Ixodes

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Genus of ticks

title: "Ixodes" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["ixodes", "ixodidae", "acari-genera", "taxa-named-by-pierre-andré-latreille"] description: "Genus of ticks" topic_path: "general/ixodes" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of ticks ::

| fossil_range = | image = Ixodus ricinus 5x.jpg | image_caption = Ixodes ricinus, engorged | taxon = Ixodes | authority = Latreille, 1795 | type_species = Acarus ricinus | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision = 274 extant, 2 extinct, see text. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Ixodes_hexagonus_(aka).jpg" caption="''[[Ixodes hexagonus]]''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Ixodes_pacificus.tif" caption="''[[Ixodes pacificus]]''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/IxodesRicinus2048.jpg" caption="''[[Ixodes ricinus]]''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Adult_deer_tick(cropped).jpg" caption="''[[Ixodes scapularis]]''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Ixodes_uriae_1876_-_detail.jpg" caption="''[[Ixodes uriae]]''"] ::

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.

Ecology and distribution

Ixodes species have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found across all major biogeographic realms, including Antarctica, being found on seabirds and in penguin rookeries. The genus parasitises a wide range of mammal, bird and reptile hosts across the world, although rodents and passerine birds are the most common hosts, especially in the Americas.

Description and systematics

Ixodes is the sole representative of the Prostriata clade of the Ixodidae. Prostriate ticks are distinguished from the Metastriata with reference to the position of the anal groove. In Ixodes species, the groove loops anterior to the anus, whereas in Ambloymma, for example, the groove is positioned posterior to the anus. Ixodes species are small to medium-sized ticks, with a usually pyriform (pear-shaped) or ovate body profile. Mouthparts are anterior in both sexes, but usually long and slender in females, and short in males. Males have sclerotised adanal plates. Ixodes species are eyeless.

|label1 = Ixodidae |1 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = {{clade |label1 = Prostriata |1 = Ixodes |label2 = Metastriata |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Robertsicus |label2 = |2 = {{clade |label1 = Amblyocephalus |1 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Amblyomma |label2 = |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Dermacentor |label2 = |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Rhipicentor |label2 = |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Hyalomma |label2 = |2 = Rhipicephalus |label3 = |3 = |label2 = Haematobothrion |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Cryptocroton |label2 = |2 = Bothriocroton |label2 = |2 = {{clade |label1 = |1 = Archaeocroton |label2 = |2 = Alloceraea |label3 = |3 = Haemaphysalis

Taxonomy

Ixodes contains 274 species. Classification, recognition and phylogenetic resolution of the Ixodes subgenera is ongoing. As many as 24 subgenera have been recognised by different authors. All are included here for completeness.

Subgenera

  • Afrixodes Morel, 1966
  • Alloixodes Černý, 1969
  • Amerixodes Morel, 1998
  • Australixodes Barker & Barker et al., 2023
  • Ceratixodes Neumann, 1902
  • Coxixodes Schulze, 1941**
  • Endopalpiger Schulze, 1935
  • Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1853
  • Exopalpiger Schulze, 1935
  • Filippoviella Apanaskevich, Greiman, Fedorov, Ahmed & Barker
  • Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford, 1967
  • Indixodes Morel, 1998
  • Ixodes Latreille, 1795
  • Ixodiopsis Filippova (1957)
  • Lepidixodes Schulze, 1935
  • Monoindex Emelyanova & Kozlovskaya, 1968
  • Multidentatus Neumann, 1904
  • Partipalpiger Hoogstraal et al., 1973
  • Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942
  • *Pomerantzevella *Feider, 1965
  • Scaphixodes Schulze, 1941
  • Sternalixodes Schulze, 1935
  • Trichotoixodes Reznik, 1961
  • Xiphixodes Schulze, 1941

Species

Fossil Species

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Ixodes_antiquorum.png" caption="Fossil species ''Ixodes antiquorum'' from Burmese amber (~99 Ma)"] ::

Three fossil species of Ixodes are known from amber deposits ranging from the Cretaceous to the Eocene:

Notes

Additional Readings

Refer to the following external links for recent changes to *Ixodes *taxonomy:

