1268

Events

By topic

War and politics

• February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.
• April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.
• August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.
• October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.
• King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.
• The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.
• New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.
• Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.

Culture

• Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.
• The carnival in Venice is first recorded.
• In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.
• The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).

By place

Asia

• May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.
• The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
• Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.
• An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.
• The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.

Births

• April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)
• Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)
• Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)
• Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1329)
• Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher

Deaths

• May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)
• July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice
• August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy
• October 29
  • Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. 1252)
  • Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (b. 1249)
• November 29 – Pope Clement IV
• December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia
• date unknown
  • Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily
  • Henry de Bracton, English jurist

References

References

1. Parppei, Kati M. J.. (2017). "The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"". BRILL.
2. Finlay, George. (1854). "History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII". W. Blackwood and Sons.
3. Small, Carola M.. (2004). "Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia". Routledge.
4. Tucker, Spencer C.. (2010). "A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East". ABC-CLIO.
5. (1994). "The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest". University of Michigan Press.
6. Madgearu, Alexandru. (2016). "The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280)". BRILL.
7. Möller, Arnold Wilhelm. (1822). "Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte". Schulz u. Wundermann.
8. Dean, Trevor. (2000). "The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages". Manchester University Press.
9. Setton, Kenneth Meyer. (1976). "The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries". American Philosophical Society.
10. Zirpolo, Lilian H.. (2009). "The A to Z of Renaissance Art". Scarecrow Press.
11. McNeill, William H.. (2009). "Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797". University of Chicago Press.
12. Oliver, Garrett. (2012). "The Oxford Companion to Beer". Oxford University Press, USA.
13. "Kolárovo city, Slovakia".
14. Bradbury, Jim. (2004). "The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare". Routledge.
15. Curtis Wright, David. (2013). "Debating War in Chinese History". BRILL.
16. (2002). "Sources of Japanese Tradition". Columbia University Press.
17. Walford, Cornelius (1879) ''The famines of the world: past and present'' London, page 55, {{OCLC. 38724391
18. Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) ''Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk'' Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, {{ISBN. 0-444-41076-7
19. (2007). "Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes". Infobase Publishing.
20. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden. (2010). "One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet". BRILL.
21. Delph, Ronald K.. (2007). "Encyclopedia of World History". Infobase Publishing.
22. Renna, Thomas. (2006). "Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia". Routledge.
23. Hu, Wen. (2017). "Encyclopedia of Chinese History". Taylor & Francis.
24. Juhász, Gergely M.. (2014). "Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context". BRILL.
25. Neville, Robert C.. (2001). "Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project". State University of New York Press.
26. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. (1841). "Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". Charles Knight.
27. Hazlitt, William Carew. (1860). "History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization". Smith, Elder & Co.
28. Cox, Eugene L.. (2015). "The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe". Princeton University Press.
29. Quatriglio, Giuseppe. (2005). "A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons". Legas / Gaetano Cipolla.
30. (2016). "The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court". BRILL.
31. (2015). "The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture". Vilnius Academy of Arts Press.
32. (1964). "The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras". Mouton.
33. Bracton, Henry de. (2010). "Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third". Cambridge University Press.