1812 Caracas earthquake

Tectonic setting

Northern Venezuela lies across the complex boundary between the Caribbean plate and the South American plate. The main motion between these two plates is lateral, with South America moving relatively westwards relative to the Caribbean plate, but these is also a component of shortening with South America moving northwards relative to the Caribbean plate. To the west of Venezuela, the Caribbean plate is subducting beneath the South American plate along the South Caribbean Deformed Belt. The lateral motion is accommodated by a series of dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults, of which the Oca-Ancón fault system and the Boconó-San Sebastián-El Pilar fault system are the most important. The Boconó Fault trends SW-NE until it reaches the coast and links with the Oca-Ancón fault system, continuing coast parallel as the San Sebastián Fault. The Boconó-San Sebastián-El Pilar fault system is the most seismically active structure in Venezuela.

Earthquake

The precise details of the earthquake sequence remain uncertain. There is evidence of two separate sub-events, one to the southwest and another with an epicentre just offshore near Caracas. It is unclear which of these two events came first, or whether there was a significant time gap between them. One sub-event ruptured the northeasternmost segment of the Boconó Fault, with an estimated magnitude of 7.4 while the second sub-event ruptured the San Sebastián Fault offshore Caracas, with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 .

Response

The destruction in Caracas was so widespread that the Gazeta de Caracas suggested founding a new capital city in "the beautiful [...] Catia where pure air may be breathed".

Since the earthquake occurred on Maundy Thursday while the Venezuelan War of Independence was raging, it was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as "the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake" which "confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel". This prompted the widely quoted answer of Simón Bolívar: "If Nature is against us, we shall fight Nature and make it obey".

The first international assistance received by Venezuela in response to the earthquake came from the United States, "...when the congress convened in Washington decreed unanimously the sending of five ships loaded with flour, to the coasts of Venezuela to be distributed among the most indigent of its inhabitants."{{Cite book |author-link=Alexander von Humboldt

References

References

1. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
2. (2000). "Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and its Offshore Regions". United States Geological Survey.
3. (2018). "Earthquake geology of the last millennium along the Boconó Fault, Venezuela". Tectonophysics.
4. "Nacimiento de una nación; Terremoto de 1812".
5. "Birth of a World: Bolivar in Terms of His Peoples". Book by Waldo David Frank, p. 55, 1951.
6. Fitz, Caitlin. "Our Sister Republics: The United States in an Age of American Revolutions".