From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base
Kauffman–White classification
Microbiological classification system for genus Salmonella
Microbiological classification system for genus Salmonella
The Kauffmann–White classification or Kauffmann and White classification scheme is a system that classifies the genus Salmonella into serotypes, based on surface antigens. It is named after Philip Bruce White and . First the "O" antigen type is determined based on oligosaccharides associated with lipopolysaccharide. Then the "H" antigen is determined based on flagellar proteins (H is short for the German Hauch meaning "breath" or "mist"; O stands for German ohne meaning "without"). Since Salmonella typically exhibit phase variation between two motile phenotypes, different "H" antigens may be expressed. Salmonella that can express only one "H" antigen phase consequently have motile and non-motile phenotypes and are termed monophasic, whilst isolates that lack any "H" antigen expression are termed non-motile. Pathogenic strains of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi C, and Salmonella Dublin carry the capsular "Vi" antigen (Vi for virulence), which is a special subtype of the capsule's K antigen (from the German word Kapsel meaning capsule). In 2007, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella (WHOCC-Salm), which maintains and updates the classification scheme, proposed that it be renamed the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme, to honor the work of , who described most of serovars known at the time.
Kauffmann–White classification for ''Salmonella''
;Salmonella (species) serotype (O antigen) : (H1 antigen) : (H2 antigen)
;Examples: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:1,2
monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:-
| "O"-group | Serovar | "O" antigens | Phase 1 "H" antigens | Phase 2 "H" antigens |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | *S*.Paratyphi A | 1,2,12 | a | no phase 2 antigen |
| *S*. Paratyphi A var. Durazzo | 2,12 | a | no phase 2 antigen | |
| B | *S*. Paratyphi B | 1,4,5,12 | b | 1,2 |
| *S*. Paratyphi B var. Odense | 1,4,12 | b | 1,2 | |
| *S*. Java | 1,4,5,12 | b | (1,2) | |
| *S*. Limete | 1,4,12,27 | b | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Typhimurium | 1,4,5,12 | i | 1,2 | |
| *S*. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen | 1,4,12 | i | 1,2 | |
| *S*. Agama | 4,12 | i | 1,6 | |
| *S*. Abortus-equi | 4,12 | no phase 1 antigen | e,n,x | |
| *S*. Abortus-ovis | 4,12 | c | 1,6 | |
| *S*. Agona | 4,12 | f,g,s | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Brandenburg | 4,12 | l,v | e,n,z15 | |
| *S*. Bredeney | 1,4,12,27 | l,v | 1,7 | |
| *S*. Derby | 1,4,5,12 | f,g | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Heidelberg | 1,4,5,12 | r | 1,2 | |
| *S*. Saintpaul | 1,4,5,12 | e,h | 1,2 | |
| *S*. Salinatis | 4,12 | d,e,h | d,e,n,z15 | |
| *S*. Stanley | 4,5,12 | d | 1,2 | |
| C1 | *S*. Paratyphi C | 6,7,Vi | c | 1,5 |
| *S*. Choleraesuis | 6,7 | c | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf | 6,7 | (c) | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Decatur | 6,7 | c | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Typhisuis | 6,7 | c | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Bareilly | 6,7 | y | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Infantis | 6,7 | r | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Menston | 6,7 | g,s,t | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Montevideo | 6,7 | g,m,s | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Oranienburg | 6,7 | m,t | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Thompson | 6,7 | k | 1,5 | |
| C2 | *S*. Bovismorbificans | 6,8 | r | 1,5 |
| *S*. Newport | 6,8 | e,h | 1,2 | |
| D | *S*. Typhi | 9,12,Vi | d | no phase 2 antigen |
| *S*. Ndolo | 9,12 | d | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Dublin | 1,9,12,Vi | g,p | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Enteritidis | 1,9,12 | g,m | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Gallinarum | 1,9,12 | no phase 1 antigen | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Pullorum | (1),9,12 | no phase 1 antigen | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Panama | 1,9,12 | l,v | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Miami | 1,9,12 | a | 1,5 | |
| *S*. Sendai | 1,9,12 | a | 1,5 | |
| E1 | *S*. Anatum | 3,10 | e,h | 1,6 |
| *S*. Give | 3,10 | l,v | 1,7 | |
| *S*. London | 3,10 | l,v | 1,6 | |
| *S*. Meleagridis | 3,10 | e,h | l,w | |
| E2 | *S*. Cambridge | 3,15 | e,h | l,w |
| *S*. Newington | 3,15 | e,h | 1,6 | |
| E3 | *S*. Minneapolis | (3),(15),34 | e,h | 1,6 |
| E4 | *S*. Senftenberg | 1,3,19 | g,s,t | no phase 2 antigen |
| *S*. Simsbury | 1,3,19 | no phase 1 antigen | z27 | |
| F | *S*. Aberdeen | 11 | i | 1,2 |
| G | *S*. Cubana | 1,13,23 | z29 | no phase 2 antigen |
| *S*. Poona | 13,22 | z | 1,6 | |
| H | *S*. Heves | 6,14,24 | d | 1,5 |
| *S*. Onderstepoort | 1,6,14,25 | e,h | 1,5 | |
| I | *S*. Brazil | 16 | a | 1,5 |
| *S*. Hvittingfoss | 16 | b | e,n,x | |
| Others | *S*. Kirkee | 17 | b | 1,2 |
| *S*. Adelaide | 35 | f,g | no phase 2 antigen | |
| *S*. Locarno | 57 | z29 | z42 |
- Antigens in brackets are those that are rarely expressed in that serovar.
