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1913 Italian general election

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FieldValue
countryKingdom of Italy
typelegislative
previous_election1909 Italian general election
previous_year1909
next_election1919 Italian general election
next_year1919
seats_for_electionAll 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
majority_seats255
election_date26 October 1913 (first round)
2 November 1913 (second round)
image_size140x140px
image1Giolitti2 (cropped).jpg
leader1Giovanni Giolitti
party1Liberal
seats1**270**
seat_change159
popular_vote1**2,387,947**
percentage1**47.62%**
swing16.83 pp
image2Costantino Lazzari 2 (cropped).jpg
leader2Costantino Lazzari
party2Socialist
seats252
seat_change211
popular_vote2883,409
percentage217.62%
swing21.40 pp
image3Ettore Sacchi (cropped).jpg
leader3Ettore Sacchi
party3Radical
seats362
seat_change314
popular_vote3522,522
percentage310.42%
swing30.50 pp
titlePrime Minister
posttitleElected Prime Minister
before_electionGiovanni Giolitti
after_electionGiovanni Giolitti
before_partyLiberal
after_partyLiberal

2 November 1913 (second round)

General elections were held in Italy on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November. The Liberals (the former Ministeriali) narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in Southern Italy, while the Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in Emilia-Romagna. However, the election marked the beginning of the decline of Liberal establishment.

There were episodes of violence during the election.

Background

The two historical parliamentary factions, the liberal and progressive Left and the conservative and monarchist Right, formed a single liberal and centrist group, known as Liberals, under the leadership of Giovanni Giolitti. This phenomenon, known in Italian as Trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I. Two parliamentary factions alternated in government, one led by Sidney Sonnino and the other, by far the larger of the two, by Giolitti. At that time the Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and, eventually, the Reform Socialists. This alliance governed against two smaller opposition: The Clericals, composed by some Vatican-oriented politicians, The Extreme, formed by the socialist faction which represented a real left in a present-day concept.

Electoral reform

Changes made in 1912 widened the voting franchise to include literate men aged 21, men who had served in the army or navy (regardless of whether they were 21 years old), and illiterate men over the age of 30. This raised the number of eligible voters from 2,930,473 in 1909 to 8,443,205. The electoral system remained single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting.

Parties and leaders

PartyIdeologyLeaderStatus before election
Liberals (Italy)}}"Liberal Party (PL)LiberalismGiovanni Giolitti
Italian Socialist Party}}"Italian Socialist Party (PSI)SocialismCostantino Lazzari
Italian Radical Party}}"Italian Radical Party (PR)RadicalismEttore Sacchi
Constitutional Democratic Party (PDC)Social liberalismseveral
Italian Catholic Electoral Union}}"Italian Catholic Electoral Union (UECI)Christian democracyOttorino Gentiloni
Italian Reformist Socialist Party}}"Italian Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI)Social democracyLeonida Bissolati
Democratic Party (PD)Social liberalismseveral
Italian Republican Party}}"Italian Republican Party (PRI)RepublicanismNapoleone Colajanni
Conservative Catholics (CC)Conservatismseveral

Results

Leading party by region

RegionFirst partySecond partyThird party
Abruzzo-MoliseLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
ApuliaLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
BasilicataLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
CalabriaLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
CampaniaLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
Emilia-RomagnaPSILiberals (Italy)}}"
LazioLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
LiguriaLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
LombardyPSILiberals (Italy)}}"
MarcheLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
PiedmontLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
SardiniaLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
SicilyLiberals (Italy)}}"PL
TuscanyPSILiberals (Italy)}}"
UmbriaPSILiberals (Italy)}}"
VenetoLiberals (Italy)}}"PL

References

References

  1. [[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN. 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, ''Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia'', Zanichelli, [[Bologna]] 2009
  3. Hershey, Amos S.. (1914). "The Recent Italian Elections". American Political Science Review.
  4. [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368300/Italian-Liberal-Party Italian Liberal Party] {{webarchive. link. (2006-11-21 , Britannica Concise)
  5. Nohlen & Stöver, p1031
  6. Nohlen & Stöver, p1050
  7. [https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Elezioni/IST0003263Compendio_stat_elett_ita1848_1934_Vol2.pdf National Institute of Statistics]
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