1,3-Butanediol

Production and uses

Hydrogenation of 3-hydroxybutanal gives 1,3-butanediol: :CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO + H2 → CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2OH Dehydration of 1,3-butanediol gives 1,3-butadiene: :CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2OH → CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2O

Pharmacology

1,3-Butanediol has sedative, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic action comparable to ethanol, with the (R), also known as (D), enantiomer being more active. Fatty acid esters of 1,3-butanediol such as the acetoacetate, lactate or hexanoate have been researched for inducing ketogenesis.

Occurrence

1,3-Butanediol has been detected in green bell peppers, orange bell peppers, pepper (Capsicum annuum), red bell peppers, and yellow bell peppers. 1,3 Butanediol, | quote = Also referred to as 1,3-Butylene glycol, maintains FDA GRAS status as a flavor molecule.

References

References

1. (2000). "Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol".
2. "1,3 Butylene Glycol". Parchem Fine & Specialty Chemicals.
3. (November 1975). "Nutritional application and implication of 1,3-butanediol". Federation Proceedings.
4. (Nov 1975). "Nutritional application and implication of 1,3-butanediol". Fed Proc.
5. (June 2023). "A short-chain carbonyl reductase mutant is an efficient catalyst in the production of (R)-1,3-butanediol". Microbial Biotechnology.
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7. (February 1981). "Effects of acute and chronic 1,3-butanediol treatment on central nervous system function: a comparison with ethanol". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
8. (2023). "An open-label, acute clinical trial in adults to assess ketone levels, gastrointestinal tolerability, and sleepiness following consumption of (''R'')-1,3-butanediol (Avela™)". Frontiers in Physiology.
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12. (2023). "A randomized, open-label, parallel pilot study investigating metabolic product kinetics of the novel ketone ester, bis-hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol, over one week of ingestion in healthy adults". Frontiers in Physiology.
13. (2023). "A randomized, open-label, cross-over pilot study investigating metabolic product kinetics of the palatable novel ketone ester, bis-octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol, and bis-hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol ingestion in healthy adults". Toxicology Research and Application.
14. (July 2024). "Exogenous ketone esters as a potential therapeutic for treatment of sarcopenic obesity". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology.
15. (2024). "Preparation and Preclinical Characterization of a Simple Ester for Dual Exogenous Supply of Lactate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
16. "Metabocard for 1,3-Butanediol". Human Metabolome Database.
17. "FDA GRAS for 1,3 Butanediol for flavoring CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21".