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1804 French constitutional referendum

Plebiscite establishing Napoleon as Emperor

Plebiscite establishing Napoleon as Emperor

A referendum concerning the establishment of the French Empire was held in France in June 1804. The result showed a virtually unanimous French electorate approving the change in Napoleon Bonaparte's status from First Consul to Emperor of the French, although the votes are assumed to have been manipulated.

Background

The plebiscite, provided for by article 142 of the Sénatus-consulte, relates to the question of the imperial succession as defined in the Constitution of 1804, which established the First Empire. The vote was public, permitting neither blank votes nor invalid ones.

Results

The counting of the votes ended in 2 August and the results were announced in 6 November. A coronation ceremony was held a month later, on 2 December.{{Referendum

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References

References

  1. [https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=fr011804 Frankreich, ??. Juni 1804 : Napoleon als erblicher Kaiser]. Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy
  2. Tierney, Stephen. (2012). "Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation". OUP Oxford.
  3. Rosner, Lisa. (2015). "A Short History of Europe, 1600-1815: Search for a Reasonable World". Routledge.
  4. Nolan, Cathal J.. (2017). "The Allure of Battle: A History of how Wars Have Been Won and Lost". Oxford University Press.
  5. "Référendum 1804, Empire, France, MJP, université de Perpignan".
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