1831 in science

Astronomy

• January 7 – Great Comet of 1831 (C/1831 A1, 1830 II) first observed by John Herapath.
• March 7 – Royal Astronomical Society receives its Royal Charter.
• Heinrich Schwabe makes the first detailed drawing of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter.
• Mary Somerville translates Laplace's Mécanique céleste as The Mechanism of the Heavens.

Biology

• September 1 – Zoological Gardens, Dublin, open in Ireland.
• Robert Brown names the cell nucleus, in a paper to the Linnean Society of London.

Chemistry

• A. A. Bussy publishes his *Mémoire sur le Radical métallique de la Magnésie * describing his method of isolating magnesium.
• The Kaliapparat, a laboratory device for the analysis of carbon in organic compounds, is invented by Justus von Liebig.

Exploration

• June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula.
• December 27 – Charles Darwin starts his voyage on from Plymouth.

Medicine

• May 16 – Middlesex County Asylum for pauper lunatics opens at Hanwell near London under the humane superintendence of William Charles Ellis.
• Dr C. Turner Thackrah publishes The Effects of the Principal Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civic States and Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity, with a particular reference to the trades and manufactures of Leeds, and suggestions for the removal of many of the agents which produce disease and shorten the duration of life, a pioneering study of occupational and public health in a newly industrialised English city.

Paleontology

• Henry Witham publishes Observations on fossil vegetables, accompanied by representations of their internal structure, as seen through the microscope in Edinburgh.

Technology

• April 12 – Broughton Suspension Bridge over the River Irwell in England collapses under marching troops.
• August 29 – Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction at the Royal Society of London. Joseph Henry recognises it at about the same time.
• October 28 – Faraday develops the Faraday Wheel, a homopolar generator.
• Joseph Henry invents the electric bell.
• James Meadows Rendel erects the first bascule bridge with a hydraulic mechanism, on the Kingsbridge Estuary in England.
• William Wallace invents the eidograph.

Institutions

• September 27 – British Association for the Advancement of Science first meets, in York.

Awards

• Copley Medal: George Biddell Airy
• Wollaston Medal (first award): William Smith

Births

• January 20 – Edward Routh (died 1907), Canadian-born English mathematician.
• January 26 – Heinrich Anton de Bary (died 1888), German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist and mycologist.
• February 28 – Edward James Stone (died 1897), English astronomer.
• March 3 – George Pullman (died 1897), American inventor.
• May 16 – David E. Hughes (died 1900), British inventor.
• June 13 – James Clerk Maxwell (died 1879), Scottish-born mathematician.
• August 20 – Eduard Suess (died 1914), Austrian geologist.
• October 6 – Richard Dedekind (died 1916), German mathematician.
• October 15 – Isabella Bird (died 1904), English explorer, writer, photographer and naturalist.
• October 21 – Hermann Hellriegel (died 1895), German agricultural chemist, discoverer of the mechanism by which leguminous plants assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere.
• October 29 – Othniel Charles Marsh (died 1899), American paleontologist.
• December 5 – Hans Heinrich Landolt (died 1910), Swiss-born chemist.

Deaths

• February 14 – Henry Maudslay (born 1771), English mechanical engineer.
• March 26 - Pierre Amable Jean-Baptiste Trannoy (born 1772), French physician, hygienist and botanist.
• June 27 – Sophie Germain (born 1776), French mathematician.
• October 14 – Jean-Louis Pons (born 1761), French astronomer.
• December 22 – François Huber (born 1750), blind Swiss naturalist.

References

References

1. (1831). "SAO/NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
2. "A brief history of the RAS". Royal Astronomical Society.
3. "History Of Dublin Zoo". Family Fun.
4. Hunt, Tristram. (2004). "Building Jerusalem: the rise and fall of the Victorian city". Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5. Bishop, R.E.D.. (1979). "Vibration". Cambridge University Press.
6. "Icons, a portrait of England 1820-1840".
7. (2006). "Penguin Pocket On This Day". Penguin Reference Library.
8. (1886). "Scientific writings of Joseph Henry". [[Smithsonian Institution]].
9. Clarke, Mike. (2009-01-05). "A Brief History of Movable Bridges".
10. (July 2006). "Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index". [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]].
11. Palmer, Alan. (1992). "The Chronology of British History". Century Ltd.
12. "Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award".
13. "Date of death on the decennial table, page 191".