Hejazi Arabic

:: ضَرَبَتُه ("she hit him"), as opposed to . :: وَلَدُه ("his son"), as opposed to . :: عَلَيَّ ("on me"), as opposed to . :: جيبَنَا ("our pocket") and عيلَتِي ("my family"), as opposed to Najdi and and Egyptian and . :: عِنْدَكُم ("in your possession" pl.), as opposed to Najdi , Egyptian , and Levantine . ## History The Arabic of today is derived principally from the old dialects of Central and North Arabia which were divided by the classical Arab grammarians into three groups: Hejaz, Najd, and the language of the tribes in adjoining areas. Though the modern Hejazi dialects has developed markedly since the development of Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic is quite distinct from the modern dialect of Hejaz. Standard Arabic now differs considerably from modern Hejazi Arabic in terms of its phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, such diglossia in Arabic began to emerge at the latest in the sixth century CE when oral poets recited their poetry in a proto-Classical Arabic based on archaic dialects which differed greatly from their own. Urban Hejazi Arabic belongs to the western Peninsular Arabic branch of the Arabic language, which itself is a Semitic language. It includes features of both urban and bedouin dialects given its development in the historical cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca in proximity to the bedouin tribes that lived on the outskirts of these cities, in addition to a minimal influence in vocabulary from other urban Arabic dialects and Modern Standard Arabic, and more recently the influence of the other dialects of Saudi Arabia, all of which made Urban Hejazi a dialect that is distinctly unique but close to peninsular dialects on one hand and urban Arabic dialects on the other. Historically, it is not well known in which stage of Arabic the shift from the Proto-Semitic pair qāf and gīm came to be Hejazi gāf and jīm , although it has been attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a chain shift * → → that occurred in one of two ways: 1. Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic gīm palatalized to Hejazi jīm first, opening up a space at the position of , which qāf * then moved to fill the empty space resulting in Hejazi gāf , restoring structural symmetrical relationships present in the pre-Arabic system. 1. Push Chain: Proto-Semitic qāf * changed to Hejazi gāf first, which resulted in pushing the original gīm forward in articulation to become Hejazi jīm , but since most modern qāf dialects as well as standard Arabic also have jīm, then the push-chain of qāf to gāf first can be discredited, although there are good grounds for believing that old Arabic qāf had both voiced and voiceless as allophones; and later on the gīm was fronted to jīm , possibly as a result of pressure from the allophones. The development of to have also been observed in languages like Azerbaijani in which the Old Turkic is pronounced as a velar ; e.g. *قال* / *qal* 'to stay, remain' is pronounced , rather than as in Turkish or in Bashkir, Uyghur, Kazakh, etc. ## Phonology *Main article: Hejazi Arabic phonology}}In general, Hejazi native phonemic inventory consists of 26 (with no interdental {{IPA, [/θ, ð/}}) to 28 [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s depending on the speaker's preference, in addition to the marginal phoneme {{IPAslink](th-d-to-28-consonant-phoneme-s-depending-on-the-speaker-s-preference-in-addition-to-the-marginal-phoneme-ipaslink), [ɫ}}. Furthermore, it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long [[vowel]]s {{IPA](l-furthermore-it-has-an-eight-vowel-system-consisting-of-three-short-and-five-long-vowel-s-ipa), /a, u, i; aː, uː, oː, iː, eː/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt, Abdoh, [2010](2010), Omar, [1975](1975), /sˤ, dˤ, tˤ, zˤ/}} are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt, Omar, [1975](1975)* The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from other peninsular dialects in regards to consonants is the pronunciation of the letters ,, and (see Hejazi Phonology) and the standard pronunciation of as in Standard Arabic. Another differential feature is the lack of palatalization for the letters ك , ق and ج , unlike in other peninsular dialects where they can be palatalized in certain positions e.g. Hejazi جديد 'new' vs. Gulf Arabic and Hejazi عندك 'with you' vs. traditional Najdi . The marginal /ɫ/ is only used in the word الله 'God' /aɫːaːh/ (except when it follows an as in بسمِ الله ) and in words derived from it. It contrasts with /l/ in والله 'I swear' /waɫːa/ vs. ولَّا 'or' /walːa/. Unlike other neighboring dialects; is not velarized in certain positions, as in عقل 'brain' pronounced with a light lām in Hejazi and velarized