Tarokoid languages
Branch of the Plateau language family spoken in central Nigeria
title: "Tarokoid languages" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["tarokoid-languages", "plateau-languages"] description: "Branch of the Plateau language family spoken in central Nigeria" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarokoid_languages" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Branch of the Plateau language family spoken in central Nigeria ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox language family"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Tarokoid |
| altname | Plateau VII |
| region | Nigeria |
| familycolor | Niger-Congo |
| fam2 | Atlantic–Congo |
| fam3 | Benue–Congo |
| fam4 | Central Nigerian (Platoid) |
| fam5 | Plateau |
| glotto | taro1265 |
| glottorefname | Tarokoid |
| :: |
|name=Tarokoid |altname=Plateau VII |region=Nigeria |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=Atlantic–Congo |fam3=Benue–Congo |fam4=Central Nigerian (Platoid) |fam5=Plateau |glotto=taro1265 |glottorefname=Tarokoid
The five Tarokoid languages are a branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria, just north of the middle reaches of the Benue River. Tarok itself has 300,000 speakers, with Pe and Sur about 5,000 each. Yangkam is severely endangered, being spoken by around fifty elderly men.
The Tarokoid languages have significantly influenced the Ron languages and later Ngas, but not the other West Chadic languages of Tel, Goemai, Mupun, and Mwaghavul. Most borrowed words went from Tarok to Chadic, although occasionally Chadic words were also borrowed into Tarok. Today, Tarok remains the lingua franca of the southern Plateau region of Nigeria.
Classification
The only language with significant data is Tarok. Pe (Pai) has been placed in various branches of Plateau, and Kwang (Kwanka) was only recently added, but it now seems clear that the following five languages belong together. The classification below follows Blench (2004).
|label1=Tarokoid |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Tarok (Yergam) |2=Pe (Pai) |2=Yangkam (Bashar) |2={{clade |1=Sur (Myet, Tapshin) |2=Kwang (Kwanka) |3=Shall-Zwall
Names and locations
Below is a list of Tarokoid language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).
::data[format=table]
| Language | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarok | iTarok (Plain Tarok), iZini (Hill Tarok), Səlyər, iTarok Oga aSa, iGyang | iTarok | Appa, Yergam, Yergum | Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs | |||||
| Yangkam | Yaŋkam | Bashiri | Basharawa | [20,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin)]. Ethnic population given; these groups now speak only Hausa. As of 1996, there were likely fewer than 400 speakers, all over 40 years old. | Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs, Bashar town | ||||
| :: |
Reconstruction
Reconstructed Proto-Tarokoid forms proposed by Longtau (2016):
::data[format=table]
| Gloss | Proto-Tarokoid |
|---|---|
| to burn | *bi-ʃi |
| head | *iki-ʃi |
| tongue | *iki-lerem ~ *iti-lem |
| to monger iron | *kɨ-la |
| bed | *iki-ler |
| tail | *iku-ʃol |
| hyena | *mmu-tuŋ |
| duiker | *in-tep |
| guinea fowl | *iru-nshyok |
| ladder | *n-kwaŋ |
| fonio | *iti-ʃi |
| head-pad | *ati-kat |
| knee | *itu-kuruŋ |
| bone | *atu-kubi |
| corpse | *atu-kum |
| skin | *a-tukwa |
| heart | *itun-rum |
| money | *igi-ʧam |
| fruit bat | *igi-gyak |
| husband | *u-rom |
| termite | *i-ʃum |
| hunger | *y-yɔŋ |
| :: |
Footnotes
References
- Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
References
- Longtau, Selbut. (25–26 March 2004). "Some Historical Inferences from Lexical Borrowings and Traditions of Origins in the Tarokoid/Chadic Interface". Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg.
- Blench, Roger. 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Tarokoid/Tarokoid-subclassification.pdf Tarok and related languages of east-central Nigeria].
- Blench, Roger. 2023. ''[https://www.academia.edu/102454393/The_Pe_language_of_Central_Nigeria_and_its_affinities The Pe language of Central Nigeria and its affinities]''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- Blench, Roger. (2019). "An Atlas of Nigerian Languages". Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- Longtau, Selbut. (1–3 September 2016). "A comparative morphology of non-productive Tarok affixes and stems for suggested Proto-Tarokoid reconstruction of some lexemes". Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique (LLACAN).
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::