Liver failure

Acute

Main article: Acute liver failure

Acute liver failure is defined as "the rapid development of hepatocellular dysfunction, specifically coagulopathy and mental status changes (encephalopathy) in a patient without known prior liver disease".:1557

The disease process is associated with the development of a coagulopathy of liver aetiology, and clinically apparent altered level of consciousness due to hepatic encephalopathy. Several important measures are immediately necessary when the patient presents for medical attention. The diagnosis of acute liver failure is based on a physical exam, laboratory findings, patient history, and past medical history to establish mental status changes, coagulopathy, rapidity of onset, and absence of known prior liver disease respectively.:1557

The exact definition of "rapid" is somewhat debatable, and different sub-divisions exist, which are based on the time from onset of first hepatic symptoms to onset of encephalopathy. One scheme defines "acute hepatic failure" as the development of encephalopathy within 26 weeks of the onset of any hepatic symptoms. This is sub-divided into "fulminant hepatic failure", which requires onset of encephalopathy within 8 weeks, and "subfulminant", which describes onset of encephalopathy after 8 weeks but before 26 weeks. Another scheme defines "hyperacute" as onset within 7 days, "acute" as onset between 7 and 28 days, and "subacute" as onset between 28 days and 24 weeks.:1557

Chronic

Main article: Chronic liver failure

Chronic liver failure usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, itself potentially the result of many possible causes, such as excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).

Acute on chronic

"Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF)" is said to exist when someone with chronic liver disease develops features of liver failure. A number of underlying causes may precipitate this, such as alcohol misuse or infection. People with ACLF can be critically ill and require intensive care treatment, and occasionally a liver transplant. Mortality with treatment is 50%.

References

References

1. (1993). "Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes". Lancet.
2. (2016). "Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Distinct Clinical Condition". Seminars in Liver Disease.
3. Sleisenger. (2009). "Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management". Saunders/Elsevier.
4. (2009). "Coagulopathy of acute liver failure.". Clinics in Liver Disease.
5. (2017). "EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure". European Association for the Study of the Liver.
6. Sood, Gagan K. "Acute Liver Failure". Mescape.
7. (17 October 2016). "Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure". Current Gastroenterology Reports.