11 (number)

Name

"Eleven" derives from the Old English ęndleofon, which is first attested in Bede's late 9th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People. from the prefix *aina- (adjectival "one") and suffix *-lifa-, of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian vienúolika, though -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19.

The Old English form has closer cognates in Old Frisian, Saxon, and Norse, whose ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainlifun. This was formerly thought to be derived from Proto-Germanic *tehun ("ten"); it is now sometimes connected with *leikʷ- or *leip- ("left; remaining"), with the implicit meaning that "one is left" after counting to ten.

Mathematics

11 is a prime number, and a super-prime. 11 forms a twin prime with 13, and sexy pair with 5 and 17. 11 is also the first prime exponent that does not yield a Mersenne prime. 11 is part of a pair of Brown numbers. Only three such pairs of numbers are known. Rows in Pascal's triangle can be seen as representation of powers of 11.

Geometry

An 11-sided polygon is called a hendecagon, or undecagon. A regular hendecagon is the polygon with the fewest number of sides that is not able to be constructed with a straightedge, compass, and angle trisector.

The Mathieu group \mathrm{M}{11} is the smallest of twenty-six sporadic groups. It has order 7920 =2^{4}\cdot3^{2}\cdot5\cdot11 = 8\cdot9\cdot10\cdot11, with 11 as its largest prime factor. \mathrm{M}{11} is the maximal subgroup Mathieu group \mathrm{M}_{12}, where 11 is also its largest prime factor.

List of basic calculations

Music

The interval of an octave plus a fourth is an 11th. A complete 11th chord has almost every note of a diatonic scale.

Cultural references

Film

In the mockumentary film "This Is Spinal Tap", the idiomatic phrase up to eleven is coined to allude to going beyond typical limits, in this case guitar amplifier volume levels.

"Eleventh hour"

Being one hour before 12:00, the eleventh hour means the last possible moment to take care of something, and often implies a situation of urgent danger or emergency (see Doomsday clock). "The eleventh hour" is a phrase in the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard in the Bible.

Eleventh Night

Main article: Eleventh Night

In Protestant communities in Northern Ireland, bonfires are lit to mark the eve of Protestant William III of England's victory over the Catholic James II of England at the Battle of the Boyne.

Languages

While 11 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English, German, or Swedish, and some Latin-based languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French, it is the first compound number in many other languages: Chinese 十一 shí yī, Korean 열하나 yeol hana or 십일 ship il.

In Basque, hamaika, "11", also means "a lot".

Mysticism

The number 11 (alongside its multiples 22 and 33) are master numbers in numerology, especially in New Age.

Religion

In the Bible, Joseph has 11 brothers.

Science

The Solar cycle is a periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity.

References

References

1. [[Bede]], ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Eccl. Hist.]]'', Bk. V, Ch. xviii.
2. (2013). "Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic". Brill.
3. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "eleven, ''adj.'' and ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891.
4. {{Cite OEIS. A001359. Lesser of twin primes.
5. "Brocard's Problem".
6. (1965). "More on Pascal's Triangle and powers of 11". The Mathematics Teacher.
7. Gleason, Andrew M.. (1988). "Angle trisection, the heptagon, and the triskaidecagon". [[Taylor & Francis, Ltd]].
8. "Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia".
9. Sharp, Damian. (2001). "Simple Numerology: A Simple Wisdom book (A Simple Wisdom Book series)". Red Wheel.