1815 in Canada

Incumbents

• Monarch: George III

Federal government

• Parliament of Lower Canada: 8th (starting January 21)
• Parliament of Upper Canada: 6th

Governors

• Governor of the Canadas: George Prevost then Gordon Drummond
• Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
• Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
• Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
• Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith
• Governor of Upper Canada: Francis Gore

Events

• The Great Migration from Europe begins.
• January – Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, General Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) wins the Battle of New Orleans.
• February 9 – A bill to give the speaker a salary of 1,000 pounds is read.
• February 18 – The United States ratifies treaties signed in December 1814.
• March 25 – Governor George Prevost informs Parliament that then-prince regent George IV has ordered him to England to answer charges of the naval commander.
• March – Parliament allocates 25,000 pounds for a canal from Montreal to Lachine.

Births

• January 10 – John A. Macdonald, politician and 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Born in Glasgow, Scotland. (died 1891)
• March 7: Thomas Wood, Member of the Legislative Council of Quebec for Bedford, died in office, 1898
• June 19 – Cornelius Krieghoff, painter (died 1872)
• September 18 – Joseph Duquet, notary in Lower Canada, executed in 1838
• October 15 – Pierre Antoine Deblois, Senator for La Salle, Quebec, died in office, 1898

Historical documents

Text of "Treaty of Peace and Amity Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America"

"Satisfaction [after war is not great in U.S.A.] when the whole cost in lives lost, in property destroyed and in property expended" is tallied

John Quincy Adams tells Pres. Madison that larger U.S. Navy would make British better assess "the value of the Objects [in] a new War"

U.S. peacetime army includes 14 companies of infantry and riflemen stationed at Detroit and artillery companies at Niagara and Sacket's Harbor

Editorial: "The commencement of the war[...]and the manner [it was conducted in should be] engraven on the minds of[...]British North Anmerica"

William Claus of Indian Affairs department gives words of condolence to Indigenous leaders for loss of many friends and relations

Chief asks for articles necessary "to raise provisions for ourselves" and that whites (including traitors) not be allowed among Six Nations

Red Jacket asks peace between New York State and Grand River Haudenosaunee, who are "not of the same Nations only, but of the same Families"

John Norton would accept proposed pension for war service, though "all the regret [he] ever had was that [he] was not able to do more"

Pres. Madison expects returning Michilimackinac to U.S.A. will end "the confidence and hostility" of British-allied First Nations (note: "Savages" used)

Long war in Europe might spread to America because "neither party has abandoned [policies that were] the ostensible causes of the late war"

Summary of U.K.–U.S. "Commercial Treaty" includes prohibition on British trade with Indigenous people in any part of U.S.A.

Editorial: "Crowds of great and illustrious personages, in addition to gamblers, sharpers [etc.]" are in Vienna to settle European concerns

U.S. "envy [of] the superior quality of the soil" in Canada, compared to impressment of its seamen, was "stronger stimulus" to start war

"To secure us the possession of Canada," suitable vessels will be built on Great Lakes; arms and equipment for them are being prepared

Commercial/political threats from U.S.A. include future Erie Canal, fort on Lake Champlain and probable fort on St. Lawrence River

Foreword to book on British and U.S. trade says it is important to stop U.S. interference in British North American fishery and shipping

John Quincy Adams summarizes negotiation with British over their expulsion of U.S. fishers from British North American waters

Boston source notes Pres. Madison recommending only U.S. sailors crew U.S. ships, and suggests saying that 4 years ago might have averted war

John Strachan chastizes Thomas Jefferson with accounts of U.S. depredations in Upper Canada during War of 1812

"Ill-fated" Sutherlandshire sees hundreds of families emigrate to Pictou and Red River, "banished to make room for more" sheep

British and Irish settlers can get land grants of 100 acres in Upper and Lower Canada by supplying testimonials and redeemable deposits

Deserting British regulars in Upper and Lower Canada are pardoned if they surrender to officer or magistrate (does not cover militiamen)

Demise of army bills prompts praise for their benefit to "the Canadas as an easy and an abundant circulating medium" better than gold

Map: "A Plan of the Route from Halifax to the River Du Loup on the St. Lawrence," with Chaleur Bay and Minas Basin on right edge

