Indianapolis

Etymology

The name Indianapolis is derived from pairing the state's name, Indiana (meaning "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land"), with the suffix -polis, the Greek word for "city". Jeremiah Sullivan, justice of the Indiana Supreme Court, is credited with coining the name. Other names considered were Concord, Delaware, Suwarrow, Tecumseh, Wayne, and Whetzel.

History

Main article: History of Indianapolis

19th century

In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, U.S. Congress designated four sections of land in central Indiana as the future seat of state government, contingent on tribal removal. Under the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), the Delaware and Miami nations relinquished title to these designated lands, with agreement to vacate by 1821. This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The indigenous people of the land prior to systematic removal are the Miami Nation of Indiana (Miami Nation of Oklahoma) and Indianapolis makes up part of Cession 99; the primary treaty between the indigenous population and the United States was the Treaty of St. Mary's in 1818.

The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American settlers were Protestants, a large proportion of the early Irish and German immigrants were Catholics. Few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.

The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe George Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called Pogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that John Wesley McCormick and his family and employees became the area's first European American settlers, settling near the White River in February 1820.

On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821. In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis was incorporated as a town.

Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded. Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government moved to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.

Growth occurred with the opening of the National Road through the town in 1827, the first major federally funded highway in the United States. A small segment of the ultimately failed Indiana Central Canal was opened in 1839. The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, began operation in 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth. Indianapolis Union Station was the first of its kind in the world when it opened in 1853.

American Civil War

Main article: Indianapolis in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Indianapolis was mostly loyal to the Union cause. Governor Oliver P. Morton, a major supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place for Union army troops. On February 11, 1861, President-elect Lincoln arrived in the city, en route to Washington, D.C. for his presidential inauguration, marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history. On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters for the state's volunteer soldiers. Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.

Indianapolis became a major logistics hub during the war, establishing the city as a crucial military base. Between 1860 and 1870, the city's population more than doubled. An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war. On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing an adjournment of the proceedings, sarcastically referred to as the Battle of Pogue's Run. Fear turned to panic in July 1863, during Morgan's Raid into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east toward Ohio, never reaching Indianapolis. On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president's bier at the Indiana Statehouse.

Following the Civil War and in the wake of the Second Industrial Revolution, Indianapolis experienced tremendous growth and prosperity. In 1880, Indianapolis was the world's third-largest pork packing city, after Chicago and Cincinnati, and the second-largest railroad center in the U.S. by 1888. By 1890, the city's population surpassed 100,000. Some of the city's most notable businesses were founded during this period of growth and innovation, including L. S. Ayres (1872), Eli Lilly and Company (1876), Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company (1910), and Allison Transmission (1915).

20th century

Some of the city's most prominent architectural features and best known historical events date from the turn of the 20th century. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become the city's unofficial symbol. Ray Harroun won the inaugural running of the Indianapolis 500, held May 30, 1911, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Indianapolis was one of the hardest hit cities in the Great Flood of 1913, resulting in five known deaths and the displacement of 7,000 families.

Once home to 60 automakers, Indianapolis rivaled Detroit as a center of automobile manufacturing. The city was an early focus of labor organization. The Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913 and subsequent police mutiny and riots led to the creation of the state's earliest labor-protection laws, including a minimum wage, regular work weeks, and improved working conditions. The International Typographical Union and United Mine Workers of America were among several influential labor unions based in the city.

As a stop on the Underground Railroad, Indianapolis developed one of the largest African American populations in the Northern States, though this demographic prominence was complicated by the Great Migration, as outmigration patterns shifted and other northern cities became destinations. Led by D. C. Stephenson, the Indiana Klan became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling the City Council and the Board of School Commissioners. At its height, more than 40% of native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan.

While campaigning in the city in 1968, Robert F. Kennedy delivered one of the most lauded speeches in 20th century American history following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. As in most U.S. cities during the civil rights movement, the city experienced strained race relations, including 1969 riots. A 1971 federal court decision forcing Indianapolis Public Schools to implement desegregation busing proved controversial.

During the mayoral administration of Richard Lugar (1968–1976), the city and county governments consolidated. Known as Unigov (a portmanteau of "unified" and "government"), the city-county consolidation removed bureaucratic redundancies, captured increasingly suburbanizing tax revenue, and created a Republican political machine that dominated local politics until the early 2000s. Effective January 1, 1970, Unigov expanded the city's land area by more than 300 sqmi and increased its population by some 250,000 people. It was the first major city-county consolidation to occur in the U.S. without a referendum since the creation of the City of Greater New York in 1898. Lugar is credited with initiating downtown revitalization efforts, overseeing the building of Market Square Arena, renovations to Indianapolis City Market, and the formation of Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis.

Amid the changes in government and growth, the city pursued an aggressive economic development strategy to raise the city's stature as a sports tourism destination, known as the Indianapolis Project. During the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor, William Hudnut (1976–1992), millions of dollars were invested into sports venues and public relations campaigns. The strategy was successful in landing the U.S. Olympic Festival in 1982, securing the relocation of the Baltimore Colts in 1984, and hosting the 1987 Pan American Games.

Beginning in 1992, the mayoral administration of Stephen Goldsmith introduced a number of austerity measures to address budget shortfalls through privatization and greater reliance on public–private partnerships. Major downtown revitalization projects continued through the 1990s, including the openings of Circle Centre Mall, Victory Field, and Gainbridge Fieldhouse, as well as ongoing redevelopment of the Canal and White River State Park area.

Bart Peterson took office in 2000, the first Democrat elected to the post since John J. Barton's 1963 election. The Peterson administration focused on education reform and promoting the arts.

21st century

In 2001, the mayor's office became the first in the U.S. to authorize charter schools. Indianapolis Cultural Districts were designated in 2003, followed by the groundbreaking of the Indianapolis Cultural Trail in 2007. Further consolidation of city and county units of government resulted in the establishment of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department in 2007. Later that year, Greg Ballard succeeded Peterson in a political upset.

The Ballard administration oversaw the lease of the city's parking meters and the sale of the city's water and wastewater utilities with proceeds financing street repairs. Ballard pursued several environmental sustainability efforts, including establishing an office of sustainability, installing 200 mi of bike lanes and trails, and spearheading a controversial deal to start an electric carsharing program. Two of the city's largest capital projects, the Indianapolis International Airport's new terminal and Lucas Oil Stadium, were completed in 2008. In 2012, construction began on a $2 billion tunnel system, a project known as DigIndy, which was designed to reduce sewage overflows into the city's waterways.

Since 2016, the administration of Joe Hogsett has focused on addressing a rise in gun violence and the city's racial disparities. In recent years, significant capital and operational investments have been made in public safety, criminal justice, and public transit. The city also established rental assistance and food security programs. In 2020, the George Floyd protests in Indiana prompted a series of local police reforms and renewed efforts to bolster social services for mental health treatment and homelessness. In 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a FedEx facility on the city's southwest side, killing nine (including the gunman) and injuring seven others.

Geography

Indianapolis is located in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, about 14 mi south-southeast of Indiana's geographic center. It is situated 98 mi northwest of Cincinnati, Ohio, 107 mi north of Louisville, Kentucky, 164 mi southeast of Chicago, Illinois, and 168 mi west of Columbus, Ohio. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Indianapolis (balance) encompasses a total area of 367.9 sqmi, of which 361.6 sqmi is land and 6.3 sqmi is water. It is the 18th-most extensive city by land area in the U.S.

As a consolidated city-county, Indianapolis's city limits are coterminous with Marion County, except the autonomous and semi-autonomous municipalities outlined in Unigov. Nine civil townships form the broadest geographic divisions within the city and county; these are Center, Decatur, Franklin, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Warren, Washington, and Wayne townships. The consolidated city-county borders the adjacent counties of Boone to the northwest; Hamilton to the north; Hancock to the east; Shelby to the southeast; Johnson to the south; Morgan to the southwest; and Hendricks to the west.

Between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago, the Indianapolis area was situated on the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The erosive advance and retreat of glacial ice produced a flat or gently sloping landscape, known as a till plain. Elevations across Indianapolis vary from about 650 ft to 900 ft above mean sea level. Indianapolis is located in the West Fork White River drainage basin, part of the larger Mississippi River watershed via the Wabash and Ohio rivers. The White River flows 31 mi north-to-south through the city and is fed by some 35 streams, including Eagle Creek, Fall Creek, Pleasant Run, and Pogue's Run. The city's largest waterbodies are artificial quarry lakes and reservoirs.

Cityscape

Indianapolis is an example of a planned city. In 1821, the Indiana General Assembly selected a site near the confluence of the White River and Fall Creek to serve as the new state capital, adopting a plan co-designed by surveyors Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham. The grid plan called for a town of 1 sqmi centered on a traffic circle (from which Indianapolis's "Circle City" nickname originates). Four diagonal avenuesIndiana (northwest), Kentucky (southwest), Massachusetts (northeast), and Virginia (southeast)radiated a block from the circle. The city's address numbering system originates at the intersection of Washington (running east–west) and Meridian streets (running north–south).

In the 2020 census, Indianapolis was among the 20 largest cities in the U.S. by both population and land area. The city’s population density of 2,455 people per square mile (948/km2) ranked 222nd among major U.S. cities. This contrast is evident in Indianapolis's cityscape where low-density development patterns dominate and some 14600 acres of farmland remain within its municipal boundaries.

Neighborhoods

For statistical purposes, the consolidated city-county is organized into 99 "neighborhood areas" with most containing numerous individual historic and cultural districts, subdivisions, and some semi-autonomous towns. In total, some 500 self-identified neighborhood associations are listed in the city's Registered Community Organization system. As a result of the city's expansive land area, Indianapolis has a unique urban-to-rural transect, ranging from dense urban neighborhoods to suburban tract housing subdivisions, to rural villages.

Typical of American cities in the Midwest, Indianapolis urbanized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in the development of relatively dense, well-defined neighborhoods clustered around streetcar corridors, especially in Center Township. Notable streetcar suburbs include Broad Ripple, Irvington, and University Heights. Starting in the mid-20th century, the post–World War II economic expansion and subsequent suburbanization greatly influenced the city's development patterns. From 1950 to 1970, nearly 100,000 housing units were built in Marion County, most outside Center Township in suburban neighborhoods such as Castleton, Eagledale, and Nora.

Since the 2000s, downtown Indianapolis and surrounding neighborhoods have seen increased reinvestment mirroring nationwide market trends, driven by empty nesters and millennials. Renewed interest in urban living has been met with some dispute regarding gentrification and affordable housing. According to a Center for Community Progress report, neighborhoods like Cottage Home and Fall Creek Place have experienced measurable gentrification since 2000. The North Meridian Street Historic District is among the most affluent urban neighborhoods in the U.S., with a mean household income of $102,599 in 2017.

Historic districts and landmarks

The 8 mi Indiana Central Canal is the oldest extant artificial facility in the city, dating to the 1830s. Between 1985 and 2001, nearly 1.5 mi of the former canal in downtown Indianapolis were redeveloped into a cultural and recreational amenity. North of 18th Street, the canal retains much of its original appearance, flowing through the north side neighborhoods of Riverside, Butler–Tarkington, Rocky Ripple, and Broad Ripple. This segment has been recognized as an American Water Landmark since 1971.

More than 260 properties and historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Marion County; most sites are located in Center Township, listed separately. This includes nine National Historic Landmarks: the Athenæum (Das Deutsche Haus), the Benjamin Harrison House, the Broad Ripple Park Carousel, Hinkle Fieldhouse, the Indiana World War Memorial, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the James Whitcomb Riley House, the Madam C. J. Walker Building, and Oldfields–Lilly House & Gardens.

The Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission oversees 13 local historic districts and five conservation areas. Notable districts include Chatham–Arch and Massachusetts Avenue, Cottage Home, Cumberland, Fletcher Place, Fountain Square, Herron–Morton Place, Irvington, Lockefield Gardens, Lockerbie Square, Monument Circle, New Augusta, the Old Northside, Ransom Place, St. Joseph, the Wholesale District, and Woodruff Place.

Following the dedication of the 284 ft Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in 1902, Indianapolis enacted its first height restriction laws to protect views of the monument. In 1962, the 372 ft City-County Building became the first high-rise in the city to surpass the monument’s height. The tallest residential buildings in Indianapolis, the twin 295 ft 30-floor Riley Towers, were completed in 1963. The 48-floor Salesforce Tower, completed in 1990, is the city’s tallest, with a roof height of 701 ft. Its distinctive twin antenna masts bring the building’s height to 811 ft.

