Dobermann

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Black and tan dog breed from Germany

title: "Dobermann" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["dog-breeds-originating-in-germany", "fci-breeds"] description: "Black and tan dog breed from Germany" topic_path: "geography/germany" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Black and tan dog breed from Germany ::

::data[format=table title="infobox dog breed"]

FieldValue
nameDobermann
imageDobermann handling.jpg
image_captionAdult bitch, with full ears and tail
altnameDoberman Pinscher
countryGermany
maleweight
femaleweight
maleheight
femaleheight
coatshort
colorblack & rust, red & rust, blue & rust, fawn (Isabella) & rust
kc_nameVDH
kc_stdhttps://www.vdh.de/welpen/mein-welpe/dobermann
fcistdhttp://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf
image_altDob-3ans.jpg
::

| name = Dobermann | nickname = | image = Dobermann handling.jpg | image_caption = Adult bitch, with full ears and tail | altname = Doberman Pinscher | country = Germany | maleweight = | femaleweight = | maleheight = | femaleheight = | coat = short | color = black & rust, red & rust, blue & rust, fawn (Isabella) & rust | kc_name = VDH | kc_std = https://www.vdh.de/welpen/mein-welpe/dobermann | fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf | note = | image_alt = Dob-3ans.jpg

The Dobermann is a German breed of medium-large working dog of pinscher type. It was originally bred in Thuringia in about 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector. It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful gait. The ears were traditionally cropped and the tail docked, practices which are now illegal in many countries.

The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a guard dog or as a companion animal. In Canada and the United States it is known as the Doberman Pinscher.

History

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Doberman_Pinscher_Portrait.jpg" caption="Dobermann, 1909"] ::

Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in Apolda in present-day Thuringia in central Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Dobermann_Pinscher_from_1915.JPG" caption="Dobermann Pinscher, 1915"] ::

The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner. The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's The Dobermann Pinscher (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed. The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.

After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.

During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official war dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.

In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, placed the Dobermann 26th, with new registrations per year. Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with registrations in that year. In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023 the average number of puppies whelped per year in Germany was approximately , representing just over of the average total number of births for all breeds, recorded at slightly more than per year.

Characteristics

The Dobermann is a medium-large dog of pinscher type. Dogs stand some at the withers, with a weight usually in the range ; bitches are considerably smaller, with height and weight ranges of and respectively. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to completion of a working trial.

It was originally intended as a guard dog,{{cite web | publisher = American Kennel Club | url = http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm | title = American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard. | access-date = 4 February 2009 | archive-date = 9 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150209073438/http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm | url-status = live | url=http://www.ckc.ca/en/Files/Forms/Shows-Trials/Breed-Standards/Group-3-Working/DBP-Doberman-Pinscher | title=Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard. | quote=Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement." | access-date=2 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083203/http://www.ckc.ca/en/Files/Forms/Shows-Trials/Breed-Standards/Group-3-Working/DBP-Doberman-Pinscher | archive-date=5 December 2014

Color

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Fawndobermannpincher.webp" caption="Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears" alt="Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Doberman_blue,_purebred_CKC.JPG" caption="Blue Dobermann" alt="Blue Dobermann"] ::

Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (Isabella).{{cite web | url=http://dpca.org/breed/breed_color.htm | publisher=Doberman Pinscher Club of America | title=Color Chart | access-date=23 March 2007 | archive-date=9 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409094257/http://dpca.org/breed/breed_color.htm | url-status=live

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called color dilution alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x | title=Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder | last=Miller | first=William H. Jr. | journal = Veterinary Dermatology | volume=1 | issue=3 | pages=113–122 | year=2008 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x | access-date=20 November 2024 | pmid=34644836 | url-access=subscription

White Doberman are cream in color with blue eyes and pink noses, paw pads, and eye rims. The first white Doberman was born in 1976. White Doberman were identified as albino, and the condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene.{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0092127 | title=A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs | author=Winkler PA | journal = PLOS ONE | volume=9 | year=2014 | issue=3 | article-number=e92127 | pmid=24647637 | pmc=3960214 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...992127W | doi-access=free

Tail

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Jean_Dark_Snö_of_Sweden.jpg" caption="Dobermann with full tail"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Doberman_Pinschers_black_and_blue.jpg" caption="Blue Dobermann with docked tail"] ::

The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.

The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed.{{cite book | first1=Raymond |last1=Gudas |first2=Betsy |last2=Sikora Siino |title=Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=2005

Ears

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Dobermann_Black_and_Tan_"Vito".jpg" caption="Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped" alt="Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped"] ::

Some owners crop Dobermann's ears. The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation. Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.

Intelligence

Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training, based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, | author1=Hart, B.L. |author2=Hart, L.A. |title=Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender | journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. | volume=186 | issue=11 | pages=1181–1185 | year=1985 |doi=10.2460/javma.1985.186.11.1181 | pmid=4008297 | title=Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 [Dogs] | author=Tortora, D.F. | year=1980 | journal=Canine Practice | issn=0094-4904 | volume=7

Temperament

Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Dobermannwurf.jpg" caption="Doberman Pinscher puppies"] ::

There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders.{{cite book | title=Why does my dog act that way? | last=Coren | first=Stanley | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2006 | isbn=0-7432-7706-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/whydoesmydogactt00core