Lower Canada

"Lower Canada has not only been exempted in a great measure from the scourge of war but actually blessed with an uncommon degree of prosperity"

"The termination of the war has already had a wonderful effect on our markets; many articles have fallen 50 pr. cent"

Letter to the editor simply and clearly alleges effect of taxation on merchants and its consequences for others in society

"The circulation of the army [bills] on equal terms as with dollars is a proof that [provincial] Bank paper would meet complete confidence"

"Vaccine inoculation" to be supported with £1,000 shared among appointed physicians in Quebec, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and Gaspé districts

Physician finds inoculation of Indigenous people led to high fever he believes "was occasioned by inebriety, their sole delight"

Eastern Townships farmers are not "sufficiently careful and neat" because uncleared land is near, labour is expensive and winters severe

Details of third infanticide since "the provision made by the Legislature for[...]reception at the Hotel Dieu" for illegitimate infants

Wounded militia members' annuity is to be raised to £15, and widows and children of members killed in war are to receive £25–100 payment

Disbanded soldiers are to be granted land to settle on, with officers receiving 200 acres and men 100 acres that must not be sold for 3 years

Editor supports settling ex-soldiers on frontiers near U.S. border as best defence against invading armies, as was proven during war

"The scene of alarm, confusion and despair may be readily imagined" - army transport catches fire at night at Quebec City

Four British regulars, kneeling on coffins by their graves, are executed for desertion before crowd of "multitudes[,] particularly of women" "Montreal, May 27; On Tuesday last[....]," The Quebec Gazette, June 1, 1815 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also militia general order (pg. 3, 1st column) to watch for deserters pretending to be discharged or detailed to catch deserters. Accessed 14 May 2025

Louis-Joseph Papineau's political talents: among ablest orators, "profound knowledge" in committee and "uncommon facility" in Assembly

Praise for John Molson, "one of the most valuable members of the community" in Montreal, who plans huge wharf and large ballroom facility

Note on free school in Quebec City expresses surprize that, in city of 20,000, there has been no public elementary school before now

Quebec City "seminaries of learning" praised, including Mrs. Goodman's, where young ladies excelled in geography, "use of Globes" etc.

Montreal school for "Young Ladies [teaches] Plain and Fancy Needle-Work, English Grammar, Writing, Arithmetic, Frh. Grammar [and] DANCING"

Editorial links excessive number of taverns with such crimes as theft and riot, as well as families reduced to begging and prostitution

Letter to editor hopes "every friend to humanity will now come forward[...]to free this country from the growing evil of street begging"

"Severe" examination of current state of dentistry, pointing out dentists' "neglect," aims to "heighten your ideas of its utility"

Montreal Florist Society offers prizes for methods of preventing caterpillar damage, mildew damage and "Black or Turnip-Fly"

R. Quirouet of Côte Déléry, Quebec "makes and distills all sorts of Creams, Liqueurs and Cordials for wholesale and exportation" and retail

In best-of-three one-mile heats at Chambly Race Course, Mr. Rawlin's mare takes on 1st, Capt. Blake's mare Sally and 2nd, Blake's mare Jane

English furniture for sale includes cane "sophas," mahogany and cane chairs, "wash hand stands compleat," portable desks etc.

Print: "View of Long's Farm on Lake Temiscouata at the extremity of the Portage(....)" between Rivière-du-Loup, L.C. and Edmundston, New Brunswick

Upper Canada

Assembly agrees to "deliberate upon the expediency of further continuing the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act"

Persons suffering war damage should report to commanding officer at one of five locations around province to apply for compensation

With return of people who left U.C. during war, call comes to enforce "An act for better securing this Province against all seditious attempts"

Those who "prescribe for sick persons or practice physic, surgery or midwifery" (except female midwives) must get Board of Surgeons licence

Kinaybicoinini, Aisaince and Misquuckkey are promised £4,000 plus "one Pepper Corn" yearly rent for ca. 250,000 acres west of Lake Simcoe

Letter says Kingston has "central position, commodious harbour and [commerce with] Lower Canada," U.C. and U.S.A., but needs improvements

Proposal for Kingston school supported by $10 shares allowing subscribers to send one child per share with 10% discount in school fee