Indiana limestone has been a signature building material in Indianapolis since the 1800s, featured prominently in the city’s monuments, churches, commercial, and civic buildings. Examples include Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church (1876), the Indiana Statehouse (1888), the Majestic Building (1896), the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1902), Birch Bayh Federal Building and United States Courthouse (1905), Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (1907), the Indianapolis Masonic Temple (1909), Old Indianapolis City Hall (1910), Central Library (1917), the Scottish Rite Cathedral (1927), Circle Tower (1929), the Indiana World War Memorial (1933), the Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau (1934), Clowes Memorial Hall (1963), and OneAmerica Tower (1982).

Parks

The city of Indianapolis maintains 212 public parks, totaling 11258 acre or about 5.1% of the city's land area. Garfield Park, the city's first municipal park, opened in 1876 as Southern Park. George Kessler's Indianapolis Park and Boulevard Plan (1909) linked notable parks, such as Brookside, Ellenberger, Garfield, and Riverside, with a system of parkways following the city's waterways. The system's 3474 acres were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Eagle Creek Park, Indianapolis's largest and most visited park, ranks among the largest municipal parks in the U.S., covering 4766 acre.

Marion County is also home to parks managed by the State of Indiana, including Fort Harrison State Park and White River State Park. Established in 1996, Fort Harrison State Park covers 1744 acre that are overseen by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Since 1979, White River has been owned and operated by the White River State Park Development Commission, a quasi-governmental agency. White River's 250 acre are home to several attractions, including the Indianapolis Zoo and White River Gardens. Two land trusts are active in the city managing several sites for nature conservation throughout the region.

Flora and fauna

Indianapolis is situated in the Southern Great Lakes forests ecoregion which in turn is located within the larger temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's alternative classification system, the city is located in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains, an area of the country known for its fertile soil.

Much of the deciduous forests that once covered 98% of the region were cleared for agriculture and urban development, contributing to considerable habitat loss. Indianapolis's current urban tree canopy averages approximately 33%. A rare example of old-growth forest in the city can be found on 15 acres of Crown Hill Cemetery's North Woods in the Butler–Tarkington neighborhood. The cemetery's 555 acres represents the largest green space in Center Township, home to an abundance of wildlife and some 130 species of trees. Native trees most common to the area include varieties of ash, maple, and oak. Several invasive species are also common in Indianapolis, including tree of heaven, wintercreeper, Amur honeysuckle, and Callery pear.

A 2016 bioblitz along three of the city's riparian corridors found 590 taxa. Urban wildlife common to the Indianapolis area include mammals such as the white-tailed deer, eastern chipmunk, eastern cottontail, and the eastern grey and American red squirrels. In recent years, local raccoon and groundhog populations have increased alongside sightings of American badgers, beavers, mink, coyotes, and red fox. Birds native to the area include the northern cardinal, wood thrush, eastern screech owl, mourning dove, pileated and red-bellied woodpeckers, and wild turkey. Located in the Mississippi Flyway, the city sees more than 400 migratory bird species throughout the year. Some 57 species of fish can be found in the city's waterways, including bass and sunfish. Some federally-designated endangered and threatened species are native to the Indianapolis area, including several species of freshwater mussels, the rusty patched bumble bee, Indiana bat, northern long-eared bat, and the running buffalo clover.

In recent years, the National Wildlife Federation has ranked Indianapolis among the ten most wildlife-friendly cities in the U.S.

Climate

Indianapolis has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) using the -3 C isotherm. It experiences four distinct seasons. The city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6a and 6b.

Typically, summers are fairly hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F. High temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F an average of 18 days each year, and occasionally exceed 95 °F. Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable. Midday temperature drops exceeding 30 F-change are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days (80 °F) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of 28.1 °F. Temperatures dip to 0 °F or below an average of 3.7 nights per year.

The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of 5.05 in of rain. Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity. There is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months. Indianapolis experiences an average of 20 thunderstorm days annually.

Indianapolis's average annual rainfall is 42.4 in. Snowfall averages 25.9 in per season. Official temperature extremes range from 106 °F, set on July 14, 1936, to -27 °F, set on January 19, 1994.

Demographics

| align-fn = center The U.S. Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities: the consolidated city and the city's remainder, or balance. The consolidated city is coterminous with Marion County, except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway. The city's balance excludes the populations of ten semi-autonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city. An eleventh town, Cumberland, is partially included.

In 2015, Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minor-emerging immigrant gateway with a foreign-born population of 126,767, or 6.4% of the total population, a 131% increase from 2000. Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of Burmese-Chin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis, particularly Perry Township, since the late 1990s. Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar (formerly Burma), with an estimated population ranging from 17,000 to 24,000.

The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 4.6% LGBT adult population in 2020, totaling about 68,000.

Census and estimates

At the 2020 census, Indianapolis had a population of 887,642 and a population density of 2455 /sqmi. The estimated population was 880,621 in 2022. By population, Indianapolis is the state's largest city and the country's 16th largest.

The Indianapolis metropolitan area, officially the Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood, IN metropolitan statistical area (MSA), consists of Marion County and the surrounding counties of Boone, Brown, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Morgan, Shelby, and Tipton. In 2020, the metropolitan area's population was 2,111,040, the most populous in Indiana and home to 31% of the state's residents. In 2022, the estimated population was 2,141,779. In 2020, the larger Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN combined statistical area (CSA) had a population of 2,492,514, home to nearly 37% of Indiana residents across 20 of Indiana's 92 counties. In 2022, the estimated population was 2,524,790.

In the 2010 census, 97.2% of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8% White, 27.5% Black or African American, 2.1% Asian (0.4% Burmese, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% other Asian); 0.3% American Indian, and 5.5% as other. The remaining 2.8% of the population was reported as multiracial (two or more races). Sometime between 2020 and 2023, Marion County became majority non-white.

In 2010, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25% under the age of 18; 4.4% were between 18 and 21; 16.3% were age 21 to 65; and 13.1% were age 65 or older.

The 2010 census reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08. Of the total households, 59.3% were family households, with 28.2% of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5% were husband-wife families; 17.2% had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6% had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7% were non-family households. , 32% of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3% of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011 American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161. Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430. 14.7% of families and 18.9% of the city's total population lived below the poverty line. 28.3% of those in poverty were under the age of 18 and 9.2% were age 65 or older.

Homelessness

In 2023, a Point-In-Time Count conducted by the Coalition for Homelessness Intervention and Prevention identified 1,619 homeless individuals in Indianapolis. About 78% of the city's homeless population was sheltered, with 64% living in emergency shelters and 14% in transitional housing. The remaining 22% were unsheltered.

Religion

Religion has played a central role in shaping the city's healthcare, political, and social service systems. Christianity is the prevalent religion in the Indianapolis area. In 2016, the Public Religion Research Institute identified the largest groupings of Protestantism by faith tradition: 23% Evangelical Protestant, 20% Mainline Protestant, and 11% Black Protestant, respectively. At 15%, the Catholic Church was the largest single denomination. Other predominant denominations include Baptists (15%), Methodists (8%), Disciples of Christ (5%), Pentecostals (5%), Jehovah’s Witnesses (3%), and Lutherans (2%). About 3% of the population adheres to non-Christian religions. Some 22% of residents identified as religiously "unaffiliated", consistent with the national average of 22.7%.

Indianapolis is home to roughly 1,200 congregations representing numerous faiths, including some 100 Christian denominations. Some of the city’s oldest congregations include Meridian Street United Methodist Church (1821), Central Christian Church (1833), Bethel A.M.E. Church (1836), Christ Church Cathedral (1837), St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (1837), Second Presbyterian Church (1838), and the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation (1856). Newer establishments reflect the city’s growing religious diversity, including Masjid Al Mu'mineen (2001), the Hindu Temple of Central Indiana (2006), and the Indianapolis Indiana Temple (2015), located in Carmel. The First Church of Cannabis was established in response to Indiana’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act in 2015.

Religious denominations headquartered in the Indianapolis area include the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Lutheran Ministerium and Synod – USA, and the Wesleyan Church. Indianapolis is the seat of two dioceses.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Indianapolis

Indianapolis anchors the 28th-largest metropolitan economy in the United States, with a gross domestic product of US$199.2 billion in 2023. Major regional exports include pharmaceuticals, motor vehicle parts, medical equipment and supplies, engine and power equipment, and aircraft products and parts. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest employment sectors in the 11-county Indianapolis metropolitan area are trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; professional and business services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing. The area's unemployment rate was 3.7 percent in February 2024.

Three Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Indianapolis: insurance firm Elevance Health, pharmaceutical manufacturer Eli Lilly, and agricultural science company Corteva. Other notable companies based in the city include, among others, Allison Transmission, Barnes & Thornburg, Elanco, Indiana University Health, OneAmerica Financial, Republic Airways Holdings, Simon Property Group, Steak 'n Shake, and Wheaton World Wide Moving.

Indianapolis's central location and extensive highway, rail, and air cargo infrastructure have positioned the city as a major logistics hub. In 2020, the region supported approximately 4,300 logistics establishments employing nearly 110,000 workers. FedEx operates its National Hub at Indianapolis International Airport, while Amazon maintains a substantial regional presence.[[File:Eli Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.jpg|thumb|Indianapolis-based [[Eli Lilly and Company]], the city's largest private employer]] The metropolitan area anchors one of the nation's largest life sciences clusters, particularly in pharmaceuticals and agricultural biosciences. Depending on methodology, the sector employs between 21,200 and 28,700 workers across nearly 350 companies in the region. Eli Lilly is the city's largest private employer, with approximately 11,000 workers engaged in research, manufacturing, and corporate administration. Other major life sciences employers include Corteva, Fortrea, and Roche's North American diagnostics headquarters.

Manufacturing has historically played a central role in Indianapolis's economy; however, following mid-20th-century deindustrialization, the city experienced substantial industrial job losses and economic restructuring. Once rivaling Detroit as an early center of automobile manufacturing, Indianapolis hosted more than 60 automakers in the early 20th century, including luxury marques such as Duesenberg, Marmon, and Stutz Motor Company. The city is commonly identified as part of the Rust Belt, reflecting broader patterns of industrial decline in the Midwestern United States. Despite these shifts, Indianapolis remains a significant manufacturing center. Allison Transmission and Rolls-Royce North America operate major headquarters and production facilities in the city, supporting thousands of jobs in advanced manufacturing, aerospace, and propulsion systems. Other major manufacturers include Allegion and RTX Corporation.

The city's hospitality industry has grown alongside the expansion of its convention business. Indianapolis receives approximately 29.2 million visitors annually, generating US$5.6 billion in economic impact and supporting nearly 83,000 jobs. Major hospitality assets are concentrated in downtown Indianapolis, including the Indiana Convention Center and Lucas Oil Stadium, which host large national conventions such as FDIC International, Gen Con, and the National FFA Organization Convention.

Indianapolis has experienced growth in high-technology employment since the 2010s, reflecting broader economic diversification trends. The metropolitan area supports roughly 28,500 information technology–related jobs, with major employers including Infosys, Salesforce Marketing Cloud, and Genesys.

Arts and culture

Visual arts

The Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields is the city's primary art museum, with a permanent collection of approximately 54,000 works. Among the largest and oldest art museums in the United States, it traces its origins to the Art Association of Indianapolis, founded in 1883. The museum occupies a 152 acre campus which also includes Oldfields–Lilly House & Gardens and the Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park. Downtown Indianapolis is home to the Eiteljorg Museum, which maintains a collection focused on visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas and Western American Art. The museum also hosts lectures, artist residencies, special exhibitions, and public programs throughout the year.

Founded in 1902, the Herron School of Art and Design is one of the city's most prominent art institutions. Its early faculty included Impressionist painters associated with the Hoosier Group. Since 2005, the school has been housed in Eskenazi Hall at IU Indianapolis, which contains five public galleries and hosts exhibitions, lectures, and educational programs throughout the year.

The Indy Art Center, located in Broad Ripple, houses the Marilyn K. Glick School of Art and includes galleries and a sculpture garden. The center offers year-round programming, including art classes, exhibitions, art fairs, and community outreach initiatives. Additional gallery and studio spaces operate at the Garfield Park Arts Center, the Harrison Center in the Old Northside, and the Murphy Art Center in Fountain Square. These venues participate in the city's monthly First Friday arts events.

Public art plays a significant role in the city's cultural landscape. As of 2021, Indianapolis had more than 3,000 documented works of public art, over one-third of which are located in the downtown area. Major collections include the Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection, the Indiana Statehouse Public Art Collection, and installations along the Indianapolis Cultural Trail. Murals constitute the most common form of public art in the city.

In recent years, grassroots and artist-led initiatives have gained increased visibility. Ganggang has emerged since 2020 as a prominent supporter of Black artists in Indianapolis. Its annual art fair, BUTTER, is a multi-day exhibition held over Labor Day weekend that features regional and national artists and has become a notable event in the city's contemporary arts scene.