one in other peninsular Arabic dialects. Two additional foreign sounds ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ are used by a number of speakers while many substitute them with ⟨[ب](b)⟩ and ⟨[ف](f)⟩ respectively, in general is more integrated and used by more speakers than . A conservative feature that Hejazi holds is the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction, for example قلنا لهم 'we told them', is pronounced in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel as in Najdi and Gulf Arabic, in addition to that, the absence of initial consonant cluster (known as the ghawa syndrome) as in بَقَرة 'cow', قَهْوة 'coffee', نِعْرِف 'we know' and سِمْعَت 'she heard' which are pronounced , , and respectively in Hejazi but , , and in other peninsular dialects. ### Consonants ::data[format=table title="Consonant phonemes of Hejazi"] | Labial | Dental | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | plain | emphatic | Nasal | Occlusive | voiceless | voiced | Fricative | voiceless | voiced | Trill | Approximant | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ~ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | () | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: Phonetic notes: - the affricate is realised as a fricative and the trill is realised a tap by a number of speakers or in a number of words. - the phonemes and can be realised as uvular fricatives and respectively in a few instances. - the phoneme is used as an alternative phoneme, while many speakers merge it with or depending on the word. - the phoneme is used as an alternative phoneme, while many speakers merge it with or depending on the word. - can be analyzed as an alternative phoneme for , while many speakers pronounce it distinctly as or merge it with depending on the word. - and merge into for a number of speakers due to the influence of neighboring dialects. - has the velar allophone , which occurs before stop velars as in انكب ('it spilled') and مِنقَل ('brazier') and is an allophone before as in قُرُنْفُل ('clove') which is pronounced . - due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic, has been introduced as an allophone of in some words and phrases especially in the scientific and religious fields as in اقتصاد ('economy') which is phonemically but can be pronounced as or depending on the speaker, although older speakers prefer in all positions. - Word-Initial clusters like , or occur only in loanwords and they are not considered to be a single phoneme but a cluster of two sounds, e.g. ⟨[ت](t)⟩ and ⟨ش⟩ as in تْشِيلي ('Chile'), this cluster has merged with in earlier loanwords that are more integrated e.g. شَيَّك ('he checked’) from English *check*. Clusters can occur phonetically in native words affected by syncope when connected, e.g. لا تِشِيلِي ('don't lift') pronounced or . ### Vowels ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg" caption="p=84}}"] :: ::data[format=table title="Vowel phonemes of Hejazi"] | Short | Long | Front | Back | Front | Back | Close | Mid | Open | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: Phonetic notes: - and are pronounced either as an open front vowel or an open central vowel depending on the speaker, even when adjacent to emphatic consonants, except in some words such as ألمانيا ('Germany'), يابان ('Japan') and بابا ('dad') where they are pronounced with the back vowel . - and are pronounced as true mid vowels and respectively. - short (also analyzed as ) is pronounced allophonically as or less likely in word initial or medial syllables e.g. أخت ('sister') and مشط ('comb') and strictly as at the end of words e.g. شافوا ('they saw') or before as in هُوَّ ('he') or when isolate. - short (also analyzed as ) is pronounced allophonically as or less likely in word initial or medial syllables e.g. إسلام ('Islam') and قسم ('section') and strictly as at the end of words e.g. عندي ('I have') or before as in هِيَّ ('he') or when isolate. - the close vowels can be distinguished by tenseness with and being more tense in articulation than their short counterparts and , except at the end of words where they are all tense even in loanwords, e.g. شِكاقو ('Chicago') which is less likely to be pronounced . - The diphthongs: , , e.g. يِوْقَف ('he stops') and e.g. بيقول ('he's saying') (also pronounced for emphasis) are not considered as separate phonemes. #### Monophthongization Most of the occurrences of the two diphthongs and in the Classical Arabic period underwent monophthongization in Hejazi, and are realized as the long vowels and respectively, but they are still preserved as diphthongs in a number of words which created a contrast with the long vowels , , and . ::data[format=table] | Example (without diacritics) | Meaning | Hejazi Arabic | Modern Standard Arabic | |---|---|---|---| | دوري | league | | | | my turn | | | | | turn around! | | | | | search! | | | | :: Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization, some are from grammatical processes قالوا 'they said' → قالوا لها 'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic قالوا لها ), and some occur in modern Portmanteau words e.g. ليش 'why?' (from Classical Arabic لأي 'for what' and شيء 'thing'). ## Vocabulary Hejazi vocabulary derives primarily from Arabic Semitic roots. The urban Hejazi vocabulary differs in some respect from that of other dialects in the Arabian Peninsula. For example, there are fewer specialized terms related to desert life, and more terms related to seafaring and fishing. Loanwords are uncommon and they are mainly of French, Italian, Persian, Turkish and most recently of English origins, and due to the diverse origins of the inhabitants of Hejazi cities, some loanwords are used by only some families. Some old loanwords are fading or became obsolete due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic and their association with lower social class and education, e.g. كنديشن "air conditioner" (from English *condition*) was replaced by Standard Arabic مكيّف . Words that are distinctly of Hejazi origin include دحين or "now", إيوه "yes", إيش "what?", أبغى "I want", ديس "breast" (used with the more formal صدر ), فهيقة "hiccup", and قد or قيد "already", Other general vocabulary includes ندر "to leave" with its synonyms خرج and طلع , زهم "to call over" with its synonym نادى and بالتوفيق "good luck". (see vocabulary list) Most of the loanwords tend to be nouns e.g. "bicycle", "lime", "shrimp" and "shoe", and sometimes with a change of meaning as in: "overpass" from Turkish "köprü" originally meaning "bridge" and وَايْت "water tanker truck" from English "white", loaned verbs are rare and they follow the same grammatical rules, e.g. "to hack" from English "hack" and "to agitate" from French "nerveux" or English "nervous". ### Portmanteau A common feature in Hejazi vocabulary is portmanteau words (also called a *blend* in linguistics); in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, it is especially innovative in making interrogative words, examples include: - إيوه (, "yes"): from إي (, "yes") and و (, "and") and الله (, "god"). - معليش (, is it ok?/sorry): from ما (, nothing) and عليه (, on him) and شيء (, thing). - إيش (, "what?"): from أي (, "which") and شيء (, "thing"). - ليش (, "why?"): from لأي (, for what) and شيء (, "thing"). - فين (, where?): from في (, in) and أين (, where). - إلين (, "until"): from إلى (, "to") and أن (, "that"). - دحين ( or , "now"): from ذا (, "this") and الحين (, part of time). - بعدين (, later): from بعد (baʕd, after) and أَيْن (ʔayn, part of time). - علشان or عشان ( or , "in order to"): from على (, "on") and شأن (, "matter"). - كمان (, "also"): from كما (, "like") and أن (, "that"). - يلّا (, come on): from يا (, "o!") and الله (, "god"). - لسّة or لسّا or لِسَّع ( or , not yet, still): from للساعة (, "to the hour") also used as in لِسّاعه صغير ("he is still young") ### Numerals The Cardinal number system in Hejazi is much more simplified than the Classical Arabic ::data[format=table] | numbers 1–10 | IPA | 11-20 | IPA | 10s | IPA | 100s | IPA | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1 واحد | | 11 احدعش | | 10 عشرة | | 100 مية | | | 2 اتنين | or | 12 اتطنعش | or | 20 عشرين | | 200 ميتين | or | | 3 تلاتة | or | 13 تلتطعش | or | 30 تلاتين | or | 300 تلتميَّة | or | | 4 أربعة | | 14 أربعطعش | | 40 أربعين | | 400 أربعميَّة | | | 5 خمسة | | 15 خمسطعش | or | 50 خمسين | | 500 خمسميَّة | | | 6 ستة | | 16 ستطعش | | 60 ستين | | 600 ستميَّة | | | 7 سبعة | | 17 سبعطعش | | 70 سبعين | | 700 سبعميَّة | | | 8 تمنية | or | 18 تمنطعش | or | 80 تمانين | or | 800 تمنميَّة | or | | 9 تسعة | | 19 تسعطعش | | 90 تسعين | | 900 تسعميَّة | | | 10 عشرة | | 20 عشرين | | 100 ميَّة | | 1000 ألف | | :: A system similar to the German numbers system is used for other numbers between 20 and above: 21 is واحد و عشرين which literally mean ('one and twenty') and 485 is أربعمية و خمسة و ثمانين which literally mean ('four hundred and five and eighty'). Unlike Classical Arabic, the only number that is gender specific in Hejazi is "one" which has two forms واحد *m.* and وحدة *f.