For sale: "Webster's Spelling Books, Murray's Grammar, and a Great Variety of Books for Children"

Montreal Gazette hopes Kingston - Prescott steamboat heralds links from Montreal to Upper Canada, which is seen as future continental emporium

Lake Ontario 4 ft. higher than normal and perhaps highest since 1784, with water also higher in Lake Erie and Ohio and Mississippi rivers

Kingston expresses gratitude for "indefatigable zeal, consummate prudence and incessant exertions" of Commodore J.L. Yeo during recent war

Militia members (officers and men) are to receive 6 months pay for their "important and meritorious services[...]during the late war"

Andrew Jackson is to assist establishing posts at Green Bay, Wisconsin River, Prairie du Chein and St. Anthony Falls to keep peace with Canada

Tailor new in Kingston will make greatcoat and surtout, lady's pelice, or "Habit and Riding Dress" for £1 5/-, and pantaloons for 12/6

Trick rider will perform "Surprizing Feats of Activity" including picking up small objects and dancing while riding horse at full speed

Nova Scotia

"Much, yea, very much depends instrumentally on their upbringing" - Baptist ministers offer advice on raising children

Thomas Jefferson learns plaster of Paris is quarried along coast of head of Bay of Fundy and brought to water's edge for $1/ton

Halifax bridewell is to be for, among others, "stubborn servants, apprentices and children" and anyone shirking their own or family's support

Letter says "negroes have grown up under a system of oppression and cruelty" leaving them "depressed and debased below their natural level"

Letter to editor says freed Blacks brought to Halifax in war will be hard to assimilate "for their minds are debased by slavery" "After giving them Liberty[....]" Acadian Recorder (July 22, 1815), pg. 3 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025

Inquest on person-of-colour Nancy Stevenson's body hears she was beaten to death "by and in the presence of" 10 people (7 of them are jailed)

Newspaper editor says coming trial "will determine whether a Free Press may exist in these Provinces" and if people may enjoy British rights

Newspaper editor mocks both people "cajoled into admiration of any idol" and "the faint tinklings of their drowsy journalists"

Shelburne, which had population of more than 12,000 not 30 years ago, is down to little more than 300 because of prosperity of rival Halifax

Library "has a few New Books" including Walter Scott's "The Lord of the Isles," Waverly and Guy Mannering and Louis Bonaparte'sMaria

Someone with letter for England has just missed ship departure when Indigenous man takes it and walks across Halifax harbour ice to ship

"Confectionary and Pastry Ware-House" sells raisins (3 kinds), figs (2 kinds), almonds and walnuts plus "500 bottles superior Mushroom Catchup"

Side-by-side ads show breadth of commerce: green olives (10 shillings per gallon) and seal oil (by pipe, hogshead, barrel or gallon)

Defeated at Waterloo, Bonaparte is rumoured to have been taken to Newfoundland, which Halifax editor believes "is likely to prove true"

Hoped-for cattle showings, "country sports and rustic simplicity" at Windsor Fair are drowned out by noisy and drunk city people

Spoof of men's clubs invites "strangers having an elastic indian-rubber-conscience" to join "the Rebel Shark's-Spear lodge of Hod Fellows"

New Brunswick

Dead judge's adult unmarried daughters are left unprovided for, and their education has not "prepared them for the trials they [will] undergo"

"Notorious" Catharine Here is sentenced to 20 lashes for stealing one gentleman's clothes, and for stealing another's watch, branding on hand

Newfoundland

MP Newport seeks to limit U.S. encroachment in Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries, which ship 1 million quintals worth £2.7 million

Since opening in 1814, charitable Newfoundland Hospital has treated 200 "distressed persons," but patients must now pay 3s/day "for Diet"

Court of Sessions orders "all dogs[...]at large in or about[...]St. John's be forthwith destroyed" because of widespread rabies

Charity sells religious books, including "that excellent summary of Christian truth and[...]practical devotion, 'The Book of Common Prayer'"

Fishery workers, "very lowest order of society," make lots of money and then spend winter in "dissipation, drunkenness, debauchery" etc.

