WD40 repeat

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Short protein motif that forms a solenoid domain

title: "WD40 repeat" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public description: "Short protein motif that forms a solenoid domain" topic_path: "uncategorized" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD40_repeat" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Short protein motif that forms a solenoid domain ::

| Symbol = WD40 | Name = WD domain, G-beta repeat | image = 1erj 7bladed beta propeller.png | width = | caption = Ribbon diagram of the C-terminal WD40 domain of Tup1 (a transcriptional corepressor in yeast), which adopts a 7-bladed beta-propeller fold. Ribbon is colored from blue (N-terminus) to red (C-terminus). | Pfam = PF00400 | Pfam_clan = CL0186 | InterPro = IPR001680 | SMART = | PROSITE = PDOC00574 | SCOP = 1gp2 | TCDB = | CDD = cd00200 | OPM family = | OPM protein = | PDB = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The WD40 repeat (also known as the WD or beta-transducin repeat) is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Tandem copies of these repeats typically fold together to form a type of circular solenoid protein domain called the WD40 domain.

Structure

WD40 domain-containing proteins have 4 to 16 repeating units, all of which are thought to form a circularised beta-propeller structure (see figure to the right). The WD40 domain is composed of about 40 to 60 amino acids with a glycine and histidine dipeptide near the N-terminus and a tryptophan and aspartic acid dipeptide most commonly at the C-terminus. Two variable regions are present. The repeats typically form a four-stranded anti-parallel beta sheet or blade. These blades come together to form a propeller with the most common being a seven-bladed beta propeller. The blades interlock so that the last beta strand of one repeat forms with the first three of the next repeat to form the 3D blade structure.

Function

WD40-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control, autophagy and apoptosis. The underlying common function of all WD40-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid scaffold for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are G proteins (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), TAFII transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase.

Examples

According to the initial analysis of the human genome WD40 repeats are the eighth largest family of proteins. In all 277 proteins were identified to contain them. Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:

