Polypodiaceae

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Family of ferns

title: "Polypodiaceae" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["polypodiaceae", "fern-families", "epiphytes", "taxa-named-by-carl-borivoj-presl"] description: "Family of ferns" topic_path: "general/polypodiaceae" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiaceae" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Family of ferns ::

| name = Polypodiaceae | image = PolypodCarpet.jpg | image_caption = Pleopeltis polypodioides fronds on an oak limb | taxon = Polypodiaceae | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text | synonyms =

  • Drynariaceae Ching 1978
  • Grammitidaceae Newman 1840
  • Gymnogrammitidaceae Ching 1966
  • Loxogrammaceae Ching ex Pichi-Sermolli 1975
  • Platyceriaceae Ching 1940
  • Pleurisoriopsidaceae Kurita & Ikebe ex Ching 1978

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.

Description

Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.

Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).

Taxonomy

Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below.

An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae. The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, ; for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae. The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily".

Subfamilies

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the division of the Polypodiaceae into six subfamilies, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae. |label1=Polypodiaceae |1={{clade |1=Loxogrammoideae Schneid. 2011 |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975 |2={{Clade |1=Platycerioideae Nayar 1970 |label2=Microsoroideae |2={{Clade |1=Thylacoptereae Chen & Schneider 2019 |2={{Clade |1=Goniophlebieae Chen & Schneider 2019 |2={{Clade |1=Lecanopterideae Chen & Schneider 2019 |2={{Clade |1=Microsoreae Tu 1981 |2=Lepisoreae Ching ex Hennipman, Veldhoen & Kramer 1990 |2={{Clade |1=Polypodioideae Sweet 1826 |2={{Clade |1=Campyloneuroideae Zhang & Wei 2022 |2={{Clade |1=Adetogrammoideae Zhang & Wei 2022 |2={{Clade |1=Serpocauloideae Zhang & Wei 2022 |2=Grammitidoideae Link 1841

The subfamilies are treated as tribes in other systems. Mabberley, in 2008, treated all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae (Platycerium and Pyrrosia) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae, as the subfamily Polypodioideae, which he then divided into six tribes, four of which correspond to PPG I subfamilies (Drynarieae, Loxogrammeae, Microsoreae and Polypodieae) and others of which have been submerged (Selligueeae, now within Drynarioideae, and Lepisoreae, now within Microsoroideae). Other systems also treat the subfamilies as tribes. The equivalence is shown in the following table. ::data[format=table]

PPG IChristenhusz & Chase (2014)
Family Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.PreslSubfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar
Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid.Tribe Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.NayarTribe Platycerieae Christenh.
Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & MickelTribe Drynarieae Chandra
Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.NayarTribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
Subfamily Polypodioideae SweetTribe Polypodieae Hook. & Lindl. ex Duby
Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue
::

Phylogeny

In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the "(=)" prefix are considered to be synonyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera.

|1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Loxogrammoideae |1={{clade |1=Dictymia |2=Loxogramme |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Platycerioideae |1={{clade |2=Pyrrosia |1={{clade |1=Hovenkampia |2=Platycerium |label2=Microsoroideae |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Thylacoptereae |1=Thylacopteris |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Goniophlebieae |1=Goniophlebium |2={{Clade |1={{clade |1={Lecanopterideae} |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Microsoreae |1={{clade |1=Microsorum |2={{clade |1=Microsorum species-group 2 |2=Leptochilus |2={Lepisoreae} |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Drynarioideae |1={{clade |1=Syngramma |2={{clade |1=Drynaria |2=Selliguea |2={{Clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={Polypodioideae} |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Campyloneuroideae |1={{clade |1=Microgramma |2={{clade |1=Niphidium |2=Campyloneurum |2={{Clade |1={{clade |label1=Adetogrammoideae |1=Adetogramma |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1=Serpocauloideae |1=Serpocaulon |2={Grammitidoideae} |targetA ={Lecanopterideae} |subcladeA={{Clade |label1 =Lecanopterideae |1={{Clade hidden |id=1 |mode=left |1=Bosmania |2={{Clade |1=Dendroconche |2={{Clade |1=Zealandia |2=Lecanopteris |targetB ={Lepisoreae} |subcladeB={{Clade |label1 =Lepisoreae |1={{Clade hidden |id=2 |mode=left |1=Paragramma |2={{Clade |1=Ellipinema |2={{Clade |2=Lepisorus |1={{Clade |1=Lemmaphyllum |2={{Clade |1=Neolepisorus |2={{Clade |1=Tricholepidium |2={{Clade |1=Neocheiropteris |2=Lepidomicrosorium |targetC ={Polypodioideae} |subcladeC={{Clade |label1 =Polypodioideae |1={{Clade hidden |id=3 |mode=left |1={{Clade |1=Pleurosoriopsis |2=Polypodium |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Phlebodium |2=Pecluma |2=Pleopeltis |targetD ={Grammitidoideae} |subcladeD={{Clade |label1 =Grammitidoideae |1={{Clade hidden |id=4 |mode=left |1={{Clade |1=Terpsichore |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Parrisia |2=Adenophorus |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Lomaphlebia |2=Grammitis species-group 2 |2={{Clade |1=Cochlidium |2=Grammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Leucotrichum |2=Alansmia |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Enterosora |2=Ceradenia |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Ascogrammitis |2={{Clade |1=Mycopteris |2={{Clade |1=Galactodenia |2={{Clade |1=Melpomene |2={{Clade |1=Stenogrammitis |2=Lellingeria |2={{Clade |1=Moranopteris |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Chrysogrammitis |2={{Clade |1=Rouhania |2=Nanogrammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Archigrammitis |2={{Clade |1=Oxygrammitis |2=Xiphopterella |2={{Clade |1=Dasygrammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Micropolypodium |2=Calymmodon |2={{Clade |1=Devolia |2={{Clade |1=Scleroglossum |2={{Clade |1=Boonkerdia |2=Tomophyllum |2={{Clade |1=Aenigmatogrammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Ctenopterella |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Grammitastrum |2={{Clade |1=Thalassogrammitis |2={{Clade |1=Howeogrammitis |2=Grammitis species-group 4 |2=Notogrammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Calligrammitis |2=Oreogrammitis species-group 2 |2=Glabrigrammitis |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Prosaptia nutans |2={{Clade |1=Oreogrammitis flavovirens |2={{Clade |1=Archigrammitis species-group 2 |2=Prosaptia |2=Oreogrammitis

References

References

  1. (2020). "Exploring phylogeny of the microsoroid ferns (Polypodiaceae) based on six plastid DNA markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  2. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science.
  3. (2022). "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL".
  4. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany.
  5. (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa.
  6. Mabberley, D.J.. (2008). "Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses". Cambridge University Press.
  7. (1961). "Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India". Nature.
  8. "''Dryopteridaceae'' Herter". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  9. PPG I. (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution.
  10. (2008). "Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes". Cambridge University Press.
  11. (2014). "Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  12. (2019). "Phylogenetic and Morphological Analyses Support the Resurrection of ''Dendroconche'' and the Recognition of Two New Genera in Polypodiaceae Subfamily Microsoroideae". Systematic Botany.

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