In "Court of Oyer and Terminer," man found guilty of knowingly receiving stolen watch chain is sentenced to 14 years transportation

Unusually severe winter creates 1 foot thick ice in St. John's harbour, requiring sawing of channel to admit vessels

Red River

Selkirk's Red River prospectus reports 50–60 Europeans in main settlement and 2–3 detached settlements of formerly wandering Canadians

Selkirk's analysis of effect of North West Company domination of Europeans and Indigenous people in Red River region and elsewhere

Elsewhere

Merchant in Mackinac regrets traders bring whiskey "before the Indians have been[...]fully satisfied as to the mode of their future dependance"

Work pressure sends St. Joseph man into melancholy, writing farewell letter, hiding in woods for week, and seeming "to be in great trouble"

Instructing Indigenous peoples in HBC territory might have "a prospect of more extensive success" than elsewhere in British North America

Hudson Bay Indigenous people are "mild, affable, and charitable," but also "cunning, overreaching, and thieves" (Note: "savages" used)

Out of self-interest, "a certain association of Fur-traders" have said Red River farming is not possible, and people there are cruelly treated

Mackenzie River fur trader suggests "the natives have taken a dislike to the whites" is possible reason so few fur pelts have been brought in

References

References

1. (31 December 2015). "George III". Royal Household.
2. Gwyn, Richard J.. (2007–2011). "John A. : the man who made us : the life and times of John A. Macdonald". Random House Canada.
3. "Washington, February 18; Proclamation," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150323&printsec=frontpage (March 23, 1815)] pg. 2 of 4. See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-03-02-2742 John Quincy Adams letter] on final negotiations before treaty signing, and [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/167/issues/34664/pages/247813 assessment] of treaty (1st column "Extract of a note to Messrs.[....]"), and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661115 editorial comment] (pg. 4, left column bottom) that "the halcyon calm of peace has succeeded to the bustling scenes of war and[...]News is consequently become an obsolete word." Accessed 29 April 2025
4. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t6b291v3q&seq=36 "Concluding Remarks"] A Compendious History of the Late War[....] (1815), pgs. 31–2. Accessed 28 May 2025
5. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-09-02-0650 "To James Madison from John Quincy Adams"] (September 27, 1815), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 28 May 2025
6. "Quebec; Thursday, June 15, 1815; The Peace Establishment[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269781 June 15, 1815] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269798 description] (pg. 2, 2nd column bottom) of tense atmosphere between U.S. troops at Detroit and British (plus 500 Indigenous fighters) at Sandwich. Accessed 15 May 2025
7. "Quebec; Thursday, April 20, 1815; The Montreal Herald[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269764 April 20, 1815] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
8. William Claus's words of condolence (April 24, 1815) quoted in Paul Williams and Curtis Nelson, [https://data2.archives.ca/rcap/pdf/rcap-639.pdf "Kaswentha"] (frames 53 and 245), Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Accessed 23 May 2025
9. Tekarihoken's address at Burlington council (April 26, 1815) quoted in Paul Williams and Curtis Nelson, [https://data2.archives.ca/rcap/pdf/rcap-639.pdf "Kaswentha"] (frames 250, 251), Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Accessed 26 May 2025
10. Red Jacket's address at Niagara council (September 1, 1815) quoted in Paul Williams and Curtis Nelson, [https://data2.archives.ca/rcap/pdf/rcap-639.pdf "Kaswentha"] (frame 254), Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Accessed 26 May 2025
11. John Norton [https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?idnumber=6258811&app=fonandcol&ecopy=e011845730 letter] (April 18, 1815), Library and Archives Canada. See also [https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?idnumber=6258814&app=fonandcol&ecopy=e011845732 character report] favouring Norton. Accessed 23 May 2025
12. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-09-02-0326 Letter of James Madison] (May 24, 1815), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 28 May 2025
13. "Quebec; Thursday, June 8, 1815; We are happy to observe[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269778 June 8, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
14. "August 28; Treaty with America," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150914&printsec=frontpage (September 14, 1815)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 2nd column). Accessed 30 April 2025
15. "Quebec, January 3, 1815; Crowds of great[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661104 (January 3, 1815)] pg. 7 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 9 May 2025.
16. "Extracts from D. Anderson's Canada," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661104 (January 3, 1815)] pg. 5 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also excerpts on [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661105 inhabitants] (pg. 3) and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661106 agriculture] (pg. 3), with further excerpts in subsequent issues. Accessed 9 May 2025.
