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1921 Italian general election
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| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| country | Kingdom of Italy |
| type | legislative |
| previous_election | 1919 Italian general election |
| previous_year | 1919 |
| next_election | 1924 Italian general election |
| next_year | 1924 |
| seats_for_election | All 535 seats in the Chamber of Deputies |
| majority_seats | 268 |
| election_date | 15 May 1921 |
| image_size | 130x130px |
| image1 | Giovanni Bacci.jpg |
| leader1 | Giovanni Bacci |
| party1 | Italian Socialist Party |
| seats1 | **123** |
| seat_change1 | 33 |
| popular_vote1 | **1,631,435** |
| percentage1 | **24.69%** |
| swing1 | 7.59pp |
| image2 | Don Luigi Sturzo 1919.jpg |
| leader2 | Luigi Sturzo |
| party2 | Italian People's Party (1919) |
| seats2 | 108 |
| seat_change2 | 8 |
| popular_vote2 | 1,347,305 |
| percentage2 | 20.39% |
| swing2 | 0.14pp |
| image3 | Giovanni Giolitti 1920 (cropped).png |
| leader3 | Giovanni Giolitti |
| party3 | National Bloc (Italy, 1921) |
| seats3 | 105 |
| seat_change3 | *New* |
| popular_vote3 | 1,260,007 |
| percentage3 | 19.07% |
| swing3 | *New* |
| map_image | 1921 Italian general election - Map.png |
| map_caption | |
| title | Prime Minister |
| posttitle | Elected Prime Minister |
| before_election | Giovanni Giolitti |
| after_election | Ivanoe Bonomi |
| before_party | Italian Liberal Party |
| after_party | Italian Reformist Socialist Party |
General elections were held in Italy on 15 May 1921. It was the first election in which the recently acquired regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia, Zara and Lagosta island elected deputies, many of whom were from the Germanic and South Slavic ethnic groups.
The 1921 election was the last free election before Benito Mussolini's fascist coup d'état.
Background
From 1919 to 1920, Italy was shocked by a period of intense social conflict following the First World War known as the Biennio Rosso (Red Biennium). The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist Blackshirt militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.
The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations. In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Po Valley and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
In the general election of 1921, the Liberal governing coalition, strengthened by the joining of Fascist candidates in the National Bloc (33 of whom were elected deputies), came short of a majority. The Italian Socialist Party, weakened by the split of the Communist Party of Italy, lost many votes and seats, while the Italian People's Party was steady around 20%. The Socialists were stronger in Lombardy (41.9%), than in their historical strongholds of Piedmont (28.6%), Emilia-Romagna (33.4%) and Tuscany (31.0%), due to the presence of the Communists (11.9, 5.2 and 10.5%), while the Populars were confirmed the largest party of Veneto (36.5%) and the Liberal parties in most Southern regions.
Parties and leaders
| Party | Ideology | Leader | Status before election | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Socialist Party}}" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Socialism | Giovanni Bacci | |
| Italian People's Party (1919)}}" | Italian People's Party (PPI) | Christian democracy | Luigi Sturzo | |
| National Bloc (Italy, 1921)}}" | National Bloc (BN) | Conservatism | Giovanni Giolitti | |
| Liberal Democratic Party (Italy)}}" | Italian Democratic Liberal Party (PLDI) | Liberalism | Antonio Salandra | |
| Liberal Union (Italy)}}" | Liberal Party (PL) | Liberalism | Luigi Facta | |
| Social Democracy (Italy, 1922)}}" | Social Democracy (DS) | Social liberalism | Giovanni Antonio Colonna | |
| Communist Party of Italy}}" | Communist Party of Italy (PCdI) | Communism | Amadeo Bordiga | |
| Italian Republican Party}}" | Italian Republican Party (PRI) | Republicanism | Eugenio Chiesa | |
| Reformist Democratic Party (PDR) | Social liberalism | Several | ||
| Combatants' Party (PdC) | Veteran interests | Several |
Results
Results by Region
| Region | First party | Second party | Third party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abruzzo-Molise | National Bloc (Italy, 1921)}}" | BN | ||
| Apulia | BN | Italian Socialist Party}}" | ||
| Basilicata | BN | |||
| Calabria | BN | |||
| Campania | PLDI | |||
| Emilia-Romagna | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Lazio | PPI | |||
| Liguria | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Lombardy | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Marche | PPI | Italian Socialist Party}}" | ||
| Piedmont | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Sardinia | BN | |||
| Sicily | BN | |||
| Trentino | PPI | |||
| Tuscany | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Umbria | Italian Socialist Party}}" | PSI | ||
| Veneto | PPI | Italian Socialist Party}}" | ||
| Venezia Giulia | BN |
References
References
- [[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN. 978-3-8329-5609-7
- [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/29/98696879.pdf ITALY’S FRINGE OF ALIEN SUBJECTS], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 29, 1921
- [https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Elezioni/RAV0143612StatelezgenpolXXVIleg15mag1921.pdf Ministry of National Economy]
- Brunella Dalla Casa, ''Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna'', in: AA. VV, ''Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo'', a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
- Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, ''Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia'', Zanichelli, [[Bologna]] 2009
- [https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Elezioni/IST0003263Compendio_stat_elett_ita1848_1934_Vol2.pdf National Institute of Statistics]
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