Performing arts

Several of Indianapolis's most prominent performing arts venues and organizations are concentrated in and around the downtown area, including the Hilbert Circle Theatre, home to the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, and the Indiana Theatre, which houses the Indiana Repertory Theatre. Additional venues near the central business district include The Cabaret, the Indianapolis Artsgarden, Phoenix Theatre, the Slippery Noodle Inn, and Everwise Amphitheater at White River State Park, the city's largest outdoor venue.

The Mass Ave Cultural Arts District is a central hub for live performance and theater. It includes Old National Centre, the city’s oldest stagehouse, which opened in 1910 and contains the Murat Theatre, Egyptian Room, and Corinthian Hall. Mass Ave also contains the Athenæum and several smaller theaters—Basile, District, and IF—which collectively host the annual Indianapolis Theatre Fringe Festival (IndyFringe). Community-based companies such as Footlite Musicals and the Epilogue Players operate at Hedback Community Theatre in the Herron–Morton neighborhood.

The Madam Walker Legacy Center opened in 1927 on Indiana Avenue as a cultural center for the city's African American community. Its theater hosted vaudeville performances and anchored the local jazz scene from the 1920s through the 1960s. The corridor, commonly known as "The Avenue", produced or attracted influential musicians including David Baker, Slide Hampton, Freddie Hubbard, J. J. Johnson, James Spaulding, and the Montgomery Brothers—Buddy, Monk, and guitarist Wes Montgomery. Montgomery is widely regarded as one of the most influential jazz guitarists of all time and is closely associated with the development of the city’s "Naptown sound".

Indianapolis supports a broad range of professional and community-based performing arts organizations, including the Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra, Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra, Indianapolis Men's Chorus, Indianapolis Opera, and the Indianapolis Youth Orchestra. Additional venues include Butler University’s Clowes Memorial Hall, the Melody Inn in Butler–Tarkington, and the Frank and Katrina Basile Opera Center and Jazz Kitchen in Meridian–Kessler. The neighborhoods of Broad Ripple and Fountain Square are particularly associated with local live music.

Indianapolis is home to several national and international music organizations, including the American Piano Awards, Bands of America, Drum Corps International, and the Percussive Arts Society. Major recurring events include the Drum Corps International World Class Championships, the Indianapolis Early Music Festival, and Indy Jazz Fest. The quadrennial International Violin Competition of Indianapolis is regarded as one of the most prestigious classical music competitions in the world.

Literary arts

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Indianapolis emerged as a center of the Golden Age of Indiana Literature. Prominent writers based in the city during this period included poet James Whitcomb Riley and novelists Booth Tarkington and Meredith Nicholson, who gained national recognition for their work.

In the twentieth century, Indianapolis produced internationally acclaimed novelist Kurt Vonnegut, whose darkly satirical work, including Slaughterhouse-Five, often incorporated the city as a setting or featured Indianapolis-born characters. Vonnegut credited Indianapolis with shaping his humor and perspective, stating that all his work was rooted in the city.

Indianapolis has also been central to African American literary contributions. Poet Mari Evans, a leading figure in the Black Arts Movement, lived and worked in the city, influencing generations of writers and earning widespread recognition for her work.

Contemporary literary culture includes bestselling young adult fiction author John Green, whose 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars is set in Indianapolis and reflects the city’s local character.

Key literary sites in the city include the James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home, the Ray Bradbury Center at IU Indianapolis, and the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library.

Attractions

The Children's Museum of Indianapolis is the world's largest children's museum with 433000 sqft of exhibit space and a collection of over 120,000 artifacts. Due to its leadership and innovations, the museum is a world leader in its field. In 2023, it was one of the region's most popular attractions, drawing about 1.2 million visitors.

The Indianapolis Zoo houses more than 1,400 animals of 235 species while the adjoining White River Gardens contains more than 50,000 plants of nearly 3,000 species, respectively. The zoo is a leader in animal conservation and research, recognized for its biennial Indianapolis Prize award. It is among the largest privately funded zoos in the U.S. and one of the city's most visited attractions, with 1.1 million guests in 2023.

Located inside the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum exhibits an extensive collection of auto racing memorabilia showcasing various motorsports and automotive history. Daily grounds and track tours originate from the museum. Located at the National Collegiate Athletic Association headquarters, the NCAA Hall of Champions contains exhibits on collegiate athletics in the U.S.

The Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site includes the archives and restored home of the 23rd president of the U.S., Benjamin Harrison. Harrison is buried about 3 mi north of the site at Crown Hill Cemetery. Other notable interments at the cemetery include three U.S. vice presidents (Fairbanks, Hendricks, and Marshall), notorious American gangster John Dillinger, and First Lady Caroline Harrison. State-specific historical institutions based in Indianapolis include the Indiana Historical Society, Indiana Humanities, the Indiana Jewish Historical Society, Indiana Landmarks, the Indiana Medical History Museum, and the Indiana State Museum.

The Indiana World War Memorial Historic District in downtown Indianapolis is home to more than a dozen memorials and monuments to United States veterans, including the national headquarters of the American Legion, the Indiana War Memorial Museum, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Combined, it is the largest war memorial project in the United States, encompassing 24 acres. Other notable sites in the city include Crown Hill National Cemetery, the Indiana 9/11 Memorial, the Medal of Honor Memorial, and the USS Indianapolis National Memorial.

Indianapolis hosts numerous annual fairs, festivals, and parades. The largest is the Indiana State Fair, regularly drawing more than 800,000 attendees each August. Held during the "Month of May", the 500 Festival features over 30 programs and events leading up to the Indianapolis 500. Other notable events include the Indy Pride Festival and the Marion County Fair in June, the Indiana Black Expo Summer Celebration in July, the Historic Irvington Halloween Festival in October, and the Circle of Lights during the holiday season.

Cuisine

Indianapolis has an emerging food scene as well as established eateries. Founded in 1821 as the city's public market, the Indianapolis City Market has served the community from its current building since 1886. Before World War II, the City Market was home to meat and vegetable vendors. As consumer habits evolved and residents moved from the central city, City Market transitioned from a traditional marketplace to a food hall. The AMP and The Garage food halls opened in 2021.

Situated in the Corn Belt, Indianapolis has maintained close ties to farming and food production. Urban agriculture in the city dates to the 1930s, when Flanner House began teaching Black arrivals how to farm on vacant lots during the Great Migration. Within a few years, more than 200 families were tending 600 garden plots on nearly 100 acre of land on the city's near north side. Urban agriculture has made a comeback in recent years in an effort to alleviate food deserts. According to the city's Office of Sustainability, there were 129 community farms and gardens in 2020. , several farmers' markets have been established throughout Indianapolis.

Distinctive local dishes include pork tenderloin sandwiches, sugar cream pie, and beef Manhattan, invented in Indianapolis. Wonder Bread and Choc-Ola also originate in the city. Longstanding local eateries include Long's Bakery, Mug-n-Bun, Shapiro's Deli, The Workingman's Friend, and St. Elmo Steak House. St. Elmo was recognized with the America's Classics award by the James Beard Foundation in 2012. In 2008, the Indianapolis metropolitan area had the highest concentration of chain restaurants per capita in the U.S. Locally based chains include MCL Restaurant & Bakery, Noble Roman's, and Steak 'n Shake. The city's growing immigrant population has contributed to a rise in global cuisine, with some 800 ethnic restaurants opening in recent years.

In 2016, Condé Nast Traveler named Indianapolis the "most underrated food city in the U.S.", while ranking Milktooth as one of the best restaurants in the world. Food & Wine called Indianapolis the "rising star of the Midwest". Several Indianapolis chefs and restaurateurs have been semifinalists in the James Beard Foundation Awards in recent years. Microbreweries have become a staple in the city, increasing fivefold since 2009. There are now about 50 craft brewers in Indianapolis, with Sun King Brewing being the largest.

Film and television

Main article: Films set in Indianapolis

Main article: Television shows set in Indianapolis

Indianapolis natives have left a mark on the entertainment industry, most notably during the Classical Hollywood cinema era. James Baskett received an Academy Honorary Award in 1948 for his role in Walt Disney's Song of the South, becoming the first Black male Oscar recipient. Sid Grauman, one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, received an Academy Honorary Award in 1949, recognized for raising the standard for film exhibition. Perhaps the most famous actor from the Indianapolis area is Academy Award-nominee, Steve McQueen, who was born in Beech Grove. Other Academy Award nominees from the city include costume designer Gloria Gresham, actress Marjorie Main, and actor Clifton Webb.

The city's sports venues have served as backdrops for such films as Hoosiers (1986) and Eight Men Out (1988). The city's largest contribution to popular culture, the Indianapolis 500, has influenced entertainment for decades, referenced in film, television, video games, and other media. Three motion pictures filmed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway include Speedway (1929), To Please a Lady (1950), and Winning (1969). Other motion pictures at least partially filmed in the city include Going All the Way (1997), Palindromes (2004), Saving Star Wars (2004), Amanda (2009), Walter (2015), The MisEducation of Bindu (2019), Athlete A (2020), and Our Father (2022). Hoosiers and Ringling Brothers Parade Film (1902) were added to the National Film Registry in 2001 and 2021, respectively.

Television programs that have been shot on location in the city include 100 Days to Indy, American Ninja Warrior, Antiques Roadshow, College GameDay, Cops, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, Gaycation, Ghost Hunters, Good Bones, Good Morning America, Hard Knocks, House Hunters, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Man v. Food, Parks and Recreation, Say I Do, SportsCenter, Today, and What Would You Do?

Annual film festivals held in Indianapolis include the Circle City Film Festival, Heartland International Film Festival, Indy Film Fest, the Indianapolis Jewish Film Festival, and the Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival. Founded in 2018, the Indy Shorts International Film Festival is one of 34 film festivals in the world used to qualify for the Academy Awards.

Film Indy was established in 2016 to support local visual artists, filmmakers, and aspiring filmmakers; recruit film and television-related marketing opportunities to the region, and provide resources for producers interested in filming in the city. Since 2016, more than 350 film and media projects have been produced in the Indianapolis region with a collective economic impact of $24.1 million and the creation of 1,900 local jobs.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Indianapolis

Professional

The Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League have been based in the city since relocating from Baltimore in 1984. The Colts' tenure in Indianapolis has produced 11 division championships, two conference titles, and two Super Bowl appearances. Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Tony Dungy and Peyton Manning led the team to win Super Bowl XLI in 2007. Lucas Oil Stadium replaced the team's first home, the RCA Dome, in 2008.

Founded in 1967, the Indiana Pacers began in the American Basketball Association (ABA), joining the National Basketball Association (NBA) when the leagues merged in 1976. Before joining the NBA, the Pacers won three ABA division titles and three ABA championships (1970, 1972, 1973), led by Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Mel Daniels, Roger Brown, and George McGinnis. Since the merger, the Pacers have made 10 appearances in the NBA Eastern Conference finals. In 2000, Hall of Fame inductees Larry Bird and Reggie Miller led the team to its first NBA Finals appearance. The team returned to the NBA Finals in 2025, led by Rick Carlisle and Tyrese Haliburton.

Since their debut in 2000, the Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) have won three conference titles, made three appearances in the WNBA Finals, and won one championship. Hall of fame inductees Lin Dunn and Tamika Catchings led the Fever to their first championship title in 2012. The Fever and Pacers share Gainbridge Fieldhouse, which replaced Market Square Arena in 1999.

The Indianapolis Indians are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League and the Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Established in 1902, the Indians are among the oldest teams in Minor League Baseball. The Indians have won 26 division titles, 14 league titles, and seven championships, most recently in 2000. Victory Field replaced Bush Stadium as the team's home in 1996.

Indy Eleven, a professional soccer team in the second-division USL Championship, play their home matches at Carroll Stadium. The Fishers Event Center in the suburb of Fishers is home to the Indy Fuel (a minor league ice hockey team in the ECHL), Indy Ignite (a member of the Pro Volleyball Federation), and Fishers Freight (a member of the Indoor Football League). The Noblesville Boom of the NBA G League will begin playing at The Arena at Innovation Mile in 2025.

Amateur

Indianapolis has been called the "Amateur Sports Capital of the World". The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the main governing body for U.S. collegiate sports, and the National Federation of State High School Associations are based in the city. Indianapolis is home to two NCAA athletic conferences: the Horizon League (D-I) and the Great Lakes Valley Conference (D-II). The city is also home to three national sport governing bodies, as recognized by the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee: USA Football; USA Gymnastics; and USA Track & Field.

Two NCAA D-I athletic programs are based in Indianapolis: the Butler Bulldogs of the Big East Conference and the IU Indy Jaguars of the Horizon League. The University of Indianapolis is a D-II school; the Greyhounds compete in the Great Lakes Valley Conference. Marian University athletics compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics's Crossroads League.