17. "London, Aug. 21," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661146 (October 24, 1815)] pg. 5 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 May 2025.
18. "Quebec; Thursday, November 2, 1815; In regard to national interests[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269828 November 2, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 May 2025
19. [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.29597/7 "Advertisement"] ''American Encroachments on British Rights'' (1808/1815), frame 7. Accessed 1 May 2025
20. [https://www.primarysourcecoop.org/publications/jqa/document/jqadiaries-v29-1815-09-p313--entry14 "14 September 1815"] John Quincy Adams Digital Diary, Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed 28 May 2025
21. "Boston, March 17," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150511&printsec=frontpage (May 11, 1815)] pg. 1 of 4 (lefthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 29 April 2025
22. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-08-02-0184 John Strachan to Thomas Jefferson] (January 30, 1815). Accessed 15 March 2020
23. "Sutherlandshire" Acadian Recorder (October 28, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=902&Page=201113595 pg. 3] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. See also [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=910&Page=201113624 letter] (3rd column) with more details of immigrants to Pictou and [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/books/mrs09.pdf Red River prospectus] (frames 111–12) describing situation of evicted Scots. Accessed 8 May 2025
24. [https://archive.org/details/cihm_90197/page/n4/mode/1up "British Provinces in North America; Liberal Encouragement by his Majesty's Government to Settlers inclined to proceed from Great Britain and Ireland(....)] (February 22, 1815), University of Alberta Libraries. See also [https://archive.org/details/cihm_90194/page/n4/mode/1up details] of settlement offer. Accessed 1 May 2025
25. "Proclamation" (April 25, 1815), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269766 April 27, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
26. "Quebec, November 28, 1815; A Proclamation has appeared[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661151 (November 28, 1815)] pg. 6 (right column bottom), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 May 2025.
27. Joseph Bouchette, [http://www.upperstjohn.com/maps/1815Bouchette.htm "A Plan of the Route from Halifax to the River du Loup(....)"] (1815; note: BANQ URL on Upper St. John River Valley site is not functional, but map is on Toronto Public Library site). Accessed 21 May 2025
28. Robert Easton, "Reasons for Joy and Praise; A Sermon, Preached April 6, 1815 [in Montreal]" (1815), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t4mk7b44v&seq=14 pg. 10] Accessed 28 May 2025
29. "Montreal, March 4," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661114 (March 7, 1815)] pg. 6 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 May 2025.
30. "For the Gazette," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269751 March 9, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
31. "Provincial Bank," The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928716 February 11, 1815] pg. 2 (5th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 May 2025
32. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-encourage-and-diffuse-practice-vaccine-inoculation-25th-march-1815 An Act to encourage and diffuse the practice of Vaccine Inoculation] (March 25, 1815), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. See also [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44702/5 bilingual instructions] for inoculation and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269747 report] (pg. 2, 4th column) that smallpox "has lately made considerable ravages" near Quebec City. Accessed 28 April 2025
33. "Mr. McAllister, Surgeon[....]" (September 18, 1815), The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661142 (September 19, 1815)] pg. 3 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 May 2025.
34. Charles Stewart, [https://digitalarchiveontario.ca/objects/345408/a-short-view-of-the-present-state-of-the-eastern-township-in?idx=143# "Short View of the Present State of the Eastern Townships in the Province of Lower-Canada(....)"] (1815), pg. 5 (frame 3), Toronto Public Library. Accessed 21 May 2025
35. "Quebec; Thursday, February 16, 1815; A most atrocious deed[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269747 February 16, 1815] pg. 2 (3rd column bottom), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 May 2025
36. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-grant-annuity-such-militia-men-were-wounded-during-late-war-united-states-america An Act to grant an annuity to such Militia-men as were wounded during the late war with the United States of America, and to apply a sum of money therein mentioned, to aid and assist His Majesty in defraying the expenses of the Militia incurred during the said War, and also to indemnify certain Officers of Militia and the Families of such Militiamen as were killed in the said war] (March 25, 1815), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 28 April 2025