::data[format=table title="Human WDR genes and associated diseases"] | WDR gene | other gene names | NCBI Entrez Gene ID | Human disease associated with mutations | |---|---|---|---| | WDR1 | AIP1; NORI-1; HEL-S-52 | 9948 | | | WDR2 | CORO2A; IR10; CLIPINB | 7464 | | | WDR3 | DIP2; UTP12 | 10885 | | | WDR4 | TRM82; TRMT82 | 10785 | | | WDR5 | SWD3; BIG-3; CFAP89 | 11091 | | | WDR6 | | 11180 | | | WDR7 | TRAG; KIAA0541; Rabconnectin 3 beta | 23335 | | | WDR8 | WRAP73 | 49856 | | | WDR9 | BRWD1; N143; C21orf107 | 54014 | | | WDR10 | IFT122; CED; SPG; CED1; WDR10p; WDR140 | 55764 | Sensenbrenner syndrome | | WDR11 | DR11; HH14; BRWD2; WDR15 | 55717 | Kallmann syndrome | | WDR12 | YTM1 | 55759 | | | WDR13 | MG21 | 64743 | | | WDR14 | GNB1L; GY2; FKSG1; WDVCF; DGCRK3 | 54584 | | | WDR15 | WDR11 | | | | WDR16 | CFAP52; WDRPUH | 146845 | | | WDR17 | | 116966 | | | WDR18 | Ipi3 | 57418 | | | WDR19 | ATD5; CED4; DYF-2; ORF26; Oseg6; PWDMP; SRTD5; IFT144; NPHP13 | 57728 | Sensenbrenner syndrome, Jeune syndrome | | WDR20 | DMR | 91833 | | | WDR21 | DCAF4; WDR21A | 26094 | | | WDR22 | DCAF5; BCRG2; BCRP2 | 8816 | | | WDR23 | DCAF11; GL014; PRO2389 | 80344 | | | WDR24 | JFP7; C16orf21 | 84219 | | | WDR25 | C14orf67 | 79446 | | | WDR26 | CDW2; GID7; MIP2 | 80232 | | | WDR27 | | 253769 | | | WDR28 | GRWD1; CDW4; GRWD; RRB1 | 83743 | | | WDR29 | SPAG16; PF20 | 79582 | | | WDR30 | ATG16L1; IBD10; APG16L; ATG16A; ATG16L | 55054 | Crohn’s disease | | WDR31 | | 114987 | | | WDR32 | DCAF10 | 79269 | | | WDR33 | NET14; WDC146 | 55339 | | | WDR34 | DIC5; FAP133; SRTD11 | 89891 | Jeune syndrome | | WDR35 | CED2; IFTA1; SRTD7; IFT121 | 57539 | Sensenbrenner syndrome | | WDR36 | GLC1G; UTP21; TAWDRP; TA-WDRP | 134430 | Primary Open Angle Glaucoma | | WDR37 | | 22884 | | | WDR38 | | 401551 | | | WDR39 | CIAO1; CIA1 | 9391 | | | WDR40A | DCAF12; CT102; TCC52; KIAA1892 | 25853 | | | WDR41 | MSTP048 | 55255 | | | WDR43 | UTP5; NET12 | 23160 | | | WDR44 | RPH11; RAB11BP | 54521 | | | WDR45 | JM5; NBIA4; NBIA5; WDRX1; WIPI4; WIPI-4 | 11152 | Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) | | WDR46 | UTP7; BING4; FP221; C6orf11 | 9277 | | | WDR47 | NEMITIN; KIAA0893 | 22911 | | | WDR48 | P80; UAF1; SPG60 | 57599 | | | WDR49 | | 151790 | | | WDR50 | UTP18; CGI-48 | 51096 | | | WDR52 | CFAP44 | 55779 | | | WDR53 | | 348793 | | | WDR54 | | 84058 | | | WDR55 | | 54853 | | | WDR56 | IFT80; ATD2; SRTD2 | 57560 | Jeune syndrome | | WDR57 | SNRNP40; SPF38; PRP8BP; HPRP8BP; PRPF8BP | 9410 | | | WDR58 | THOC6; BBIS; fSAP35 | 79228 | | | WDR59 | FP977 | 79726 | | | WDR60 | SRPS6; SRTD8; FAP163 | 55112 | Jeune syndrome | | WDR61 | SKI8; REC14 | 80349 | | | WDR62 | MCPH2; C19orf14 | 284403 | microcephaly | | WDR63 | DIC3; NYD-SP29 | 126820 | | | WDR64 | | 128025 | | | WDR65 | CFAP57; VWS2 | 149465 | Van der Woude syndrome | | WDR66 | CaM-IP4 | 144406 | | | WDR67 | TBC1D31; Gm85 | 93594 | | | WDR68 | DCAF7; AN11; HAN11; SWAN-1 | 10238 | | | WDR69 | DAW1; ODA16 | 164781 | | | WDR70 | | 55100 | | | WDR71 | PAAF1; PAAF; Rpn14 | 80227 | | | WDR72 | AI2A3 | 256764 | Amelogenesis imperfecta | | WDR73 | HSPC264 | 84942 | | | WDR74 | | 54663 | | | WDR75 | NET16; UTP17 | 84128 | | | WDR76 | CDW14 | 79968 | | | WDR77 | p44; MEP50; MEP-50; HKMT1069; Nbla10071; p44/Mep50 | 79084 | | | WDR78 | DIC4 | 79819 | | | WDR79 | WRAP53; DKCB3; TCAB1 | 55135 | | | WDR80 | ATG16L; ATG16B | 89849 | | | WDR81 | CAMRQ2; PPP1R166 | 124997 | cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome-2 | | WDR82 | SWD2; MST107; WDR82A; MSTP107; PRO2730; TMEM113; PRO34047 | 80335 | | | WDR83 | MORG1 | 84292 | | | WDR84 | PAK1IP1; PIP1; MAK11 | 55003 | | | WDR85 | DPH7; RRT2; C9orf112 | 92715 | | | WDR86 | | 349136 | | | WDR87 | NYD-SP11 | 83889 | | | WDR88 | PQWD | 126248 | | | WDR89 | MSTP050; C14orf150 | 112840 | | | WDR90 | C16orf15; C16orf16; C16orf17; C16orf18; C16orf19 | 197335 | | | WDR91 | HSPC049 | 29062 | | | WDR92 | MONAD | 116143 | | | WDR93 | | 56964 | | | WDR94 | AMBRA1; DCAF3 | 55626 | | | WDR96 | CFAP43; C10orf79 | 80217 | | ::

References

References

  1. (June 2000). "Structure of the C-terminal domain of Tup1, a corepressor of transcription in yeast". EMBO J..
  2. (September 1994). "The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins". Nature.
  3. (May 1999). "The WD40 repeat: a common architecture for diverse functions". Trends Biochem. Sci..
  4. (December 2001). "WD-repeat proteins: structure characteristics, biological function, and their involvement in human diseases". Cell. Mol. Life Sci..
  5. (May 2010). "WD40 proteins propel cellular networks.". Trends Biochem. Sci..
  6. (February 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". Nature.

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