Representative stock of antisera
The cost of maintaining a full set of antisera precludes all but reference laboratories from performing a complete serological identification of salmonella isolates. Most laboratories stock only a limited range of antisera, and the choice of stock sera is largely determined by the nature of the specimens to be processed.
A common set of working antisera is shown below:
| O-antisera | H-antisera |
|---|---|
| polyvalent-O, groups A-G | polyvalent-H, specific and non-specific |
| 2-O, group A | polyvalent-H, non-specific factors 1,2,5,6,7 |
| 4-O, group B | a-H (*S*. Paratyphi A) |
| 6, 7-O, group C1 | b-H (*S*. Paratyphi B) |
| 8-O, group C2 | c-H (*S*. Paratyphi C) |
| 9-O, group D | d-H (*S*. Typhi) |
| 3, 10, 15, 19-O group E | e,h-H (*S*. Newport) |
| 11-O, group F | f,g-H (*S*. Derby) |
| 13, 22-O, group G | g,m-H (*S*. Enteritidis) |
| i-H (*S*. Typhimurium) | |
| k-H (*S*. Thompson) | |
| l,v-H (*S*. London) | |
| m,t-H (*S*. Oranienburg) | |
| r-H (*S*. Bovismorbificans) |
Laboratories that are likely to investigate typhoid also carry antiserum raised against the Vi antigen.
A set of "Rapid Diagnostic Sera" is also held and is used for determination of common specific H-antigens except i-H. After obtaining a positive agglutination with the polyvalent-H specific and non-specific antiserum, the three RDS antisera are used to identify the H antigen present. Depending on the pattern of positive and negative reactions with the RDS antisera, the specific H antigen may be identified:
| antigen | RDS1 | RDS2 | RDS3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | agglutination | agglutination | no agglutination |
| d | agglutination | no agglutination | agglutination |
| E | agglutination | agglutination | agglutination |
| G | no agglutination | no agglutination | agglutination |
| k | no agglutination | agglutination | agglutination |
| L | no agglutination | agglutination | no agglutination |
| r | agglutination | no agglutination | no agglutination |
E = polyvalent for eh, enx, etc.
G = polyvalent for gm, gp, etc.
L = polyvalent for lv, lw, etc.
Nonserological correlates
Instead of antibody-based serotyping, modern laborotories increasingly use DNA-based methods such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis, multiple-loci VNTR analysis, multilocus sequence typing, and multiplex-PCR. These "molecular serotyping" systems actually perform genotyping of the genes that determine surface antigens. They largely agree with the Kauffman-White results, allowing the system to continue to be used.
Connection of O and H symbols to the work of Weil and Felix
Main article: Proteus (bacterium)
This use of the O and H symbols is based on the historic observations of Edmund Weil (1879–1922) and Arthur Felix (1887–1956) of a thin surface film produced by agar-grown flagellated Proteus strains, a film that resembled the mist produced by breath on a glass. Flagellated (swarming, motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German Hauch, for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing as isolated colonies and lacking the surface film were designated as O forms (German ohne Hauch, without film [i.e., without surface film of mist droplets]).
References
References
- Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1995. ''Manual of Clinical Microbiology''. Washington, DC, ASM Press.
- Grimont, Patrick. "Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars, 9th edition". WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella.
- Chiou, C. S.. (2006). "A simple and low-cost paper-bridged method for Salmonella phase reversal". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.
- European Food Standards Agency. (2010). "Scientific Opinion on monitoring and assessment of the public health risk of "Salmonella Typhimurium-like" strains". EFSA Journal.
- European Food Standards Agency. (2010). "Scientific Opinion on monitoring and assessment of the public health risk of "Salmonella Typhimurium-like" strains". EFSA Journal.
- Grimont, Patrick A.D.. (2007). "Antigenic Formulae of the ''Salmonella'' Serovars". WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella.
- Grimont, Patrick. (2007-01-01). "Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella serovars, (9th ed.) Paris: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella". Institute Pasteur..
- (2011). "Salmonella: From Genome to Function". [[Caister Academic Press]].
- (2012). "Multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in Salmonella enterica". PLOS Pathogens.
- (2020-09-07). "Comparison of xMAP ''Salmonella'' Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.
- (August 2019). "Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal ''Salmonella''". Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
- Weil, E. & Felix, A. (1917) Wien. Klin. Wschr. 30, 1509, cited in Smith, R.W. & Koffler, H., "Bacterial Flagella", in ''Advances in Microbial Physiology'', Vol. 6 (A.H. Rose & J.F. Wilkinson, Eds.), p. 251, Academic Press, 1971
- Rietschel, E.T. & Westphal, O. "Endotoxin: Historical Perspectives", in ''Endotoxin in Health Disease'' (H. Brade, Ed.), p. 11, CRC Press, 1999.
- Hahon, N., Ed. ''Selected Papers on the Pathogenic Rickettsiae'', p. 79, Harvard University Press, 1968.
This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.
Ask Mako anything about Kauffman–White classification — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.
Research with MakoFree with your Surf account
Create a free account to save articles, ask Mako questions, and organize your research.
Sign up freeThis content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.
Report