Traditionally, Butler's Hinkle Fieldhouse was the hub for Hoosier hysteria, a general excitement for the game of basketball throughout the state, specifically the Indiana High School Boys Basketball Tournament. Hinkle, a National Historic Landmark, opened in 1928 as the world's largest basketball arena, with seating for 15,000. It is regarded as "Indiana's Basketball Cathedral". The Indiana High School Athletic Association is based in Indianapolis.

Motorsports

Indianapolis is a global center for auto racing, home to numerous motorsports facilities and events, two sanctioning bodies (INDYCAR and United States Auto Club), and more than 500 motorsports-related companies. Indianapolis, or Indy, is a metonym for auto racing, particularly when referring to American open-wheel car racing.

Completed in 1909 as an automotive test track, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is a National Historic Landmark and the world's largest sports venue by capacity, with 235,000 permanent seats. Since 1911, the 2.5 mi rectangular oval has hosted the Indianapolis 500, an open-wheel automobile race. It is contested as part of the IndyCar Series and traditionally held over Memorial Day weekend. Steeped in tradition, the race is considered the world's largest single-day sporting event and part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport. The track also hosts the Grand Prix of Indianapolis in May and NASCAR's Brickyard 400 and Pennzoil 250 in July.

Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park (in nearby Brownsburg) contains a 2.5 mi road course, a 4400 ft dragstrip, and a 0.69 mi oval short track. Each Labor Day weekend, the facility hosts the NHRA U.S. Nationals, the largest and most prestigious drag racing event in the world. The city's Indianapolis Speedrome is believed to be the oldest operating figure 8 racing venue in the U.S.

Events

Beyond its many auto races, Indianapolis hosts numerous other sporting events throughout the year, including the NFL Scouting Combine in February, the 500 Festival Mini-Marathon in May, the Circle City Classic in September, the Monumental Marathon in November, and the Big Ten Football Championship Game and Indy Classic in December. Indianapolis also regularly hosts the NCAA Division I men's and women's basketball Final Fours, most recently in 2021 and 2016, respectively.

Notable past events hosted in the city include the U.S. Clay Court Championships (1969–1987), the National Sports Festival (1982), the NBA All-Star Game (1985 and 2024), the Pan American Games (1987), the Indianapolis Tennis Championships (1988–2009), the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (1991), WrestleMania VIII (1992), the World Rowing Championships (1994), the United States Grand Prix (2000–2007), the World Police and Fire Games (2001), the FIBA Basketball World Cup (2002), Super Bowl XLVI (2012), the College Football Playoff National Championship (2022), and the WNBA All-Star Game (2025).

Government

Main article: Government of Indianapolis

Indianapolis—officially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion County—has a consolidated city-county form of government, a status it has held since 1970 under Indiana Code's Unigov provision. Many functions of the municipal and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate. The city has a strong mayor–council system of government which oversees six administrative departments. Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units, nine separate civil township governments, and seven special-purpose municipal corporations.

The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county. Indianapolis City-County Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members, all of whom represent geographic districts. The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited four-year terms. Executive and legislative functions are based from the City-County Building. The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges. Each of the county's nine civil townships elects its own township trustee, three-member board, assessor, and a constable and small claims court judge, all of whom serve four-year terms.

Since its move from Corydon in 1825, Indianapolis has served as the capital and seat of Indiana's state government. The Indiana Statehouse houses the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of state government, including the office of the Governor of Indiana, the Indiana General Assembly, and the Indiana Supreme Court. Most state departments and agencies are headquartered in the neighboring Indiana Government Center complex. The Indiana Governor's Residence is on Meridian Street in the Butler–Tarkington neighborhood, about 5 mi north of downtown. In the Indiana House of Representatives, Indianapolis is split between 16 districts. In the Indiana Senate, the city is split between nine districts.

The Birch Bayh Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse houses the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. Most federal field offices are located in the Minton-Capehart Federal Building. From 1906 to 1991, the U.S. Army operated Fort Benjamin Harrison in neighboring Lawrence. About 5,000 federal employees work for the Defense Finance and Accounting Service, headquartered near the former base. Indianapolis is split between two of Indiana's nine congressional districts: Indiana's 7th congressional district, represented by André Carson, and Indiana's 6th congressional district, represented by Jefferson Shreve.

Politics

Until fairly recently, Indianapolis was considered one of the most conservative major cities in the U.S. According to 2014 research published in the American Political Science Review, the city's policy preferences are less conservative than the national mean when compared with other large U.S. cities. While Indianapolis as a whole leans Democratic, the southern third of the city, consisting of Decatur, Perry, and Franklin townships, trends Republican.

Republicans held the mayor's office for 32 years (1967–1999), and controlled the City-County Council from its inception in 1970 to 2003. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Marion County voters narrowly selected George W. Bush over Al Gore by a margin of 1.3%, but voted in favor of John Kerry by a margin of 1.9% in the 2004 United States presidential election. Presidential election results have increasingly favored Democrats, with Marion County voters selecting Joe Biden over Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election, 63.3–34.3%. Incumbent mayor Democrat Joe Hogsett faced Republican State Senator Jim Merritt and Libertarian Doug McNaughton in the 2019 Indianapolis mayoral election. Hogsett was elected to a second term, with 72% of the vote. The 2019 City-County Council elections expanded Democratic control of the council, flipping six seats to hold a 20–5 supermajority over Republicans.

Public safety

The Indianapolis Fire Department (IFD) comprises seven battalions with 44 fire stations. IFD provides mutual aid to the excluded municipalities of Lawrence and Speedway, as well as Decatur, Pike, and Wayne townships (all of which operate separate fire departments). IFD directs operations for Indiana Task Force 1 (IN-TF1), one of 28 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams in the U.S.

The Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) is the city's primary law enforcement agency. IMPD's jurisdiction covers Marion County, excluding the municipalities of Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway (all of which operate separate forces). In 2020, IMPD had 1,700 sworn police personnel and 250 civilian employees across six districts. In 2022, the Community Justice Campus opened, housing the Marion County Sheriff's Office, a new courthouse, jail, and mental health and substance abuse clinic.

The Indiana National Guard's major command units and joint headquarters staff are based at the former Stout Army Air Field on the city's southwest side.

Unlike other major Midwest cities like Detroit and Chicago, the homicide rate for Indianapolis remained below the national average throughout the 1990s. Homicides hit a spike in 1998 when the city reached 162 murders. Murders drastically decreased in the following years but spiked again in 2006 with 153 murders. Until 2019, annual criminal homicide numbers had grown each year since 2011, reaching record highs from 2015 to 2018. With 144 criminal homicides, 2015 surpassed 1998 as the year with the most murder investigations in the city. With 159 criminal homicides, 2018 stands as the most violent year on record in the city. FBI data showed a 7% increase in violent crimes committed in Indianapolis, outpacing the rest of the state and country. Law enforcement has blamed increased violence on a combination of root causes, including poverty, substance abuse, and mental illness.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Nine K–12 public school districts serve residents of the consolidated city as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (which includes the balance and included cities, and does not include the excluded cities):

• Franklin Township Community School Corporation
• Indianapolis Public Schools
• Metropolitan School District of Decatur Township
• Metropolitan School District of Lawrence Township
• Metropolitan School District of Pike Township
• Metropolitan School District of Warren Township
• Metropolitan School District of Washington Township
• Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township
• Perry Township Schools Beech Grove City Schools and Speedway School Town only include sections of excluded cities.

Indianapolis Public Schools is the largest district in the city, enrolling about 23,000 students across 60 schools. In 2015, the district began contracting with charter organizations and nonprofit managers to operate failing schools. About 63% of the district's students attend traditional neighborhood or magnet schools, while the remaining 37% are enrolled in independently managed schools. About 18,000 students are enrolled in tuition-free charter schools sponsored by the Indianapolis Mayor's Office of Education Innovation and Indianapolis Charter School Board.

Indianapolis is home to two state-supported residential schools, the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired and Indiana School for the Deaf. According to the Indiana Department of Education, about 75 private, parochial, and independent charter schools operate throughout Marion County. Roman Catholic and Christian parochial primary and secondary schools are most prevalent. Notable independent private schools include the International School of Indiana, the Orchard School, and Park Tudor School in Meridian Hills.

Colleges and universities

The city is home to two four-year public university campuses: Indiana University Indianapolis and Purdue University in Indianapolis. The two institutions jointly operated Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) until its dissolution in 2024. IU Indianapolis is an R1 urban research university that enrolls about 25,000 students in 330 different bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs. It is home to 17 degree-granting schools, including the main campus of the IU School of Medicine, the largest medical school by enrollment in the U.S. Purdue University in Indianapolis is considered an extension of its flagship campus in West Lafayette.

Ivy Tech, Indiana's statewide community college system, enrolls some 21,000 full-time students at its Downtown Indianapolis campus. Other public institutions with satellite campuses in the city include Ball State University's Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning, Purdue Polytechnic Institute, and Vincennes University.

Two secular private universities are based in Indianapolis. Founded in 1855, Butler University serves an enrollment of about 5,000 from its Butler–Tarkington campus. Martin University, Indiana's only Predominantly Black Institution, was founded in 1977 and is located in the Martindale–Brightwood neighborhood. Indiana Tech maintains a branch campus in the city. Two seminaries are located in the city: Bishop Simon Bruté College Seminary and Christian Theological Seminary. Three religiously affiliated universities based in the city are Indiana Bible College, the University of Indianapolis, and Marian University. The College of Biblical Studies and Indiana Wesleyan University operate satellite sites in Indianapolis.

Libraries

Main article: Indianapolis Public Library

Founded in 1873, the Indianapolis Public Library (IndyPL) consists of the Central Library and 24 branches throughout Marion County. Central Library's special collections include the Center for Black Literature & Culture, the Chris Gonzalez Collection, and the Nina Mason Pulliam Indianapolis Special Collections Room. The library collection contains nearly 1.7 million materials staffed by 410 full-time employees and has a circulation of 14.6 million, making it the ninth largest library by circulation in the U.S.

Indianapolis is also home to the Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau, the state's largest public library. Notable academic libraries in the city include IU Indianapolis's University Library and Butler University's Irwin Library.

Media

Main article: Media in Indianapolis

Print

Indianapolis's primary daily newspaper is the Indianapolis Star. Defunct major newspapers include the Indianapolis News, an evening publication which printed its last edition in 1999; and the Indianapolis Times, which ceased publication in 1965. Additional publications include Indianapolis Monthly, a regional lifestyle publication; Indianapolis Business Journal, a weekly business newspaper; and NUVO, an alternative weekly that became digital-only in 2019.

Indianapolis's ethnic media include the Indianapolis Recorder, a weekly newspaper that primarily serves the city's African American community; Indiana Minority Business Magazine, a quarterly publication; and La Voz de Indiana, a biweekly newspaper printed in English and Spanish.

Broadcast

The Indianapolis television market area is served by 11 full-power stations, including WTTV 4 (CBS), WRTV 6 (ABC), WISH-TV 8 (The CW), WTHR 13 (NBC), WFYI-TV 20 (PBS), WNDY-TV 23 (MyNetworkTV), WHMB-TV 40 (Univision), WCLJ-TV 42 (Bounce TV), WXIN 59 (Fox), WIPX-TV 63 (Ion), and WDTI 69 (Daystar). Indianapolis natives Jane Pauley and David Letterman launched their Emmy Award-winning broadcasting careers in local television, Pauley with WISH-TV and Letterman with WTHR, respectively. Sports talk program The Pat McAfee Show broadcasts from the city, airing weekdays on ESPN.

Dozens of commercial AM and FM radio stations serve the Indianapolis area, including WCBK (country), WEDJ (Regional Mexican), WFBQ (classic rock), WFMS (country), WHHH (urban contemporary), WIBC (news/talk), WJJK (classic hits), WLHK (country), WNTS (classic Regional Mexican), WNDX (mainstream rock), WNTR (adult contemporary), WOLT (classic alternative), WSYW (Spanish adult contemporary), WTLC (urban adult contemporary), WYXB (adult contemporary), WZPL (contemporary hits), and WZRL (mainstream urban). Since 1983, WFBQ has been the flagship station for the popular nationally syndicated radio program The Bob & Tom Show.

