Purian languages

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Extinct Brazilian language group

title: "Purian languages" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["purian-languages", "language-families", "extinct-languages-of-south-america", "indigenous-languages-of-eastern-brazil"] description: "Extinct Brazilian language group" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purian_languages" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Extinct Brazilian language group ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox language family"]

FieldValue
namePurian
altnamePuri-Coroado
regionEast Brazil
familycoloramerican
glottopuri1261
glottorefnamePuri–Coroado
mapPuri languages.png
mapcaptionMap of Purian and Macro-Jê languages
ethnicityPuri people
extinctlate 19th century
child1Puri–Coroado
child2?Waitaká
child3?**
familyOne of the world's primary language families
::

| name = Purian | altname = Puri-Coroado | region = East Brazil | familycolor = american | glotto = puri1261 | glottorefname = Puri–Coroado | map = Puri languages.png | mapcaption = Map of Purian and Macro-Jê languages | ancestor = | glottoname = | notes = | ethnicity = Puri people | extinct = late 19th century | child1 = Puri–Coroado | child2 = ?Waitaká | child3 = ?** | family = One of the world's primary language families

The Purian languages are a pair of extinct languages, or dialects of a singular language, of eastern Brazil:

Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, was added by Loukotka (1935), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).

Purian was initially part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification. Coroado and Puri are mutually intelligible with each other, and they are no longer regarded as being in the Macro-Jê family.

The Waitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family, but this is not confirmable as no linguistic information was recorded.

Geographical distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna, São Paulo). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in Minas Gerais.

Internal classification

Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:

  • Coroado
    • Maritong
    • Cobanipake
    • Tamprun
    • Sasaricon
  • Puri
    • Sabonan
    • Wambori
    • Shaynishuna

Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages:

Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:

Puri:

Coroado:

  • Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio
  • Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
  • Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River
  • Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Puri !! Coroado !! Koropó |- ! one | omi || shombiuan || ipáĩn |- ! two | kuriri || chiri || alinkrin |- ! three | || pátapakon || patepakon |- ! tongue | an-gué || topé || pitao |- ! foot | cha-peré || txa-peré || cham-brim |- ! fire | pothe || poté || ké |- ! tree | mpó || ambó || mebm |- ! jaguar | paüan || pauan || |- ! house | ngguára || guar || sheume |- ! white | begotara || katáma || guatháma |}

Proto-language==

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms. Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for Puri, Coroado, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided.

:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! no. !! English gloss (translated) !! Portuguese gloss (original) !! Proto-Purian !! Puri !! Coroado !! Koropó |- | 1 || water || água || *yaman || yaman || yaman || |- | 2 || you (sg.) || você || *gá || || gá || gá |- | 3 || tapir || anta || *painan || penán || painá || |- | 4 || here || aqui || *kará || || kará || kra |- | 5 || tree || árvore || *mpó || mpo || ãmpo || |- | 6 || drink || beber || *mpa || mpa || pa || |- | 7 || mouth || boca || *čore || čore || čore || šore, čore |- | 8 || hair || cabelo || *ké || ke || gué || iče, ke |- | 9 || head || cabeça || *kwe || kwe || ke || |- | 10 || eat || comer || *maše || paše || maše || makšina, maše |- | 11 || finger || dedo || *šapere || šabrera || šapere || |- | 12 || day || dia || *opé || opé || ope || |- | 13 || tooth || dente || *če || uče || če || |- | 14 || star || estrela || *yuri || šuri || yuri || dzuri, yuri |- | 15 || arrow || flecha || *apon || apon || apon || |- | 16 || fire || fogo || *poté || poté || poté || |- | 17 || cat || gato || *šapé || || šapi || šapé |- | 18 || brother || irmão || *čatay || šatã || čatay || šatay, čatay |- | 19 || daughter || filha || *šampe || šampe-mpayma || šãpe || boema |- | 20 || leaf || folha || *čope || dzoplé || čope || čupe |- | 21 || man || homem || *kwayman || kuayma, hakorema || kwayman || kwayman |- | 22 || moon || lua || *petara || petara || petara || |- | 23 || mother || mãe || *ayan || ayan || ayan || ayan |- | 24 || maize || milho || *makπ || makπ || makπ || |- | 25 || hand || mão || *šapore || kore, šapeprera || šapore, kokor¤e || |- | 26 || mountain || monte || *pré || pré || pre || pré |- | 27 || large mountain || monte grande || *pré-heroyma || pré deka || pré-heroyma || pré-heroyma |- | 28 || much, very || muito || *purika || prika || purika || |- | 29 || woman || mulher || *poyman || mpayma || poyman || boeman |- | 30 || nose || nariz || *ni || ni || yẽ || |- | 31 || boy || menino || *šapoma || || šapona || šapoma |- | 32 || night || noite || *miriponan || miriponan || maripoyan || merĩdan |- | 33 || eye || olho || *merĩ || miri || merĩ || šwarĩ |- | 34 || ear || orelha || *pepéna || bipina || pepéna || |- | 35 || father || pai || *are || are || uaré || |- | 36 || bird || pássaro || *šipu || šipu || šapu || |- | 37 || foot || pé || *čapere || šaprera || čapere || čamprĩ |- | 38 || feather || pluma || *pé || šipupé || pe || |- | 39 || pig || porco || *šorã || sotanšira || šorã || |- | 40 || river || rio || *rorá || mñama róra || yamã rora || kwã |- | 41 || sun || sol || *opé || opé || ope || |- | 42 || afternoon || tarde || *tušahi || tošora, tušahi || šare || |- | 43 || earth || terra || *oše || guašé, ušó || oše || |- | 44 || trunk || tronco || *pranü || pon-réna || põ pranü || |- | 45 || wind || vento || *džota || džota || nan dota || narã dzota |- | 46 || belly || ventre, barriga || *tikĩ || tikĩ || tekĩ || ičĩ |- | 47 || herb, plant, grass || erva, planta, capim || *šapuko || šapúko, spangué || šapuko || šapuka |}

However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían. Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê (Maxakalían branch).

References

Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

References

  1. Campbell, Lyle. (2024). "The indigenous languages of the Americas: history and classification". Oxford University Press.
  2. Ramirez, Henri. (2015-09-26). "Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas.
  3. (2020). "Puri-Coroado". [[Glottolog]] 4.3.
  4. Campbell, Lyle. (2024). "The indigenous languages of the Americas: history and classification". Oxford University Press.
  5. Dixon, Robert M. W.. (1999). "The Amazonian languages". Cambridge university press.
  6. Mason, John Alden. (1950). "Handbook of South American Indians". [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143.
  7. Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). "Classification of South American Indian languages". UCLA Latin American Center.
  8. Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von. (1863). "Glossaria linguarum brasiliensium. Glossarios de diversas lingoas e dialectos, que fallao os Indios no imperio do Brazil. Wörtersammlung brasilianischer sprachen". Erlangen, Druck von Junge & Sohn.
  9. Eschwege, Wilhelm Ludwig von. 2002. ''Journal do Brasil 1811-1817''. Belo Horizonte: Fundação João Pinheiro.
  10. Torrezão, Alberto Noronha. 1889. "[https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Atorrezao-1889-puri/torrezao_1889_puri.pdf Vocabulario puri]". ''[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Revista_trimensal_do_Instituto_Historico.html Revista trimensal do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brazileiro]'', Rio de Janeiro, t. LII, parte Ia, pp.511-514.
  11. Marlière, Guido Thomaz. 1906. "Escritos avulsos, correspondência" ''Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro'', Belo Horizonte, Ano X, fascículos III e IV, pp. 383-668.
  12. Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. ''Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais''. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
  13. Silva Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva. 2007. ''[https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2328 Revisão da classificação da família lingüística Puri]''. M.A. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  14. Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. ''[http://etnolinguistica.org/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo]''. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.

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purian-languageslanguage-familiesextinct-languages-of-south-americaindigenous-languages-of-eastern-brazil