1921 Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland general elections

Background

On 21 January 1919, the Sinn Féin MPs elected to the British House of Commons at the 1918 general election met as Dáil Éireann and declared independence from the United Kingdom. This declaration was followed by the Irish War of Independence, which continued until a truce in July 1921.

In November 1920, the British Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act 1920. This partitioned Ireland into two distinct polities, each with their own Home Rule Parliament: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Both parliaments would be composed of a directly elected House of Commons and an indirectly elected Senate, with both lower chambers being elected by the Single Transferable Vote system of proportional representation.

When the date of the elections was announced in the House of Commons, the Conservative MP Sir William Davison, who had been born in Broughshane, County Antrim, had asked "What is the object of holding elections in Southern Ireland when any candidates who do not support Sinn Fein would be shot?" Other members replied "How do you know?"

John Dillon and T. P. O'Connor both agreed that the Irish Party should not fight Sinn Féin for seats for the Southern parliament as things stood. Former Irish Parliamentary Party MP Stephen Gwynn, now a member of the Irish Dominion League, advocated putting up League candidates against Sinn Féin. In early March he met with southern Unionists Viscount Midleton and Lord Oranmore, requesting them to pool their resources to contest the election and contest the election on a platform opposing the IRA's violence, under Midleton's leadership. Midleton declined the invitation, just as he had declined a previous request for his Unionist Anti-Partition League to join the Dominion League.

Results

Southern Ireland

In the area designated as Southern Ireland, no actual polling took place as all 128 candidates were returned unopposed. Of these, 124 were won by Sinn Féin and four by independent Unionists representing Dublin University (Trinity College).

A single Unionist candidate had been selected to contest the constituency of Donegal: Major Robert L Moore, who had contested East Donegal in 1918. Moore however later withdrew his candidacy just before the election.

Northern Ireland

Main article: 1921 Northern Ireland general election

The general election to the Northern Ireland House of Commons occurred on Tuesday, 24 May. Of 52 seats, including Queen's University of Belfast, 40 were won by Unionists, 6 by the Nationalist Party and 6 by Sinn Féin. Several well known republicans were elected: Éamon de Valera for South Down, Michael Collins for Armagh, Eoin MacNeill for Derry and Arthur Griffith for Fermanagh and Tyrone. Voters in Fermanagh and Tyrone returned an anti-partition majority of 7,831. Allegations were made claiming intimidation of Nationalist voters, arrests of candidates/organisers and the seizure of electoral literature.

Second Dáil

Although the elections were formally for two separate legislatures, Irish republicans considered all those elected to be members of the Second Dáil. The composition of the Dáil following these elections was therefore as follows:

In practice, however, the Dáil was composed of 125 Sinn Féin members.Sinn Fein won 130 seats across the two legislatures, but 5 of the 6 candidates elected in Northern Ireland were also elected to the Southern Ireland House of Commons. This meant that when the Second Dáil met, it had 125 members. The Unionist and Nationalist Party members ignored the invitation to attend the Dáil, while the four independent unionists assembled as the Southern Ireland Commons for a single brief meeting.

Aftermath

The Northern Ireland House of Commons continued to function as a Home Rule legislature until it was abolished in 1973. The Southern Ireland Commons was largely ignored, and only formally met twice: first in a brief 1921 session that only the four unionists attended, and then again in 1922 to approve the Anglo-Irish Treaty which established the Irish Free State.

References

Notes

Sources

References

1. (5 April 1921). "New Parliaments".
2. ''Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Ireland in the Era of Joe Devlin, 1871-1934'' p.226
3. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17298886.pdf Stephen Gwynn and the failure of constitutional nationalism in Ireland, pp. 741–742]
4. "Dáil elections since 1918". ARK Northern Ireland.
5. [http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2011/Corning%20NY%20Evening%20%20Leader/Corning%20NY%20Evening%20%20Leader%201921%20Feb-Oct%201921%20%20Grayscale/Corning%20NY%20Evening%20%20Leader%201921%20Feb-Oct%201921%20%20Grayscale%20-%200515.pdf The Evening Leader, Corning, NY, 22 April 1921, P2]
6. [http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1921-05-15/ed-1/seq-3/ The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) May 15, 1921, Section One, Image 3]
7. [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1921-05-14/ed-1/seq-2/ New-York tribune., May 14, 1921, Page 2, Image 2, citing Associated Press]
8. Macardle, Dorothy. (1965). "The Irish Republic". Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
9. Gallagher, Frank. (1957). "The Indivisible Island". Victor Gollancz Ltd..