Sports radio stations include WFNI (ESPN Radio), WNDE (Fox Sports Radio), and WXNT (Infinity Sports Network). WFNI (formerly WIBC, currently broadcasting on WIBC-HD3 and its FM translators) is the flagship of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network. Religious stations include WBRI, WGNR, WWDL, and WYHX. WICR is the campus radio station at the University of Indianapolis. Classical Music Indy produces and syndicates classical music programming for WICR. Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Media operates WFYI-FM, the region's NPR affiliate.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Indianapolis

Indianapolis's transportation infrastructure consists of a complex network that includes a local public bus system, several private intercity bus providers, Amtrak passenger rail service, four freight rail lines, four primary and two auxiliary Interstate Highways, two airports, a heliport, bikeshare system, 115 mi of bike lanes, and 110 mi of trails and greenways. Private ridesharing companies Lyft and Uber as well as taxicabs operate in the city. Launched in 2018, electric scooter-sharing systems operating in Indianapolis include Bird, Lime, and Veo.

Urban sprawl and the absence of a comprehensive regional public transit system have contributed to Indianapolis residents driving more vehicle miles per capita than any other U.S. city. According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 83.7% of working residents in the city commuted by driving alone, 8.4% carpooled, 1.5% used public transportation, and 1.8% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 3.1% of working city residents worked at home. In 2015, 10.5 percent of Indianapolis households lacked a car, which decreased to 8.7 percent in 2016, the same as the national average in that year. Indianapolis averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.

Four primary Interstate Highways intersect the city: Interstate 65, Interstate 69, Interstate 70, and Interstate 74. The metropolitan area also has two auxiliary Interstate Highways: a beltway (Interstate 465) and connector (Interstate 865). The Indiana Department of Transportation manages all Interstates, U.S. Highways, and state roads within the city. The city's Department of Public Works maintains more than 3400 mi of local streets in addition to alleys, sidewalks, curbs, and 510 bridges.

Sidewalks are absent from nearly 2000 mi of the city's roadways, However, city officials have increased investments in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure in recent years. Popular routes include the Fall Creek Greenway, Monon Trail, and Pleasant Run Greenway. The privately managed Indianapolis Cultural Trail operates Indiana Pacers Bikeshare, the city's bicycle-sharing system, which consists of 525 bicycles and 50 stations.

IndyGo operates and manages the city's public bus system, including bus rapid transit, microtransit, and paratransit services. The Julia M. Carson Transit Center serves as the downtown hub for 27 of its 31 fixed routes. In 2020, IndyGo's fleet of 212 buses provided about 4.8 million passenger trips (compared with pre-COVID-19 pandemic ridership of 9.2 million in 2019). The Central Indiana Regional Transportation Authority is a quasi-governmental agency that organizes regional car and vanpools and operates three public shuttle buses connecting Indianapolis to employment centers in suburban Plainfield and Whitestown.

Indianapolis International Airport's Colonel H. Weir Cook Terminal contains two concourses and 40 gates. In 2024, the airport served 10.5 million passengers and offered nonstop service to 53 domestic and international destinations. As home to the second largest FedEx Express hub in the world, it ranks among the ten busiest U.S. airports in terms of air cargo throughput. The Indianapolis Airport Authority oversees operations at five additional aviation facilities in the region, two of which are located in the city: Eagle Creek Airpark and the Indianapolis Downtown Heliport.

Indianapolis Union Station is the state's primary intercity bus transfer hub, served by seven carriers operating 12 routes. Amtrak's Cardinal passenger rail service operates three weekly roundtrips between New York City and Chicago. Located in the enclave of Beech Grove, the Beech Grove Shops serve as Amtrak's primary heavy maintenance and overhaul facility. About 282 mi of freight rail lines traverse the city, including one Class I railroad (CSX Transportation), one Class II railroad (Indiana Rail Road), and two shortline railroads (Indiana Southern Railroad and Louisville and Indiana Railroad).

Utilities

AES Indiana supplies electricity to more than 500,000 Indianapolis customers and maintains 90,000 street lights. Natural gas, water, and wastewater utilities are provided by Citizens Energy Group. The company's thermal division operates the Perry K. Generating Station which produces and distributes steam for heating and cooling to about 160 customers in downtown Indianapolis. The city's water supply is sourced from the White River and its tributaries as well as aquifers via four surface water treatment plants, four reservoirs, and five groundwater pumping stations throughout the region.

Area codes 317 and 463 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan assigned to Indianapolis and seven surrounding counties in Central Indiana. Established in 1947, 317 is the original area code for the Indianapolis area, while 463 is an overlay code for the same area that was added in 2016, making ten-digit dialing mandatory for all calls in the region. Telecommunications, including cable television, internet, telephone, and wireless services, are provided by AT&T Communications, Metronet, Spectrum, Verizon Communications, and Xfinity.

Waste collection services in Indianapolis are provided by the city's Department of Public Works Solid Waste Division, Republic Services, and WM. Solid waste disposal in the city is processed by landfill and incineration. Reworld operates a waste-to-energy plant in the city. About 11% of residents subscribe to private curbside recycling services; however, free public recycling drop-off sites are available throughout the city. Of U.S. cities, Indianapolis is the largest without a universal curbside recycling program, resulting in one of the lowest landfill diversion rates.

Healthcare

Healthcare in Indianapolis is provided by about 20 hospitals, most belonging to the private, non-profit hospital networks of Ascension St. Vincent Health, Community Health Network, and IU Health. Several are teaching hospitals affiliated with the IU School of Medicine or Marian University's Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine. Four hospitals are Level I trauma centers.

Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County oversees the city's public health facilities and programs, including the Marion County Public Health Department, Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services, and Eskenazi Health. Eskenazi Health operates ten primary care sites across the city, including the Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital. Other public hospitals include the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (managed by the Veterans Health Administration) and the NeuroDiagnostic Institute (managed by the State of Indiana).

IU Health Methodist, University, and Riley Hospital for Children are affiliated with the IU School of Medicine. Riley is among the nation's foremost children's hospitals, recognized in all ten pediatric specialties by U.S. News & World Report. IU Health is consolidating and replacing Methodist and University hospitals with a new $4.3 billion academic medical center which is slated to open in 2027. Other major hospitals include Ascension St. Vincent Hospital - Indianapolis, Community Hospital East, Community Hospital North, and Franciscan Health Indianapolis.

Sister cities

Indianapolis has 11 sister cities. Listed alphabetically, they are:

• BRA Campinas, Brazil
• GER Cologne, Germany
• CHN Hangzhou, China
• IND Hyderabad, India
• FRA Le Mans, France
• ITA Monza, Italy
• GBR Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
• NGA Onitsha, Nigeria
• SLO Piran, Slovenia
• MEX Querétaro, Mexico
• TWN Taipei, Taiwan