References

References

  1. (2009). "Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of ''Ixodes'' Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil". [[Systematic Parasitology]].
  2. (1984). "The Ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida)". [[University of California Press]].
  3. (2007). "Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  4. (2023-02-21). "Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events". Parasites & Vectors.
  5. (2023-03-08). "Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia". Zootaxa.
  6. (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa.
  7. (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa.
  8. (2021-09-20). "The development of tick taxonomy and systematics in Australia and Papua New Guinea through the works of five late 20th century contributors and with comments on the place of Australasia in the study of the phylogeny and evolution of the ticks". Systematic and Applied Acarology.
  9. (2022-08-01). "Rediscovery of Ixodes confusus in Australia with the first description of the male from Australia, a redescription of the female and the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five species of Ixodes". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.
  10. (2023-08-10). "A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences". Zootaxa.
  11. Morel, P. C. (1966). Sur quelques larves d'Ixodes Latreille, 1796, d'Afrique (Acariens, Ixodoidea). ''Acarologia'', ''8'', 208-221.
  12. Cerny, V. (1969). Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. ''Folia Parasitologica (PRAHA)'', ''16'', 279-284.
  13. Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F., & Morel, P. C. (1998). The ticks of the world (Acarida, Ixodida): nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution.
  14. (2023-08-10). "A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences". Zootaxa.
  15. Neumann, L.G., 1902. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 15:125–130
  16. Schulze, P., 1935. Zur vergleichenden anatomie der zecken. (Das sternale, die mundwerkzeuge, analfurchen und analbeschilderung, ihre bedeutung, ursprünglichkeit und luxurieren.). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und ¨Okologie der Tiere 30, 1–40
  17. Frauenfeld, G. (1853). Eschatocephalus gracilipes. ''Verhandlungen des KK''.
  18. Filippova, N. A.. (2010-09-01). "Uncommon zoogeographical connections in the subgenus Exopalpiger Schultze of the genus Ixodes Latreille (Acari, Ixodidae)". Entomological Review.
  19. (2024-04-22). "A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia". Zootaxa.
  20. [https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?id=100406 IRMNG: ''Haemixodes'' Kohls & Clifford 1967]
  21. (2024-04-22). "A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia". Zootaxa.
  22. Filippova, IN. A. 1957. Ixodes stromi, new species of tick and its systematic position in Ixodinae. Zool. Zh.36: 864-869 (in Russian, with English summary [English translation: NAMRU-3-T69]).
  23. (1987-05-01). "Ixodes (Ixodiopsis) woodi (Acari: Ixodidae): Description of the Larva and Redescription of the Nymph". Journal of Medical Entomology.
  24. (1973-05-15). "Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
  25. Filippova NA. 1977. Ixodid Ticks of the Subfamily Ixodinae. Leningrad: Izd. Nauka, 393 pp. (In Russian)
  26. Emelyanova, N. D., & Kozlovskaya, O. L. (1968). ''A NEW SPECIES AND SUBGENUS OF THE GENUS IXODES LATR. (PARASITIFORMES, IXODIDAE) FROM THE FAR EAST OF U.S.S.R''.
  27. Neumann, L.G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodidés. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444–464.
  28. (1973-04-25). "Ixodes (Partipalpiger) Ovatus Neumann, Subgen. Nov.: Identity, Hosts, Ecology, and Distribution (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)1". Journal of Medical Entomology.
  29. (2023-04-21). "Molecular characterisation of three Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) species (Ixodida, Ixodidae) and the first record of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) kaiseri from Slovakia". ZooKeys.
  30. (1973-05-15). "Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
  31. Feider, Z. 1965. Acaromorpha Superfamilia Ixodoidea. In Fauna Republicii Populare Romane, Arachnida vol. 4:1-406
  32. Schulze, P.. (1941). "Das Geruchsorgan Der Zecken. Untersuchungen Über Die Abwandlungen Eines Sinnesorgans Und Seine Stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere.
  33. Reznik, P.A., 1961. Contribution to study of immature stages of the tick family Ixodidae. Communication six. Description of Ixodes frontalis Panz. larvae and nymphs and Ixodes redikorzevi Ol. larvae. Tr. Nauchno-Issled. Protivochumnogo Inst. Kavk. Zakavk. 5, 276–286
  34. Schulze, P.. (1941). "Das Geruchsorgan Der Zecken. Untersuchungen Über Die Abwandlungen Eines Sinnesorgans Und Seine Stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere.
  35. Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.. (2024-07-02). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) in Malaysia and Vietnam". Systematic Parasitology.
