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180th meridian

Line of longitude

A map of the Earth with the Pacific Ocean in the centre, with a vertical red line running the full height just west of the Bering Strait and east of New Zealand. — The 180th meridian on the map of Earth

The International Date Line zigzags around the 180th Meridian

The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian 180° both east and west of the prime meridian in a geographical coordinate system. The longitude at this line can be given as either east or west. On Earth, the prime and 180th meridians form a great ellipse that divides the planet into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.

Locations

The antimeridian passes mostly through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean but also runs across land in Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica. An important function of this meridian is its use as the basis for the International Date Line, which snakes around national borders to maintain date consistency within the territories of Russia, the United States, Kiribati, Fiji and New Zealand.

Starting at the North Pole of the Earth and heading south to the South Pole, the 180th meridian passes through:

Coordinates
(approximate)	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Arctic Ocean	North Pole
		Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Wrangel Island
	Chukchi Sea
		Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
	Bering Sea
	Amchitka Pass	Passing just east of Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska, (at )
	Pacific Ocean	Passing just east of Nukulaelae atoll, (at )
Passing just west of the island of Cikobia-i-Lau, (at )
		Islands of Vanua Levu, Rabi, Korolevu, and Taveuni
	Pacific Ocean	Passing just east of the island of Moala, (at )
Passing just west of the island of Totoya, (at )
Passing just east of the island of Matuku, (at )
	Southern Ocean
	Antarctica	Ross Dependency, claimed by
	Antarctica	Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, South Pole

The meridian also passes between (but not particularly close to):

through the Aleutian Island chain of US territory
the Gilbert Islands and the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati
North Island and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand
the Bounty Islands and the Chatham Islands, also of New Zealand

The only places where roads cross this meridian are in Fiji and Russia. Fiji has several such roads and some buildings very close to it. Russia has three roads in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Fiji: https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/-16.7989/180 https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=14/-16.5080/180 Russia: https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=19/65.25781/180 https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/66.64105/180 https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/68.95880/180

Software representation problems

Many geographic software libraries or data formats project the world to a rectangle; very often this rectangle is split exactly at the 180th meridian. This often makes it non-trivial to do simple tasks (like representing an area, or a line) over the 180th meridian. Some examples:

The GeoJSON specification strongly suggests splitting geometries so that neither of their parts cross the antimeridian.
In OpenStreetMap, areas (like the boundary of Russia) are split at the 180th meridian.
QGIS may present lines and polygons in a wrapped way if they cross the 180th meridian.
In Google Maps, navigation is not possible within the Taveuni island, Fiji, if crossing the 180th meridian, only if staying on one side of it.

Notes

References

The word ''antimeridian'' can also mean the meridian opposite to any given meridian. E.g. [[20th meridian west. 20° west]] is the antimeridian of [[160th meridian east. 160° east]].
"What is longitude?".
(2016). "RFC 7946 – The GeoJSON Format".

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

meridians-(geography) pacific-ocean

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