Notes

References

References

1. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". [[Indiana University Press]].
2. {{cite GNIS. 2395423. Indianapolis
3. "2020 Population and Housing State Data". [[United States Census Bureau.
4. {{cite Merriam-Webster. Indianapolitan
5. "Total Gross Domestic Product for Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN (MSA)".
6. "Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Marion County, IN".
7. "U.S. Census Bureau". [[United States Census Bureau.
8. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". [[United States Census Bureau.
9. Jones, Daniel. (2003). "[[English Pronouncing Dictionary]]". [[Cambridge University Press]].
10. {{olist. {{cite Merriam-Webster. Indianapolis. {{cite Dictionary.com. Indianapolis
11. "Metro Indianapolis Export Plan". Indy Chamber.
12. "Capital at the Crossroads of America–Indianapolis: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". National Park Service (U.S. Dept. of the Interior).
13. (2016). "Early Peoples of Indiana". Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology.
14. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
15. "Total Gross Domestic Product for Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN (MSA) [NGMP26900]". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
16. (April 3, 2024). "Indianapolis Area Economic Summary". U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
17. (2014). "Industry clusters and economic development in the Seventh District's largest cities". Economic Perspectives.
18. (January 20, 2012). "Naptown to Super City". [[WFYI (TV).
19. Clark, Andrew. (May 21, 2018). "Fortune 500 list: Indiana RV manufacturer makes it for the first time". The Indianapolis Star.
20. Quinn, Samm. (January 2, 2020). "Children's museum reports record attendance in 2019". Indianapolis Business Journal.
21. Keefer, Zak. (April 30, 2016). "How the Indianapolis 500 became more than a race". Gannett Co..
22. Davidson, Donald. (2021). "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race". Indianapolis Public Library.
23. Mitchell, Dawn. (May 25, 2015). "Monumental Indianapolis: Touring Indianapolis memorials". The Indianapolis Star.
24. "Message from the Executive Director". Indiana War Memorial.
25. Hodgin, Cyrus. (1903). "The Naming of Indiana". Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society.
26. "Judge Jeremiah Sullivan House". National Park Service (U.S. Dept. of the Interior).
27. A plaque at the City-County Building commissioned by the Society of Indiana Pioneers in 1962 lists these as considered names: "In an act of January 6, 1821, the Indiana General Assembly, then meeting at Corydon, named the new capital of the state 'Indianapolis'. Jeremiah Sullivan, later an eminent Hoosier jurist, acting in cooperation with Samuel Merrill and the approval of Governor Jonathan Jennings, proposed Indianapolis as the name which was chosen in preference to Tecumseh, Suwarrow, and Concord."
28. (1901). "Historic Towns of the Western States". Lyman Pierson Powell.
29. A. C. Howard. (1857). "A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence, and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day". A. C. Howard.
30. Bodenhamer, David. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
31. Brown, p. 1; ''Centennial History of Indianapolis'', p. 26; and Howard, p. 2.
32. James H. Madison. (2014). "Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana". Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press.
33. Baer, p. 10 and 58.
34. Brown, p. 2; ''Centennial History of Indianapolis'', p. 6; and Hale, p. 8.
35. Hale, p. 9.
36. William A. Browne Jr.. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Indiana Historical Society.
37. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
38. W. R. Holloway. (1870). "Indianapolis: A Historical and Statistical Sketch of the Railroad City, A Chronicle of its Social, Municipal, Commercial and Manufacturing Progress with Full Statistical Tables". Indianapolis Journal.
39. Baer, p. 11, and Hyman, p. 34.
40. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
41. "Indianapolis Union Railroad Station". National Park Service.
42. Holliday, p. 24; Dunn, ''Greater Indianapolis'', v. I, p. 217; and Leary, pp. 94–98.
43. John D. Barnhart. (September 1961). "The Impact of the Civil War on Indiana". Indiana University.
44. Joseph A. Parsons Jr.. (March 1958). "Indiana and the Call for Volunteers, April, 1861". Indiana University.
45. Emma Lou Thornbrough. (1995). "Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880". Indiana Historical Society.
46. Leary, p. 99.
47. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 443.
48. Leary, pp. 99, 113–14, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 441, 443.
49. Kenneth M. Stampp. (1949). "Indiana Politics During the Civil War". Indiana Historical Bureau.
50. John Holliday. (1911). "Indianapolis and the Civil War". E. J. Hecker.
51. Dunn, v. I, p. 237.
52. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
53. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
54. James Philip Fadely. (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument". Indiana Historical Society.
55. (2013). "Community Profiles: Indianapolis, Indiana". Silver Jackets.
56. Trudy E. Bell. (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913". Indiana Historical Society.
57. Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
58. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
59. (April 24, 2016). "Retro Indy: City came close to being "Motor City"". Gannett Co..
60. Dunn, Jacob Piatt. (1919). "Indiana and Indianans". American Historical Society.
61. "Indianapolis".
62. Morning Edition. "Robert Kennedy: Delivering News of King's Death". NPR.
63. Higgins, Will. (April 2, 2015). "April 4, 1968: How RFK saved Indianapolis". The Indianapolis Star.
64. "Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th Century".
65. Cavazos, Shaina. (August 17, 2016). "Racial Bias and the Crumbling of a City". The Atlantic.
66. Bradner, Eric. (August 29, 2010). "Indiana Democrats, African-Americans saw diminishing returns in 'Unigov'". Evansville Courier & Press.
67. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
68. . (May 25, 1971). ["Unigov's 1st Test Is Due"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-news-unigovs-1st-test/186538505/). *The Indianapolis News*.
69. (2021). "Creation of Unigov". Indianapolis Public Library.
70. Frantz, Edward O.. (April 2021). "Richard G. Lugar". Indianapolis Public Library.
71. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
72. (2021). "Stephen L. Goldsmith Administration". Indianapolis Public Library.
73. Schneider, Mary Beth. (November 3, 1999). "Peterson leads a party revival". The Indianapolis Star.
74. Frantz, Edward O.. (March 2021). "Bart Peterson Administration". Indianapolis Public Library.
75. Colombo, Hayleigh. (December 23, 2015). "Ballard: A legacy shaped by deals". Indianapolis Business Journal.
76. Frantz, Edward O.. (April 2021). "Gregory Ballard Administration". Indianapolis Public Library.
77. (July 2021). "Indianapolis International Airport". Indianapolis Public Library.
78. Blair, Lyndsey D.. (July 2021). "Lucas Oil Stadium". Indianapolis Public Library.
79. (July 2021). "DigIndy". Indianapolis Public Library.
80. Lyons Davis, Katherine. (April 2021). "Joseph H. Hogsett Administration". Indianapolis Public Library.
81. (2021). "Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department". Indianapolis Public Library.
82. Spells, Alta. (April 17, 2021). "Police ID gunman who killed 8 people at an Indianapolis FedEx facility as 19-year-old former employee". CNN.
83. (April 16, 2021). "FBI says it interviewed FedEx mass shooter last year". Associated Press.
84. "Geographic Centers of the United States". U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
85. "Distances from Indianapolis, Indiana, United States". Geodatos.
86. "Indianapolis".
87. "Indiana InDepth Profile: Largest Cities and Towns in Indiana (35,000+)". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business.
88. Hale, Michelle. (2021). "Townships". Indianapolis Public Library.
89. (October 6, 1908). "Soil Survey of Marion County, Indiana". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils.
90. (2021). "Geology". Indianapolis Public Library.
91. (2002). "Ground-Water Resources in the White and West Fork White River Basin, Indiana". State of Indiana, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water.
92. (2021). "White River". Indianapolis Public Library.
93. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
94. William A. Browne Jr.. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Indiana Historical Society.
95. Browne, p. 11 and 16.
96. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
97. "2022 Census of Agriculture - County Profile: Marion County, Indiana". U.S. Department of Agriculture.
98. "About the Data". The Polis Center at IUPUI.
99. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
100. (2021). "Center Township". Indianapolis Public Library.
101. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
102. Olson, Scott. (November 15, 2013). "Study: Downtown can sustain huge apartment boom". IBJ Media.
103. Russell, John. (February 25, 2015). "Report: Downtown apartment market booming, with more units on the way". Gannett Co..
104. Eason, Brian. (August 18, 2015). "Council passes resolution seeking help for owners in gentrifying areas". Gannett Co..
105. Courage, Cara. (August 21, 2015). "Why Indianapolis is a test case for a fairer form of gentrification". The Guardian.
106. Larson, Annika. (February 10, 2016). "The rent is too damn high!". NUVO.
107. Taylor, Emily. (December 14, 2016). "Are Indy neighborhoods gentrifying?". NUVO.
108. "High Income Urban Neighborhoods". Higley 1000.
109. Verderame, Jyoti A.. (March 2021). "Central Canal Corridor". Indianapolis Public Library.
110. Lauritz Larson, John. (2021). "Central Canal". Indianapolis Public Library.
111. (2021). "Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission". Indianapolis Public Library.
112. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (September 2023). "Historic Districts". Indianapolis Public Library.
113. Glass, James A.. (February 2021). "Riley Towers". Indianapolis Public Library.
114. (2021). "Salesforce Tower". Indianapolis Public Library.
115. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
116. (2021). "Parks and Greenspaces". Indianapolis Public Library.
117. "2017 City park facts". The Trust for Public Land.
118. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
119. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
120. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
121. "Indianapolis Park and Boulevard System". U.S. Department of the Interior.
122. Eason, Brian. (June 18, 2016). "Indy's struggling parks: 'We have work to do'". Gannett Co..
123. (December 2018). "Fort Harrison State Park". Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
124. "White River State Park Development Commission". Downtown Indy Inc..
125. (August 21, 2019). "Preserves". Central Indiana Land Trust.
126. Miller, Haley. (November 10, 2020). "Preserving property: Mud Creek Conservancy halfway to fundraising goal to purchase land for Sargent Road Nature Park". Current Publishing.
127. "Southern Great Lakes forests". World Wide Fund for Nature.
128. "Ecoregions of Indiana and Ohio".
129. (December 30, 2017). "Results of the 2016 Indianapolis Biodiversity Survey, Marion County, Indiana". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science.
130. Bonilla Muñiz, Leslie. (September 30, 2021). "Thousands of new city trees to go where data shows they're needed most". IBJ Media.
131. Bartner, Amy. (May 5, 2017). "VA, Crown Hill reach agreement to save old-growth forest". Gannett.
132. Higgins, Will. (October 25, 2017). "Crown Hill: Stop hunting deer in our cemetery". Gannett.
133. Martin, Ryan. (September 8, 2021). "What happens if you don't remove these invasive plants lurking in your Indiana yard". Gannett.
134. Gibson, London. (April 6, 2021). "Bradford pear trees are highly invasive. This is why they aren't banned in Indiana.". Gannett.
135. Gibson, London. (September 22, 2020). "Scrub Hub: Indianapolis has a ton of raccoons and we're not sure why". Gannett.
136. Glusac, Elaine. (May 2, 2017). "On Safari in the City: A Guide to Urban Wildlife Viewing". The New York Times.
137. (2013). "Indy Birding Trail Guide". Amos Butler Audubon Society.
138. Gibson, London. (September 24, 2019). "Surprising birds are stopping in Indiana. Here's why — and where you can see them.". Gannett.
139. Stacey, Madison. (April 15, 2022). "As hundreds of birds migrate through Indy, group draws attention to bird collisions throughout city". WTHR.
140. (March 9, 2020). "Indiana County Endangered, Threatened and Rare Species List County: Marion". Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
141. Vecchio, Anna. (March 12, 2019). "National Wildlife Federation Honors Indianapolis, Indiana as one of America's Top 10 Cities for Wildlife". National Wildlife Federation.
142. (June 2006). "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification". E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
143. "Indianapolis, Indiana Hardiness Zone Map".
144. "Total Days With Thunderstorms at US Cities in Summer". Current Results.
145. "Indianapolis Climatological Information". National Weather Service, Weather Forecast Office.
146. "Average Weather for Indianapolis International Airport, IN — Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel.
147. "Quickfacts: Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
148. "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau.
149. (September 2012). "Indiana: 2010 – Population and Housing Unit Counts – 2010 Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau.
150. "Unigov Handbook: A Citizen's Guide to Local Government". League of Women Voters of Indianapolis.
151. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
152. (March 16, 2016). "Historic church at heart of Unigov fight". The Journal Gazette.
153. Singer, Audrey. (December 1, 2015). "Metropolitan immigrant gateways revisited, 2014". Brookings Institution.
154. Hussein, Fatima. (March 18, 2017). "From Burmese to American: Profiles in assimilation". Gannett.
155. (2017). "About Us". Chin Community of Indiana.
156. (December 12, 2020). "Welcome To Chindianapolis". Emmis Publishing, L.P..
157. Contreras, Natalie. (April 13, 2021). "How Indiana's Burmese community is leading a movement for democracy". Gannett.
158. (March 2021). "LGBT Adults in Large US Metropolitan Areas". [[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]].
159. "Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census | indystar.com".
160. "Indianapolis (city (balance)), Indiana". U.S. Census Bureau.
161. "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau.
162. "P004 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
163. "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
164. "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
165. "QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau.
166. Hallman, Eva. (May 18, 2023). "Fort Wayne now the 83rd largest American city". [[WOWO]].
167. (July 21, 2023). "OMB Bulletin No. 23-01".
