and two Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.
| State | Senator | Replaced by | Connecticut | Indiana | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana (special) | New Jersey | Ohio | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | West Virginia |
|---|
Party Switches
One Republican won re-election as a Progressive.
| State | Senator | Replaced by | Wisconsin |
|---|
Post-election changes
| State | Senator | Replaced by | New Mexico | Florida (class 1) | Florida (class 1) | Florida (class 3) | Florida (class 3) | Louisiana | Michigan | Minnesota |
|---|
Change in composition
Before the elections
At the beginning of 1934.
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
|---|
Elections result
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
|---|
| R | Republican |
|---|
|}
Race summaries
Elections during the 73rd Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1934; ordered by election date then by state.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Vermont | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Class 3) | Montana | ||||||||||||||
| (Class 2) | Nebraska | ||||||||||||||
| (Class 1) | New Mexico | ||||||||||||||
| (Class 2) | Tennessee | ||||||||||||||
| (Class 2) | Wyoming | ||||||||||||||
| (Class 1) | |||||||||||||||
| Ernest W. Gibson | Republican | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee elected **January 16, 1934**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||
| John E. Erickson | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee lost nomination. | ||||||||||||
| New senator elected **November 6, 1934**. | |||||||||||||||
| Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||
| William H. Thompson | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. | ||||||||||||
| New senator elected **November 6, 1934**. | |||||||||||||||
| Democratic hold. | |||||||||||||||
| Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||
| Carl Hatch | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee elected **November 6, 1934**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||
| Nathan L. Bachman | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee elected **November 6, 1934**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||
| Joseph C. O'Mahoney | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee [elected](1934-united-states-senate-elections-in-wyoming) **November 6, 1934**. | ||||||||||||
| Winner was also elected to the next term, see below. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
Elections leading to the 74th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1935; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Arizona | California | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Indiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Dakota | Ohio | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry F. Ashurst | Democratic | [1912](1912-united-states-senate-elections-in-arizona) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-arizona) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-arizona) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-arizona) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-arizona). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hiram Johnson | Republican | [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-california) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-california) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-california) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frederic C. Walcott | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-connecticut) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| John G. Townsend Jr. | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-delaware) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Park Trammell | Democratic | [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-florida) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-florida) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-florida) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arthur Raymond Robinson | Republican | 1925 (Appointed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1926 (special)](1926-united-states-senate-special-election-in-indiana) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-indiana) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frederick Hale | Republican | [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-maine) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-maine) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-maine) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phillips Lee Goldsborough | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-maryland) | Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Maryland. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| David I. Walsh | Democratic | [1926 (special)](1926-united-states-senate-special-election-in-massachusetts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-massachusetts) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-massachusetts). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arthur Vandenberg | Republican | 1928 (Appointed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928 (special)](1928-united-states-senate-special-election-in-michigan) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-michigan) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Henrik Shipstead | Farmer–Labor | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-minnesota) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-minnesota) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-minnesota). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hubert D. Stephens | Democratic | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-mississippi) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-mississippi) | Incumbent lost renomination. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Roscoe C. Patterson | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-missouri) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator [elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-missouri). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burton K. Wheeler | Democratic | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-montana) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-montana) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-montana). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| William H. Thompson | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Incumbent retired. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Democratic hold. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner was not elected to finish the current term; see above. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key Pittman | Democratic | [1913 (special)](1913-united-states-senate-special-election-in-nevada) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-nevada) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-nevada) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-nevada) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hamilton F. Kean | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-new-jersey) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bronson M. Cutting | Republican | 1927 (Appointed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1928 (Retired) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-new-mexico) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Royal S. Copeland | Democratic | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-new-york) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-new-york) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-new-york). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lynn Frazier | Republican | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-north-dakota) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-north-dakota) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simeon D. Fess | Republican | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-ohio) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-ohio) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| David A. Reed | Republican | 1922 (Appointed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922 (special)](1922-united-states-senate-special-election-in-pennsylvania) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-elections-in-pennsylvania) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-pennsylvania) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator [elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-pennsylvania). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Felix Hebert | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-rhode-island) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kenneth McKellar | Democratic | [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-tennessee) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-tennessee) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-tennessee) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tom Connally | Democratic | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-texas) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| William H. King | Democratic | [1916](1916-united-states-senate-election-in-utah) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-utah) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-utah) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warren Austin | Republican | [1931 (special)](1931-united-states-senate-special-election-in-vermont) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-vermont). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Harry F. Byrd | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1933 (special)](1933-united-states-senate-special-election-in-virginia) | Incumbent [re-elected](1934-united-states-senate-election-in-virginia). | nowrap | {{Plainlist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clarence Dill | Democratic | [1922](1922-united-states-senate-election-in-washington) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-washington) | Incumbent retired. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Henry D. Hatfield | Republican | [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-west-virginia) | Incumbent lost re-election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New senator elected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Democratic gain**. Winner was seated late on June 21, 1935, when he turned 30, due to not having satisfied the constitutional requirement to serve. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Robert M. La Follette Jr. | Republican | [1925 (special)](1925-united-states-senate-special-election-in-wisconsin) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [1928](1928-united-states-senate-election-in-wisconsin) | Incumbent re-elected as a Progressive. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Progressive gain**. | nowrap | {{Plainlist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joseph C. O'Mahoney | Democratic | 1933 (Appointed) | Interim appointee [elected](1934-united-states-senate-elections-in-wyoming). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
Closest races
Ten races had a margin of victory under 10%:
| State | Party of winner | Margin | Maine | New Mexico | Vermont | Connecticut | Indiana | Michigan | Pennsylvania | Utah | Delaware | New Mexico (special) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | 0.4% | |||||||||||
| Republican | 0.8% | |||||||||||
| Republican | 2.6% | |||||||||||
| Democratic (flip) | 3.5% | |||||||||||
| Democratic (flip) | 4.0% | |||||||||||
| Republican | 4.3% | |||||||||||
| Democratic (flip) | 4.3% | |||||||||||
| Democratic | 7.7% | |||||||||||
| Republican | 7.1% | |||||||||||
| Democratic | 9.5% |
Virginia was the tipping point state with a margin of 55.1%.
Arizona
Ashurst:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Arizona
California
Johnson:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in California
Connecticut
|County results |220px |Municipality results}} Walcott:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Connecticut
Delaware
Townsend: Adams:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Delaware
Florida
Trammell:
Pepper:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Florida
Indiana
Minton:
Robinson:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Indiana
Maine
Hale:
Dubord:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Maine
Maryland
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Maryland
France:
Radcliffe:
Massachusetts
Walsh:
Washburn:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
Michigan
Vandenberg:
Picard:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Michigan
Minnesota
Shipstead Hoidale Holmberg
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Minnesota
Mississippi
Bilbo:
Stephens:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Mississippi
Missouri
Truman:
Patterson:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Missouri
Montana
Montana (regular)
Wheeler:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Montana
Montana (special)
Murray:
Leavitt:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate special election in Montana
Nebraska
Main article: 1934 United States Senate elections in Nebraska
Nebraska (regular)
Burke:
Simmons:
Nebraska (special)
Hunter:
Kemp:
Nevada
Pittman:
Malone:
New Jersey
Moore:
Kean:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico (regular)
Cutting:
Chevez:
New Mexico (special)
Hatch:
Dillon:
New York
Copeland:
Cluett:
Main article: 1934 New York state election, 1934 United States Senate election in New York
In New York, the whole Democratic ticket was elected in the third landslide in a row.
North Dakota
Frazier:
Holt:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Ohio
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Ohio
Pennsylvania
Guffey:
Martin:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
There were two elections due to a resignation.
Tennessee (regular)
McKellar:
Hooper:
Three-term Democrat Kenneth D. McKellar was easily re-elected.
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Tennessee
Tennessee (special)
Main article: 1934 United States Senate special election in Tennessee
One-term Democrat Cordell Hull resigned March 3, 1933 to become U.S. Secretary of State.
Democrat Nathan L. Bachman was appointed to continue Hull's term, pending a special election which Bachman easily won.
Texas
Daniel:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Texas
Utah
King:
Colton:
Vermont
Vermont (regular)
Austin:
Martin:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Vermont
Vermont (special)
Gibson:
Witters:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate special election in Vermont
Virginia
Byrd:
Page:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Virginia
Washington
Schwellenbach:
Tie:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Washington
West Virginia
Holt:
Hatfield:
Wisconsin
Main article: 1934 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
La Follete Jr.:
Callahan:
Chapple:
Wyoming
O'Mahoney:
Carter:
Main article: 1934 United States Senate elections in Wyoming
There were two elections to the same seat due to the November 3, 1933 death of Democrat John B. Kendrick. Democrat Joseph C. O'Mahoney was appointed to continue the term, pending a special election. O'Mahoney won both the special election and the regular election to the next term.
Wyoming (regular)
Wyoming (special)
O'Mahoney would be re-elected twice and serve until his 1952 defeat.
Notes
References
References
- Arthur Krock. (November 7, 1934). "Tide Sweeps Nation". New York Times.
- "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1934". U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk.
- Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Monacelli to Monro".
- "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1934".
- "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1934".
- "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1934". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.
- "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns.
- "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014". Office of the Vermont Secretary of State.
- Hunt, Lester C.. (1935). "1935 Official Directory of Wyoming and Election Returns for 1934". The Mills Company.
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