There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined.{{cite book | last1=Scott | first1=John Paul | last2=Fuller | first2=John L. | year=1975 | title=Dog Behavior: the Genetic Basis | location=Chicago and London | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=0-226-74335-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/dogbehaviorgenet00scot | via=Internet Archive | journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science | title=Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs? | last=Svartberg | first=Kenth | year=2006 | doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014 | volume=96 | issue=3–4 | pages=293–313 | citeseerx=10.1.1.515.7023 | s2cid=512233 | last=Draper | first=Thomas | year=1995 | title=Canine analogs of human personality factors | journal=Journal of General Psychology | volume=122 | issue=3 | doi=10.1080/00221309.1995.9921236 | pmid=7650520 | pages=241–252

In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs.{{cite journal| journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science| title=Breed differences in canine aggression| author1=Duffy DL| author2=Hsu Y| author3=Serpell JA| year=2008| url=http://www.understand-a-bull.com/Articles/Breed%20Differences%20in%20canine%20aggression.pdf| volume=114| issue=3–4| doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006| pages=441–460| access-date=24 August 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155637/http://www.understand-a-bull.com/Articles/Breed%20Differences%20in%20canine%20aggression.pdf| archive-date=17 July 2011}} This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as Pit bulls, German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes.{{cite journal| journal=JAVMA| volume=217| title=Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 |first1=Jeffrey J. |last1=Sacks |first2=Leslie |last2=Sinclair |first3=Julie |last3=Gilchrist |first4=Gail C. |last4=Golab |first5=Randall |last5=Lockwood }} According to this CDC study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.{{cite journal | journal=Pediatrics | year=1996 | title=Fatal dog attacks, 1989–1994 | last1=Sacks | first1=JJ | pmid=8657532 | last2=Lockwood | first2=R | last3=Hornreich | first3=J | last4=Sattini | first4=RW | volume=97 | issue=6 Pt 1 | pages=891–5 | doi=10.1542/peds.97.6.891 | s2cid=245088140 | display-authors=etal}}

Health

Life expectancy

A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds. A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall. A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.

Cardiac health

Cardiomyopathies are a common problem for the breed. and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey. Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition.Sisson D, O'Grady MR, Calvert CA. Myocardial diseases of dogs. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 581–619 Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition. An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those. This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds. This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds. | journal=Veterinary Pathology | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=2005 | title=Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy | first1= A.| last1= Tidholm | first2= L. |last2= Jönsson |doi=10.1354/vp.42-1-1 |pmid=15657266 | pages=1–8 | s2cid=15431327 This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.

Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, | journal = J Am Vet Med Assoc | year= 1997 | volume = 210 | title=Clinical and pathologic findings in Dobermanns with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984–1991) | author1=Calvert CA |author2=Hall G |author3=Jacobs G |author4=Pickus C. | doi= 10.2460/javma.1997.210.04.505 | journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | year = 2000 | volume=216 | doi=10.2460/javma.2000.216.34 | title=Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers | author1= Calvert CA |author2= Jacobs GJ |author3= Smith DD |author4= Rathbun SL |author5= Pickus CW |pages = 34–39 | pmid = 10638315 | issue = 1 | doi-access= free | journal=J Vet Intern Med | year=2007 | volume=21 | title=A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher | author1= Meurs KM |author2=Fox PR |author3=Norgard M |author4=Spier AW |author5=Lamb A |author6=Koplitz SL |author7=Baumwart RD. | issue=5 | pages=1016–1020 | doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03058.x | pmid=17939558 | doi-access=}}

Dermatology

The Dobermann is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: acral lick dermatitis; chin pyoderma, acne, or folliculitis; cutaneous drug eruptions; colour dilution alopecia; demodicosis; follicular dysplasia; , pedal furunculosis or cyst; pemphigus foliaceus; and vitiligo.

Other conditions

Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include: von Willebrand's disease,{{cite web | url = http://www.upei.ca/~cidd/breeds/doberman2.htm | title = Doberman Pinscher | via = UPEI.ca | publisher = University of Prince Edward Island | work = Canine Inherited Disorders Database | access-date = 25 March 2007 | archive-date = 5 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081600/http://www.upei.ca/~cidd/breeds/doberman2.htm | url-status = live | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | year=1992 | volume=200 | pages=1119–22 | title=Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981–1986) | author1=Krawiec DR |author2=Heflin D. | issue=8 | doi=10.2460/javma.1992.200.08.1119 | pmid=1376729

Skeletal conditions

A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of hip dysplasia with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall. Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and elbow dysplasia. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.

A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to (IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for mixed-breeds.

Notes

References

References

  1. https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/doberman-pinscher/
  2. [http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm "Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher"] {{Webarchive. link. (9 February 2015 , 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014)
  3. (15 February 1993). "Dobermans Suffer From a Bad Press". [[The New York Times]].
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  5. (1997). "Basic Guide to the Doberman Pinscher". Dace Publishing.
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  7. "History of the Doberman 1897-2005 {{!}} DPCA".
  8. "War Dogs in the Battle of Guam (U.S. National Park Service)".
  9. "Albino Doberman History {{!}} DPCA".
  10. "Can dogs be albino". American Kennel Club.
  11. "CROPPED/DOCKED DOGS OF BREEDS CUSTOMARILY CROPPED/DOCKED".
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  19. "The Doberman – Breed Standard". DPCA.
  20. [https://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998] {{Webarchive. link. (23 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2007)
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  26. (2009). "Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases". Journal of Small Animal Practice.
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  29. (2018-04-17). "An update on canine cardiomyopathies – is it all in the genes?". Journal of Small Animal Practice.
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  33. Bell, Jerold S.. (2014). "Inherited and Predisposing Factors in the Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus in Dogs". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine.
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  39. [https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/DOBERMANN-143.html FCI breeds nomenclature: Dobermann (143)]. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
  40. [http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 143: Dobermann]. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
  41. [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221216042611/http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds]. ''FCI Newsletter'' 15. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived 16 December 2022.
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