168. "Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metro Area". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business.
169. "Indianapolis-Carmel-Muncie, IN Combined Area". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business.
170. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". U.S. Census Bureau.
171. Indianapolis Capital Chronicle. (2024-07-21). "Marion County becomes majority nonwhite". Mirror Indy.
172. "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007–2011 American Community Survey". U.S. Census Bureau.
173. "2023 Indianapolis Annual Point-In-Time Count". Coalition for Homelessness Intervention and Prevention.
174. "American Values Atlas". [[Public Religion Research Institute]].
175. Lantzer, Jason. (June 2022). "Religion and Health Care". Indianapolis Public Library.
176. Lantzer, Jason. (2024). "Religion and Politics". Indianapolis Public Library.
177. (2022). "Religion and Social Services". Indianapolis Public Library.
178. "Religion Atlas". Indianapolis Public Library.
179. Lantzer, Jason. (June 2022). "Meridian Street United Methodist Church". Indianapolis Public Library.
180. (2021). "Christian Church (Disciples Of Christ)". Indianapolis Public Library.
181. (2021). "Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church". Indianapolis Public Library.
182. (2021). "Christ Church Cathedral". Indianapolis Public Library.
183. Markisohn, Deborah B.. (2021). "St. John Catholic Church". Indianapolis Public Library.
184. (2022). "Second Presbyterian Church". Indianapolis Public Library.
185. (2021). "Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation". Indianapolis Public Library.
186. Verderame, Jyoti A.. (June 2021). "Hindu Temple of Central Indiana". Indianapolis Public Library.
187. (June 2021). "Mormon Temple". Indianapolis Public Library.
188. Little, Lee. (June 2022). "Free Methodist World Ministries Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
189. Russell, John. (February 8, 2022). "Corteva names Indianapolis its new global headquarters". IBJ Media.
190. (2020). "Logistics Indianapolis Region". Indy Chamber.
191. (January 14, 2021). "Largest Logistics Providers". IBJ Media.
192. Shuey, Mickey. (March 27, 2023). "FedEx plans to move LA maintenance operations to Indianapolis". IBJ Media.
193. (2020). "The Bioscience Economy: Propelling Life-Saving Treatments, Supporting State & Local Communities". TEConomy Partners, LLC and Biotechnology Innovation Organization.
194. (August 2021). "Essential: The Impact of the Healthcare and Life Sciences Sector in Central Indiana". TEConomy Partners, LLC.
195. (August 5, 2021). "Largest Manufacturers". IBJ Media.
196. (2021). "Automobile Industry". Indianapolis Public Library.
197. Groppe, Maureen. (May 9, 2010). "Indy Unbuckles the Rust Belt". Gannett Co..
198. Schoettle, Anthony. (September 25, 2015). "Expand the Indiana Convention Center again?". IBJ Media.
199. (2021). "Expositions and Conventions". Indianapolis Public Library.
200. (2021). "Visit Indy". Indianapolis Public Library.
201. Lindquist, Dave. (February 17, 2023). "Rebounding visitor stats generate optimism in hospitality industry". IBJ Media.
202. Council, Jared. (November 4, 2016). "Report: Indy ranks fifth in tech-job growth". IBJ Media.
203. Spivack, Miranda. (January 17, 2017). "How Indianapolis, Long Known as a Manufacturing Center, Is Luring Tech Talent". The New York Times.
204. "Digital Technology". Indy Chamber.
205. Duvall, Jeffery A.. (2021). "Art Association of Indianapolis". Indianapolis Public Library.
206. Corbin, Bryan. (2021). "Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art". Indianapolis Public Library.
207. Cooney, John J.. (2021). "Herron School of Art and Design". Indianapolis Public Library.
208. (2021). "Indianapolis Art Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
209. Bowman, Anna. (July 8, 2022). "Nation's largest art census in Indy". INDYtoday.
210. Bahr, Sarah. (November 29, 2022). "2 Years After Racism Outcry, Indianapolis Embraces Black Artists". The New York Times.
211. McGowan, Chloe. (August 31, 2023). "BUTTER artists talk art, equity and cultivating creativity". Indianapolis Recorder.
212. Lindquist, Dave. (August 25, 2022). "Sarah Urist Green joins Butter team to help elevate Indianapolis artists". Indianapolis Business Journal.
213. Bongiovanni, Domenica. (January 17, 2024). "NBA All-Star Weekend will bring a special Butter art fair, food and music to downtown Indy". The Indianapolis Star.
214. Gadski, Mary Ellen. (2021). "Hilbert Circle Theatre". Indianapolis Public Library.
215. (2021). "Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra". Indianapolis Public Library.
216. (2021). "Indiana Repertory Theatre". Indianapolis Public Library.
217. Erickson, Norma. (March 2021). "The Cabaret". Indianapolis Public Library.
218. Verderame, Jyoti A.. (July 2021). "Indianapolis Artsgarden". Indianapolis Public Library.
219. Jensen, Joyce K.. (2021). "Phoenix Theatre". Indianapolis Public Library.
220. Carr Childs-Helton, Sally. (2021). "Slippery Noodle Inn". Indianapolis Public Library.
221. Shuey, Mickey. (April 13, 2021). "Parties keep amphitheater naming-rights deal details close to vest". IBJ Media.
222. Darbee, Leigh. (2021). "Old National Centre". Indianapolis Public Library.
223. Lindquist, Dave. (March 16, 2023). "New IndyFringe leader wants to add to energy on Mass Ave". Indianapolis Business Journal.
224. Opsahl, Sam. (June 2021). "IndyFringe Theatre Festival". Indianapolis Public Library.
225. Cones, Jean. (2021). "Footlite Musicals". Indianapolis Public Library.
226. Destefano, Rann. (February 2021). "Epilogue Players". Indianapolis Public Library.
227. Miller, Paige Putnam. (June 4, 1990). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Madam C.J. Walker Building". National Park Service.
228. (2021). "Madam Walker Legacy Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
229. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
230. (May 25, 2015). "Review: 'In The Beginning,' Wes Montgomery". National Public Radio.
231. Terri Procopio. (August 30, 2016). "Wes Montgomery and the Indy Jazz Fest". Pattern.
232. Gerber, Thomas. (February 2021). "IndyBaroque Music". Indianapolis Public Library.
233. Elliott, Bill. (February 2021). "Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra". Indianapolis Public Library.
234. Hanlin, George. (July 2021). "Indianapolis Men's Chorus". Indianapolis Public Library.
235. (2021). "Indianapolis Opera". Indianapolis Public Library.
236. Gadski, Mary Ellen. (2021). "Clowes Memorial Hall". Indianapolis Public Library.
237. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (May 2021). "Jazz Kitchen". Indianapolis Public Library.
238. Newberry, Laura. (July 19, 2013). "Indy music store stands the test of time". The Indianapolis Star.
239. Lindquist, David. (March 19, 2016). "Tracking live music's migration to Fountain Square". The Indianapolis Star.
240. Fuller, Milner. (March 2021). "American Piano Awards". Indianapolis Public Library.
241. (2021). "Museums". Indianapolis Public Library.
242. Kuzma, Gregory M.. (July 14, 2008). "Indianapolis: The Center for the Music Arts?".
243. Vanderstel, David G. (2021). "Indianapolis Early Music". Indianapolis Public Library.
244. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (July 2021). "Indianapolis Jazz Foundation". Indianapolis Public Library.
245. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (February 2021). "International Violin Competition of Indianapolis". Indianapolis Public Library.
246. Calder, J. Kent. (2021). "Golden Age of Indiana Literature". Libraries & Archives.
247. (April 10, 2014). "And so it goes: Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007)". Kitsap Sun.
248. "Kurt Vonnegut". Indiana Historical Society.
249. Graves Fitzsimmons, Emma. (November 19, 2010). "Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library Opens in Indianapolis". The New York Times.
250. Chen, Wei-Huan. (October 8, 2015). "Indiana poet Mari Evans receives lifetime achievement award". The Indianapolis Star.
251. Lindquist, David. (July 16, 2015). "Indianapolis shows local love to author John Green". The Indianapolis Star.
252. "About Children's Museums". Association of Children's Museums.
253. Eileen Ogintz. (July 13, 2011). "Delving into the world's largest children's museum". NBC News.
254. Sandler, p. 186
255. (August 29, 2024). "Most Popular Attractions – Ranked by 2023 Indianapolis-area attendance". Indianapolis Business Journal.
256. "2020 Indianapolis Zoo Annual Report". Indianapolis Zoo.
257. Hillier-Geisler, Megan. (March 2021). "Indianapolis Prize". Indianapolis Public Library.
258. (2021). "Indianapolis Zoo". Indianapolis Public Library.
259. (2021). "Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum". Indianapolis Public Library.
260. (June 2021). "NCAA Headquarters and Hall of Champions". Indianapolis Public Library.
261. (2021). "Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site". Indianapolis Public Library.
262. (2021). "Crown Hill Cemetery". Indianapolis Public Library.
263. (February 2021). "Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison". Indianapolis Public Library.
264. Rollins Stanis, Suzanne T.. (2021). "Indiana Landmarks". Indianapolis Public Library.
265. (2021). "Indiana World War Memorial Plaza". Indianapolis Public Library.
266. MacLeod, James. (22 May 2015). "World War I's Heart Is Kept in the Heartland". The Smithsonian Institution.
267. Mitchell, Dawn. (May 25, 2015). "Monumental Indianapolis: Touring Indianapolis memorials". The Indianapolis Star.
268. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (July 2021). "Festivals". Indianapolis Public Library.
269. Opsahl, Sam. (July 2021). "Indy Pride". Indianapolis Public Library.
270. Hale, Michelle D.. (2021). "Marion County Fair". Indianapolis Public Library.
271. Gadzekpo, Audrey S.. (2021). "Indiana Black Expo". Indianapolis Public Library.
272. Lindquist, Dave. (October 20, 2022). "In Irvington, the thrills of Halloween are back". IBJ Media.
273. Tufts, John. (November 20, 2023). "Circle of Lights 2023 is happening earlier this year in Indianapolis: What to know.". The Indianapolis Star.
274. Haas, Matt. (February 16, 2016). "How Every City Became Brooklyn". Bon Appétite.
275. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
276. Lindquist, Dave. (December 30, 2021). "2021 Year in Review: Garage, AMP food halls lead restaurant resurgence". IBJ Media.
277. Perry Abello, Oscar. (August 4, 2020). "Generations of Black Leaders Watching Over This Indianapolis Neighborhood". Next City.
278. Hopkins, Emily. (September 4, 2018). "Indianapolis food deserts could be alleviated by farm-to-table trend". The Indianapolis Star.
279. Simpson Holloway, Rebecca. "Farmers' Market Locations in the Indy Area 2020". Indy with Kids.
280. Pang, Kevin. (April 3, 2014). "Breaded Pork Tenderloin sandwiches: An Indiana institution". Chicago Tribune.
281. Stuttgen, J.R. (2007). Cafe Indiana: A Guide to Indiana's Down-Home Cafes. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 178. {{ISBN. 978-0-299-22493-6. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
282. Blackwell, Carolyn S.. (2021). "Shapiro's Delicatessen". Indianapolis Public Library.
283. Markisohn, Deborah B.. (2021). "St. Elmo Steak House". Indianapolis Public Library.
284. Ketzenberger, Jolene. (July 13, 2012). "St. Elmo Steak House on Forbes' list of 10 classic restaurants". The Indianapolis Star.
285. Cohen, Deborah. (August 2008). "Chain Reaction". Indianapolis Monthly.
286. Edge, John. (February 22, 2011). "In Indianapolis, the World Comes to Eat". The New York Times.
287. Biro, Liz. (September 21, 2016). "Milktooth is on a best restaurants in the world list". The Indianapolis Star.
288. Carter, Allison. (May 23, 2016). "Indy called 'most underrated food city in the U.S.' by Condé Nast Traveler". The Indianapolis Star.
289. Quigley, Annie. (April 12, 2016). "Rising Star of the Midwest: Indianapolis". Food & Wine.
290. Carter, Allison. (April 13, 2016). "4 Indy restaurants recognized by 'Food & Wine'". The Indianapolis Star.
291. Biro, Liz. (March 15, 2016). "No James Beard Awards for Indy chefs – but why?". The Indianapolis Star.
292. (February 27, 2019). "Three from Indianapolis named James Beard semifinalists". Indianapolis Business Journal.
293. Olson, Scott. (May 3, 2016). "More filling: Craft brew craze adds body to real estate market". Indianapolis Business Journal.
294. Olson, Scott. (January 16, 2013). "Sun King brewery lands tax breaks for expansion". Indianapolis Business Journal.
295. Gadski, Mary Ellen. (2021). "Hilbert Circle Theatre". Indianapolis Public Library.
296. Mitchell, Dawn. (January 15, 2020). "The Oscar goes to ... a Hoosier". The Indianapolis Star.
297. Naughton, Keith. (October 6, 1987). "Hoosierwood: Indiana a rising star to some in film industry". The Indianapolis News.
298. Benbow, Dana. (May 11, 2016). "Indy 500 has impacted pop culture for decades". The Indianapolis Star.
299. Davidson, Donald. (May 14, 2020). "Hollywood and the Indianapolis 500". Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
300. Bongiovanni, Domenica. (September 29, 2021). "You can soon stream 'MisEducation of Bindu,' filmed at former Broad Ripple High School". The Indianapolis Star.
301. Britton, Bonnie. (December 23, 2001). "'Hoosiers' gets spot on national list". The Indianapolis Star.
302. Lindquist, Dave. (December 23, 2021). "1902 movie made in Indianapolis added to National Film Registry". IBJ Media Corp..
303. . (April 20, 2018). ["IndyCar star Scott Dixon to try skills on 'American Ninja Warrior'"](https://www.ibj.com/articles/68476-indycar-star-scott-dixon-to-try-skills-on-american-ninja-warrior). *Indianapolis Business Journal*.
304. . (January 14, 2016). ["'Antiques Roadshow' to pull into Indy this summer"](https://www.ibj.com/articles/56634-antiques-roadshow-to-pull-into-indy-this-summer). *Indianapolis Business Journal*.
305. Margolis Siegal, Rachel. (November 29, 2016). "College GameDay at Site of Big Ten Championship in Indianapolis". ESPN.
306. Smith, Benjamin. (June 20, 1999). "Spotlight to shine again on IPD". The Indianapolis Star.
307. . (December 9, 2015). ["Groups seek to amp up Indy's star power with TV, film initiative"](https://www.ibj.com/articles/56150-groups-seek-to-amp-up-indys-star-power-with-tv-film-initiative). *Indianapolis Business Journal*.
308. Ketzenberger, John. (May 3, 2009). "Developer's hope: Makeover home is transformative event". Gannett.
309. (August 30, 2020). "Hit Series Gaycation Heads Home With United We Stand". The Curve Foundation.
310. Lindquist, David. (September 27, 2019). "'Ghost Hunters' TV series will feature Athenaeum in October episode". The Indianapolis Star.
311. Fernandez, Megan. (March 30, 2016). "First Impressions of ''Good Bones'' on HGTV". Emmis Communications.
312. Lindquist, Dave. (July 18, 2025). "Caitlin Clark and fellow Fever highlight 'Good Morning America' telecast". Indianapolis Business Journal.
313. Erickson, Joel A.. (November 16, 2021). "Colts excited to get their showcase when "Hard Knocks In Season" premieres Wednesday". The Indianapolis Star.
314. Li, Anne M.. (July 25, 2015). "Indy couple hopes for dream home on HGTV's 'House Hunters'". The Indianapolis Star.
315. Kightlinger, Cathy. (January 19, 2012). "A little something for Fallon from Indy". The Indianapolis Star.