37. [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.25842/5 "Adjutant General's Office, Quebec, 7th June, 1815; General Orders"] See also [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.42263/13 advice] to place soldiers (who do not generally make good farmers) under direction "of a few intelligent Farmers" and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661114 editorial] (pg. 7) claiming "the Canadas furnish a wide field for industry as well as for war." Accessed 1 May 2025
38. "Quebec; Thursday, March 16, 1815; It is rumoured[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269753 March 16, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269755 letter] (pg. 2, 1st column bottom) suggesting creation of zone along U.S. border at least 10 miles wide where settlement is prohibited. Accessed 14 May 2025
39. "Quebec; Thursday, June 15, 1815; The Saragossa Transport[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269781 June 15, 1815] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269787 brief note] (pg. 3, 1st column centre) that troops arrive daily from upcountry to board transports. Accessed 15 May 2025
40. "Montreal has good reason[....]," The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928714 January 28, 1815] pg. 2 (5th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 May 2025
41. "We understand, that John Molson[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661154 (December 19, 1815)] pg. 5 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 May 2025.
42. "The free school[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661112 (February 21, 1815)] pg. 7 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269841 editorial] (pg. 2, 2nd column) on progress of Quebec Free School. Accessed 9 May 2025.
43. "Communication," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269841 December 28, 1815] pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 May 2025
44. "Mrs. & Mr. Holland[....]," The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3112602 February 25, 1815] pg. 4 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 May 2025
45. "Quebec; Thursday, December 14, 1815; The number of Taverns[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269837 December 14, 1815] pg. 3, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 May 2025
46. "Mr. Editor[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661113 (February 28, 1815)] pg. 6 (left and centre columns), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269748 opinion piece] (pg. 3, 2nd column) promoting houses of industry in Montreal and Quebec, and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661114 letter] (pg. 2) opposing spending public money on paupers. Accessed 9 May 2025.
47. [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.55138/8 "Introduction"] The Summum Bonum (August 29, 1815), pg. (i; Image 8). Accessed 1 May 2025
48. "Montreal Florist Society" (March 22, 1815), The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928723 April 8, 1815] pg. 1 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 May 2025
49. "Cordial Distillery" (June 12, 1815), The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661130 (June 27, 1815)] pg. 7, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 May 2025.
50. "Sporting Intelligence," The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928730 May 27, 1815] pg. 3 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 May 2025
51. "Just received from London[....]" (June 26, 1815), The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661130 (June 27, 1815)] pg. 5, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://collections.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/164501/no-title?idx=22 sofa] (Montreal, 1810–15). Accessed 12 May 2025.
52. [https://digitalarchiveontario.ca/objects/355650/view-of-longs-farm-on-lake-temiscouata-at-the-extremity-o?idx=4 "View of Long's Farm, on Lake Temiscouata, at the Extremity of the Portage"] (1815), Toronto Public Library. Accessed 21 May 2025
53. "Upper-Canada," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269755 March 23, 1815] pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
54. "Military Secretary's Office[....]" (July 29, 1815), Kingston Gazette (July 18, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096897p0001f.pdf pg. 1] Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 20 May 2025
55. "Upper Canada" (May 16, 1815), Kingston Gazette (July 18, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096894p0003f.pdf pg. 3] Kingston Frontenac Public Library. See also [https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/McGillLibrary-rbsc_lc_statistical-account-canada_lande00277-v2-16589/rbsc_lc_statistical-account-canada_lande00277-v2.pdf circular letter] (pg. 427; frame 465) ordering local officials to send in names of aliens, whether "preachers, schoolmasters, practitioners in medicine, pedlars, or labourers." Accessed 20 May 2025
56. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-licence-practitioners-physic-and-surgery-throughout-province-passed-14th-march-1815 An Act to Licence Practitioners in Physic and Surgery throughout this Province] (March 14, 1815), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. See also [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096914p0003f.pdf letter] (1st column top) from midwife ("female accoucheur") defending herself from criticism that she lacks "a large fund of learning" by saying she is "a pretty skilful operator [earning a] scanty pittance." Accessed 28 April 2025