  36. (2020). "Description of five new species of ''Ixodes'' Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of ''I. luxuriosus'' Schulze, 1935, ''I. steini'' Schulze, 1935 and ''I. zaglossi'' Kohls, 1960, parasites of marsupials, rodents and echidnas in New Guinea Island". Systematic Parasitology.
  37. (2024-11-17). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) in Algeria". Systematic Parasitology.
  38. (2023-12-01). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) and rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) on Madagascar". Systematic Parasitology.
  39. Arthur, Don Ramsay. (1958). "New species of ''Ixodes'' ticks from eastern Africa, with a description of the male and nymph of ''Ixodes oldi'' Nuttall, 1913". Parasitology.
  40. (2019). "''Ixodes barkeri'' n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, ''Tachyglossus aculeatus'', with a revised key to the male ''Ixodes'' of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of ''Ixodes'' known to occur in Australia". Zootaxa.
  41. (1998). "First Records of Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes (Ixodes) dentatus, and Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine". [The American Society of Parasitologists, Allen Press].
  42. (2022-08-01). "Rediscovery of Ixodes confusus in Australia with the first description of the male from Australia, a redescription of the female and the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five species of Ixodes". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.
  43. (2011). "Redescription of the male of ''Ixodes festai'' Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on specimens from Sardinia (Italy)". Parasite.
  44. (2025-09-19). "Updates on subgenus Ixodes in the Mediterranean region: validity of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926, reinstatement of Ixodes tatei Arthur, 1959, and a new species closely related to Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916". International Journal for Parasitology.
  45. (2018). "Description of a new species of ''Ixodes'' Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of ''I. priscicollaris'' Schulze, 1932, parasites of New Guinea rodents (Rodentia: Muridae)". Systematic Parasitology.
  46. (2018). "''Ixodes heathi'' n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a co-endangered tick from the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (''Burramys parvus''), with notes on its biology and conservation". Experimental and Applied Acarology.
  47. (2022). "Identification of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of hog badgers (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in China". Medical and Veterinary Entomology.
  48. (2025-08-27). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and notes on I. spinae Arthur, 1958, parasites of the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis (Pallas) (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) in South Africa". Systematic Parasitology.
  49. (2024-10-14). "Description of Ixodes lanigeri sp. nov., a new hard tick species (Acari, Ixodidae) collected from mouse-eared bats (Vespertilionidae, Myotis) in Vietnam". ZooKeys.
  50. (2013). "A new ''Ixodes'' species (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar". [[Journal of Parasitology]].
  51. (2022-11-01). "A new species of tick, Ixodes (Ixodes) mojavensis (Acari: Ixodidae), from the Amargosa Valley of California". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.
  52. (1983). "Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of ''Ixodes siamensis'' sp. n. and ''Rhipicephalus tetracornus'' sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Tropical Medicine.
  53. (2009). "Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008". [[Experimental and Applied Acarology]].
  54. (2021-01-01). "Ixodes silvanus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a new member of the subgenus Trichotoixodes Reznik, 1961 from northwestern Argentina". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.
  55. (2020-12-01). "Description of three new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasites of tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar". Systematic Parasitology.
  56. (2025-07-19). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of the Mexican spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys irroratus Gray (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Mexico". Systematic Parasitology.
  57. (2022). "A remarkable assemblage of ticks from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Parasitology.
  58. (2016-10-10). "Microtomography of the Baltic amber tick Ixodes succineus reveals affinities with the modern Asian disease vector Ixodes ovatus". BMC Evolutionary Biology.
  59. Weidner H. Eine Zecke, Ixodes succineus sp. n., im baltischen Bernstein. Veröffent Übersee-Mus Bremen. 1964;3:143–51
  60. Dunlop, J.A.. (2011-12-20). "The fate and status of the supposed fossil tick Ixodes tertiarius Scudder, 1885". Acarologia.
  61. Scudder S. H. 1885 — 3. Classe. Arachnoidea. Spinnen. Skorpione. — In: Zittel, K. A. (Ed.) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abtheilung. Palaeozoologie 2. München & Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg. p. 732-746.

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ixodesixodidaeacari-generataxa-named-by-pierre-andré-latreille