316. Hayden, Maureen. (January 14, 2013). "'Parks and Rec' episode shot in Indianapolis airs on Thursday". The Herald Bulletin.
317. Lindquist, David. (September 28, 2013). "'Parks and Recreation' is headed back to Indianapolis". The Indianapolis Star.
318. Rice, Briana. (July 15, 2020). "You can see a lot of Cincinnati in Netflix's new surprise wedding show 'Say I Do'". Cincinnati Enquirer.
319. Olson, Scott. (February 3, 2012). "ESPN pleased with Pan Am Plaza broadcast decision". Indianapolis Business Journal.
320. Shuey, Mickey. (May 23, 2019). "'Today Show' broadcast at IMS carries on despite rain". Indianapolis Business Journal.
321. (September 9, 2020). "'What Would You Do?': Friends reject young man for coming out as bisexual".
322. Van Allen, Elizabeth J.. (April 2021). "Heartland International Film Festival". Indianapolis Public Library.
323. Miller, Markus. (July 19, 2021). "Indy Shorts film festival continues growth as standalone event". Indianapolis Business Journal.
324. "About Film Indy". Visit Indy.
325. (2021). "Indianapolis Colts". Indianapolis Public Library.
326. Blair, Lyndsey D.. (July 2021). "Lucas Oil Stadium". Indianapolis Public Library.
327. (2021). "Indiana Pacers". Indianapolis Public Library.
328. Lopez, Danny. (June 2021). "Indiana Fever". Indianapolis Public Library.
329. (July 2021). "Gainbridge Fieldhouse". Indianapolis Public Library.
330. (2021). "Indianapolis Indians". Indianapolis Public Library.
331. Hill, Benjamin. (January 18, 2018). "Minor League Baseball's oldest team names". [[Minor League Baseball]].
332. Opsahl, Sam. (July 2021). "Victory Field". Indianapolis Public Library.
333. Opsahl, Sam. (June 2021). "Indy Eleven". Indianapolis Public Library.
334. Opsahl, Sam. (June 2021). "Indy Fuel". Indianapolis Public Library.
335. Robinson, Angelica. (November 7, 2023). "Construction for new Noblesville Events Center underway". [[WTHR]].
336. Markisohn, Deborah. (2021). "Slogans and Nicknames". Indianapolis Public Library.
337. (2021). "Amateur Sports Governing Bodies". Indianapolis Public Library.
338. Beck, Bill. (December 12, 2015). "BICENTENNIAL: Architects, designers, engineers, builders leave imprint on region". IBJ Media.
339. Keefer, Zak. (March 16, 2014). "History of our Hysteria: How Indiana fell in love with basketball". Gannett Co..
340. Cohen, Kelly. "Indiana's hallowed hardwoods". ESPN.
341. (2021). "Indiana High School Athletic Association". Indianapolis Public Library.
342. "Motorsports Industry". Indy Chamber.
343. . (August 28, 2013). ["RetroIndy: Indianapolis Motor Speedway"](https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2013/08/28/indianapolis-motor-speedway/2723017/). *Gannett Co.*.
344. "Largest stadium (overall capacity)". Guinness World Records Limited.
345. Davidson, Donald. (2021). "Indianapolis Motor Speedway". Indianapolis Public Library.
346. Hembree, Mike. (September 3, 2015). "Drag racing stars are made at NHRA U.S. Nationals". Gannett Co..
347. Watson, Michael. (2021). "Indianapolis Raceway Park". Indianapolis Public Library.
348. Schoettle, Anthony. (March 2, 2017). "Storied racetrack revved for a restart under new owner". Indianapolis Business Journal.
349. Verderame, Jyoti A.. (February 2021). "500 Festival". Indianapolis Public Library.
350. (2021). "Circle City Classic". Indianapolis Public Library.
351. (July 2021). "NCAA Basketball Finals". Indianapolis Public Library.
352. (2021). "Structure of Unigov". Indianapolis Public Library.
353. (2021). "Unigov and Public Finance". Indianapolis Public Library.
354. (2021). "Office of the Mayor". Indianapolis Public Library.
355. (2021). "City-County Council". Indianapolis Public Library.
356. Zeigler, Connie. (2021). "Indiana Government Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
357. IndyGIS, D. S.. (March 2022). "Indiana State House Districts – Marion County". City of Indianapolis.
358. IndyGIS, D. S.. (March 2022). "Indiana State Senate Districts – Marion County". City of Indianapolis.
359. (2021). "M. B. Emmett J. Bean Finance Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
360. (2021). "Unigov and Political Participation". Indianapolis Public Library.
361. (August 2014). "Representation in Municipal Government". American Political Science Review.
362. (February 2, 2021). "An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2020 Election". The New York Times.
363. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
364. (November 5, 2019). "Marion County Election Results for November 5, 2019". Gannett Co..
365. Martin, Ryan. (December 1, 2019). "'Worst day': Republicans say failed Merritt campaign handed election to Hogsett, Democrats". Gannett Co..
366. "IFD Battalions". City of Indianapolis and Marion County.
367. (2021). "Indianapolis Fire Department". Indianapolis Public Library.
368. (2021). "Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department". Indianapolis Public Library.
369. Dauphinais, Sydney. (May 17, 2022). "Community Justice Campus officially opens in Twin Aire neighborhood". WFYI.
370. (2021). "Indiana National Guard". Indianapolis Public Library.
371. (January 24, 1994). "Teen Violence Jolts Indianapolis into Action".
372. (December 29, 2006). "Homicide rates jump in 2006".
373. Mack, Justin. (January 10, 2020). "Indianapolis homicides down for the first time in years. Here's why no one is celebrating.". Gannett Co..
374. Mack, Justin. (December 31, 2017). "Woman killed in New Year's Eve shooting". Gannett Co..
375. (December 22, 2016). "Latest killing makes 2016 deadliest year in city's history". Gannett Co..
376. Herron, Arika. (September 18, 2017). "Shortridge named state's 'most beautiful' public high school". The Indianapolis Star.
377. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Marion County, IN". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
378. "Indianapolis Public Schools (5385)". Indiana Department of Education.
379. Colombo, Hayleigh. (March 4, 2015). "IPS chooses struggling School 103 as Phalen 'innovation' school". [[Chalkbeat]].
380. Weddle, Eric. (October 29, 2020). "More IPS Students Attend Innovation Schools As District Enrollment Dips During Pandemic". Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Media, Inc..
381. (February 7, 2019). "How Lewis Ferebee forged peace with charter competitors to reshape Indianapolis schools". [[Chalkbeat]].
382. "The Office of Education Innovation". City of Indianapolis and Marion County.
383. (May 27, 2021). "Largest Private Primary Schools". IBJ Media.
384. (May 26, 2021). "Largest Private Secondary Schools". IBJ Media.
385. Kaiser, Kristen. (June 2021). "International School of Indiana". Indianapolis Public Library.
386. McClelland, Helen Jean. (2021). "The Orchard School". Indianapolis Public Library.
387. McClelland, Helen Jean. (2021). "Park Tudor School". Indianapolis Public Library.
388. Donnelly, Cathleen F.. (2021). "Meridian Hills". Indianapolis Public Library.
389. Towne, Stephen. (2021). "Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis". Indianapolis Public Library.
390. Kaufman, Michelle. (February 13, 2025). "Indiana University Indianapolis receives Research 1 designation". Inside Indiana Business.
391. "Table B-1.2: Total Enrollment by U.S. MD-Granting Medical School and Sex, 2017-2018 through 2021-2022". Association of American Medical Colleges.
392. (2021). "Indiana University School of Medicine". Indianapolis Public Library.
393. (2021). "Ivy Tech Community College". Indianapolis Public Library.
394. "About CAP: INDY". Ball State University.
395. "Indianapolis Aviation Technology Center". Vincennes University.
396. (2021). "Butler University". Indianapolis Public Library.
397. (October 25, 2021). "Largest Indiana Colleges And Universities". IBJ Media Corp..
398. (2021). "Martin University". Indianapolis Public Library.
399. "Indiana Institute of Technology". Higher Learning Commission.
400. (2021). "Christian Theological Seminary". Indianapolis Public Library.
401. "Indianapolis (North) Ed. Center". Indiana Wesleyan University.
402. (2021). "Libraries & Archives". Indianapolis Public Library.
403. Library, A. L. A.. "LibGuides: Library Statistics and Figures: The Nation's Largest Public Libraries".
404. (January 1, 2021). "Annual Report 2021". Annual Report.
405. (2021). "Indiana State Library". Indianapolis Public Library.
406. (2021). "Indianapolis Star". Indianapolis Public Library.
407. Murphy, Beth. (2021). "Indianapolis News". Indianapolis Public Library.
408. Sherman, John. (2021). "Indianapolis Times". Indianapolis Public Library.
409. (2021). "Indianapolis Monthly". Indianapolis Public Library.
410. (2021). "Indianapolis Business Journal". Indianapolis Public Library.
411. Burgess, Robert. (February 2021). "NUVO". Indianapolis Public Library.
412. Perry, Brandon. (December 2021). "The Indianapolis Recorder". Indianapolis Public Library.
413. Perry, Brandon. (July 2021). "Indiana Minority Business Magazine". Indianapolis Public Library.
414. Gonzalez Parodi, Jose. (June 2022). "La Voz de Indiana". Indianapolis Public Library.
415. (2021). "WTTV". Indianapolis Public Library.
416. (2021). "WRTV". Indianapolis Public Library.
417. Smith, David L.. (2021). "WISH-TV". Indianapolis Public Library.
418. (2021). "WTHR". Indianapolis Public Library.
419. (2021). "WFYI Public Television". Indianapolis Public Library.
420. Fletcher, Stephen J.. (2021). "WIXN". Indianapolis Public Library.
421. (1994). "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis". Indiana University Press.
422. (April 25, 2015). "Goodbye, David Letterman: An Oral History". Emmis Communications.
423. McKay, Julie. (August 17, 2023). "''The Pat McAfee Show'' on ESPN Platforms Launches Sept. 7, Part of ESPN's Personality-Packed Programming Lineup". ESPN.
424. Zeigler, Connie J.. (2021). "WFBQ". Indianapolis Public Library.
425. McKay, Christy. (2021). "WFMS". Indianapolis Public Library.
426. (2021). "WIBC". Indianapolis Public Library.
427. (2021). "WTLC". Indianapolis Public Library.
428. (June 2021). "Bob & Tom Show". Indianapolis Public Library.
429. Opsahl, Sam. (March 2021). "WFNI". Indianapolis Public Library.
430. (2021). "WNDE". Indianapolis Public Library.
431. McKay, Christy. (2021). "WXNT". Indianapolis Public Library.
432. Donald, Davidson. (February 2021). "Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network". Indianapolis Public Library.
433. McKay, Christy. (2021). "WBRI". Indianapolis Public Library.
434. McKay, Christy. (2021). "WICR". Indianapolis Public Library.
435. (2021). "Classical Music Indy". Indianapolis Public Library.
436. Van Allen, Elizabeth J.. (June 2022). "WFYI-FM". Indianapolis Public Library.
437. "Thrive Indianapolis Annual Report 2020". City of Indianapolis Office of Sustainability.
438. "Indy Moves Transportation Integration Plan". Metropolitan Development Commission of Marion County, Indiana.
439. (March 15, 2018). "Uber, Lyft, Yellow Cab: We compare ride services". Gannett Co..
440. Dwyer, Kayla. (August 11, 2022). "There's a new scooter company in town: Veo comes to Indianapolis". Gannett Co..
441. Gibson, London. (May 4, 2021). "Scrub Hub: What's the future of bike lanes in Indianapolis?". Gannett Co..
442. "Means of Transportation to Work by Age". Census Reporter.
443. Maciag, Mike. (December 9, 2014). "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing.
444. Dwyer, Kayla. (March 16, 2022). "Indianapolis should spend 5 times what it currently does on infrastructure, study says". The Indianapolis Star.
445. "Living in Indianapolis". Walk Score.
446. (April 15, 2015). "Indy inhospitable to bikers, survey says". Gannett Co..
447. Verderame, Jyoti A.. (March 2021). "Indianapolis Cultural Trail". Indianapolis Public Library.
448. Tuohy, John. (June 27, 2016). "IndyGo transit center passes rush-hour test". Gannett Co..
449. Sheff, Jeff. (July 2021). "IndyGo". Indianapolis Public Library.
450. Christian, Kurt. (December 19, 2019). "Whitestown approves community funding for workforce shuttle". Indianapolis Business Journal.
451. (2021). "Indianapolis International Airport". Indianapolis Public Library.
452. Guffey, Alysa. (June 25, 2025). "53 routes, 10 million passengers: How the IND airport hits records, captures the hearts of travelers". The Indianapolis Star.
453. Verderame, Jyoti. (2021). "FedEx Express National Hub". Indianapolis Public Library.
454. Hale, Michelle D.. (2021). "Indianapolis Airport Authority". Indianapolis Public Library.
455. RLS & Associates, Inc.. (March 2022). "Indiana Intercity Bus Needs Assessment and Service Evaluation 2021". Indiana Department of Transportation, Office of Transit.
456. Bogle, Victor M.. (2021). "Beech Grove Railroad Shop". Indianapolis Public Library.
457. (2021). "Applied Energy Service Corporation". Indianapolis Public Library.
458. (August 2017). "Street Light Placement Analysis in Marion County, IN". [[Indiana University]].
459. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (March 2021). "Citizens Energy Group". Indianapolis Public Library.
460. . (April 22, 2016). ["Citizens seeks rate reduction for downtown steam customers"](https://www.ibj.com/articles/58240-citizens-seeks-rate-reduction-for-downtown-steam-customers). *IBJ Media*.
461. "Supply and Sources". Citizens Energy Group.
462. Russell, John. (April 8, 2015). "New 463 area code coming to Central Indiana". The Indianapolis Star.
463. Rafford, Claire. (July 19, 2021). "What to know about Indianapolis' main home internet providers". The Indianapolis Star.
464. Schoettle, Anthony. (May 22, 2020). "Sheltering at home has produced loads more residential trash". IBJ Media.
465. Russell, John. (March 31, 2023). "Pilot project to boost Marion County's low recycling rate getting mixed reviews". IBJ Media.
466. "Find a Recycling Drop-Off Location". City of Indianapolis and Marion County.
467. Fischer, Jessica Erin. (July 2021). "Recycling". Indianapolis Public Library.
468. (2021). "Community Health Network". Indianapolis Public Library.
469. Rowe, Alan. (July 2021). "Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital". Indianapolis Public Library.
470. (September 17, 2021). "Trauma Centers in Indiana". State of Indiana.
471. (2021). "Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County". Indianapolis Public Library.
472. (2021). "Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital". Indianapolis Public Library.
473. (2021). "Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center". Indianapolis Public Library.
474. Sheridan, Jill. (March 15, 2019). "NeuroDiagnostic Institute Opens, First New Psychiatric Hospital In Decades". Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Media.
475. "Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health". U.S. News & World Report.
476. Russell, John. (June 12, 2023). "IU Health readies for large bond sale on major hospital projects". IBJ Media.
477. Padilla, Noe. (May 24, 2025). "'We are making history': Indianapolis and Le Mans, two auto racing giants, now sister cities". The Indianapolis Star.
478. Indianapolis-Scarborough Sister City Committee. (1996). "Scarborough, Canada Formal Documents — 2. Friendship Agreement (Memorandum Of Understanding)". Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library.
479. Wright, Delores J.. (2021). "Indianapolis/Scarborough Peace Games". Indianapolis Public Library.