57. [https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370372152585/1581293792285#ucls15 Lake Simcoe Treaty, No. 16] Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Accessed 29 May 2025
58. "Communication," Kingston Gazette (December 30, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096918p0002f.pdf pg. 2] (4th column), Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 21 May 2025
59. "For the Kingston Gazette" (November 16, 1815), The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661152 (December 5, 1815)] pg. 4 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also details of proposal on following page. Accessed 13 May 2025.
60. "Just Received," Kingston Gazette (November 7, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096910p0004f.pdf pg. 4] Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 21 May 2025
61. "The great utility of Steam Boats[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269830 November 16, 1815] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also editorial (in same column) regarding political destiny of Great Lakes region. Accessed 16 May 2025
62. "Montreal, July 1st; We learn from Upper-Canada[....]," The Quebec Mercury [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661131 (July 4, 1815)] pg. 5 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269775 Buffalo report] that Lake Erie has risen 3 ft. in 3 years. Accessed 12 May 2025.
63. "Montreal, March 25, 1815; To Sir James Lucas Yeo, Kt.," Acadian Recorder (May 13, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=876 pg. 1] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 6 May 2025
64. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-granting-his-majesty-certain-sum-money-uses-incorporated-militia-province-and-other An Act granting to His Majesty a certain sum of Money for the uses of the Incorporated Militia of this Province, and other purposes therein mentioned] (March 14, 1815), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 28 April 2025
65. [https://www.loc.gov/resource/maj.01035_0310_0319/?st=gallery "Alexander James Dallas to Andrew Jackson"] (May 22, 1815), Image 2, Library of Congress. Accessed 29 May 2025
66. "The Subscriber" (May 25, 1815), Kingston Gazette (June 5, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096889p0004f.pdf pg. 4] Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 19 May 2025
67. "Horsemanship," Kingston Gazette (June 20, 1815), [https://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/kfpl/KFPL000096891p0003f.pdf pg. 3] Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 20 May 2025
68. "Circular Letter," Minutes of the Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick Association, Held at the Baptist Meeting House, in Cornwallis, June 26th, and 27th, 1815, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_01498_6/6 pg. 6] Acadia University. Accessed 30 April 2025
69. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-09-02-0050 "Thomas Jefferson's Notes on a Conversation with Henry Dearborn"] (October 7, 1815), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 28 May 2025
70. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-establishing-bridewell-or-house-correction-county-halifax-and-better-and-more An Act for Establishing a Bridewell, or House of Correction, for the County of Halifax, and for the better and more effectual administration of the Office of a Justice of the Peace in the Township of Halifax, and for providing a Police Office in the said Town, with proper officers to attend the same] (1815), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 28 April 2025
71. "For the Recorder" (December 27, 1815), Acadian Recorder (December 30, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=911&Page=201113628 pg. 2] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 May 2025
72. "The Recorder; Saturday Morning, February 4, 1815; Coroner's Inquests," Acadian Recorder (February 4, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=862&Page=201113437 pg. 3] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 5 May 2025
73. "Liberty of the Press," Acadian Recorder (April 29, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=874 pg. 1] Nova Scotia Archives. See also [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=876&Page=201113493 editor thanking people] (2nd column, bottom) for their support during his sentence. Accessed 5 May 2025
74. "The Recorder; Saturday Morning, January 14, 1815," Acadian Recorder (January 14, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=859&Page=201113424 pg. 2] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 5 May 2025
75. "To the Editor of the Recorder; Shelburne, N.S. 13th August, 1815," Acadian Recorder (August 26, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=885&Page=201113555 pg. 3] (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
76. "The New Circulating Library" (July 8, 1815), Acadian Recorder (September 30, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=897 pg. 1] (4th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
77. "The Recorder; Saturday Morning, February 4, 1815; Lewy the Indian," Acadian Recorder (February 4, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=862&Page=201113437 pg. 3] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 5 May 2025
78. "New Fruit" Acadian Recorder (November 25, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=905 pg. 1] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 May 2025
79. "Green Olives" and "Seal Oil," Acadian Recorder (July 8, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=884&Page=201113526 pg. 4] (lower left corner), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
80. "Halifax: Saturday Morning, Aug. 26; The rumour[....]" Acadian Recorder (August 26, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=892&Page=201113555 pg. 3] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
81. "Windsor Fair!" Acadian Recorder (October 28, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=901&Page=201113591 pg. 3] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 May 2025
82. "Oh! Oh! Oh!" Acadian Recorder (July 8, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=885&Page=201113529 pg. 2] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
83. "Judge Ward Chipman to Sir John Wentworth" (1815), [https://ia601305.us.archive.org/12/items/winslowpapersad100raymuoft/winslowpapersad100raymuoft.pdf ''Winslow Papers; A. D. 1776–1826''] (1901), pg. 696 (frame 718). See also Wentworth letter (pg. 698; frame 720) explaining lack of Judge Winslow legacy caused by his government salary not matching his very large family's expenses "in locations peculiarly expensive." Accessed 28 May 2025
84. "St. Johns, N. B. Sept. 19," Acadian Recorder (September 30, 1815), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=897&Page=201113575 pg. 3] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 May 2025
85. [https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1815-06-15/debates/22a48590-6a8c-44f9-a383-0d1d39cd7170/MotionRespectingTheNewfoundlandFisheries "Motion Respecting The Newfoundland Fisheries"] (June 15 1815), Hansard, U.K. Parliament. See also [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=885&Page=201113528 editorial] (lower right corner) on encroachment. Accessed 28 April 2025
86. "Newfoundland Hospital" (September 21, 1815), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150921&printsec=frontpage (September 21, 1815)] pg. 2 of 4 (righthand page). See also [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18151005&printsec=frontpage public meeting record] (pg. 2 of 2, righthand page, columns 2–3) that Army and Navy surgeons supplied "their counsel and assistance in many difficult cases." Accessed 30 April 2025
87. "St. John's Newfoundland," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269775 June 1, 1815] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 May 2025
88. "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge" (September 14, 1815), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150921&printsec=frontpage (September 21, 1815)] pg. 2 of 4 (lefthand page, 2nd column). Accessed 30 April 2025
89. "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, March 2, 1815; Mr. Ryan,[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150302&printsec=frontpage (March 2, 1815)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). Accessed 29 April 2025
90. "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, September 21, 1815; On Monday the 11th[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150921&printsec=frontpage (September 21, 1815)] pg. 2 of 4 (righthand page, 1st column). Accessed 30 April 2025
91. "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, February 23, 1815; Hitherto the winter[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18150223&printsec=frontpage (February 23, 1815)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). Accessed 28 April 2025
92. "Ossiniboia" (1815?), ''The Collected Writings of Lord Selkirk; 1810–1820'' (frame 107), Manitoba Historical Society. Accessed 26 May 2025
93. "A Sketch of the British Fur Trade" (1815), ''The Collected Writings of Lord Selkirk; 1810–1820'' (frame 144), Manitoba Historical Society. Accessed 26 May 2025
94. [https://archive.org/details/JohnAskinPapersVolume2/page/n791/mode/2up Letter of John Askin, Jr.] (May 1, 1815), ''The John Askin Papers; Volume II: 1796-1820'' (1931), pg. 780. Accessed 26 May 2025
95. [https://archive.org/details/JohnAskinPapersVolume2/page/n797/mode/2up Letter of Madelaine Askin] (August 4, 1815; translation with French original), ''The John Askin Papers; Volume II: 1796-1820'' (1931), pgs. 787-90. Accessed 11 May 2025
96. "Proposal of Mr. Harrison for the Application of Part of the Funds of the New England Company within the Territories of the Hudson's Bay Company [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.64515/4 pg. (3)] Accessed 30 April 2025
97. [[James Hingston Tuckey]], "In their persons the Indians[....]," [https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/344468/maritime-geography-and-statistics-or-a-description-of-the?idx=30# ''Maritime Geography and Statistics(....), Vol. IV''] (1815), pg. 82 (PDF frame 89), Toronto Public Library. Accessed 1 May 2025
98. [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.42921/30 "Appendix A"] Ossiniboia (1815?), pg. (25; frame 30). Accessed 1 May 2025
99. [https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/nwc/data/Mftp/0012/5_tei2web/Pg052.html Letter to Roderick Mackenzie] (March 6, 1815), Page #51 of 94), McGill University. See also [https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/nwc/data/Mftp/0033/5_tei2web/Pg122.html another Mackenzie trader] saying "the Returns these Years" have sunk to unmentionable degree. Accessed 27 May 2025