* as in كتاب واحد ('one book') or سيارة وحدة ('one car'), with كتاب being a masculine noun and سيّارة a feminine noun. - for 2 as in 'two cars' 'two years' 'two houses' etc. the dual form is used instead of the number, with the suffix ēn or tēn (if the noun ends with a feminine ) as in كتابين ('two books') or سيّارتين ('two cars'), for emphasis they can be said as كتابين اثنين or سيّارتين اثنين. - for numbers 3 to 10 the noun following the number is in plural form as in أربعة كتب ('4 books') or عشرة سيّارات ('10 cars'). - for numbers 11 and above the noun following the number is in singular form as in:- - from 11 to 19 an ـر [ar] is added to the end of the numbers as in أربعطعشر كتاب ('14 books') or احدعشر سيّارة ('11 cars'). - for 100s a [t] is added to the end of the numbers before the counted nouns as in ثلثميّة سيّارة ('300 cars'). - other numbers are simply added to the singular form of the noun واحد و عشرين كتاب ('21 books'). ## Grammar ### Subject pronouns In Hejazi Arabic, personal pronouns have eight forms. In singular, the 2nd and 3rd persons differentiate gender, while the 1st person and plural do not. The negative articles include لا as in لا تكتب ('do not write!'), ما as in ما بيتكلم ('he is not talking') and مو as in مو كذا ('not like this') ::data[format=table title="Subject pronouns"] | Person | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *ar* انا | *ar* نحنَ* / *احنا | | | | | | | | | | *ar* َانت | *ar* انتو | | | | | | | | | | *ar* ِانتي*/*انت | | | | | | | | | | | *ar* َّهُو | *ar* هُمَّ | | | | | | | | | | *ar* َّهِي | | | | | | | | | | :: ::data[format=table title="Negative subject pronouns"] | Person | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *ar* ماني*/*مني | *ar* محنا | | | | | | | | | | *ar* َمنت | *ar* منتو | | | | | | | | | | *ar* منتي | | | | | | | | | | | *ar* مهو | *ar* ماهم*/*مهم | | | | | | | | | | *ar* مهي | | | | | | | | | | :: ### Verbs Hejazi Arabic verbs, as with the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of three, four, or even five consonants (but mainly three consonants) called a root (*triliteral* or *quadriliteral* according to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. *ar* 'to write', *ar* 'to eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as : - Two tenses (past, present; present progressive is indicated by the prefix (bi-), future is indicated by the prefix (ħa-)) - Two voices (active, passive) - Two genders (masculine, feminine) - Three persons (first, second, third) - Two numbers (singular, plural) Hejazi has two grammatical number in verbs (Singular and Plural) instead of the Classical (Singular, Dual and Plural), in addition to a present progressive tense which was not part of the Classical Arabic grammar. In contrast to other urban dialects the prefix (b-) is used only for present continuous as in بِيِكْتُب "he is writ**ing**" while the habitual tense is without a prefix as in أَحُبِّك "I love you" *f.* unlike بحبِّك in Egyptian and Levantine dialects and the future tense is indicated by the prefix (ħa-) as in حَنِجْري "we **will** run". #### Regular verbs The most common verbs in Hejazi have a given vowel pattern for past (**a** and **i**) to present (**a** or **u** or **i**). Combinations of each exist: ::data[format=table] | Vowel patterns | Example | Past | Present | |---|---|---|---| | a | a | raħ**a**m رحم *he forgave* – yirħ**a**m يرحم *he forgives* | | | a | u | ḍar**a**b ضرب *he hit* – yiḍr**u**b يضرب *he hits* | | | a | i | ġas**a**l غسل *he washed* – yiġs**i**l يغسل *he washes* | | | i | a | fih**i**m فهم *he understood* – yifh**a**m يفهم *he understands* | | | i | i | ʕir**i**f عرف *he knew* – yiʕr**i**f يعرف *he knows* | | :: According to Arab grammarians, verbs are divided into **three** categories; Past ماضي, Present مضارع and Imperative أمر. An example from the root *ar* the verb *katab**t**/**ʼa**ktub* 'i wrote/i write' (which is a regular sound verb): ::data[format=table title="Verb Example (ك ت ب) (k t b) "to write""] | Tense/Mood | Past "wrote" | Present (Indicative) "write" | Imperative "write!" | Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | كتبت *(katab)-t* | كتبنا *(katab)-na* | أكتب ʼ*a-(ktub)* | نكتب *ni-(ktub)* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | كتبت *(katab)-t* | كتبتوا *(katab)-tu* | تكتب *ti-(ktub)* | تكتبوا *ti-(ktub)-u* | أكتب *[a]-(ktub)* | أكتبوا *[a]-(ktub)-u* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | كتبتي *(katab)-ti* | تكتبي *ti-(ktub)-i* | أكتبي *[a]-(ktub)-i* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | كتب *(katab)* | كتبوا *(katab)-u* | يكتب *yi-(ktub)* | يكتبوا *yi-(ktub)-u* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | كتبت *(katab)-at* | تكتب *ti-(ktub)* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: While present progressive and future are indicated by adding the prefix (b-) and (ħa-) respectively to the present (indicative) : ::data[format=table] | Tense/Mood | Present Progressive "writing" | Future "will write" | Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | بكتب or بأكتب ***ba**-a-(ktub)* | بنكتب ***bi**-ni-(ktub)* | حكتب or حأكتب ***ħa**-a-(ktub)* | حنكتب ***ħa**-ni-(ktub)* | | | | | | | | | | | | | بتكتب ***bi**-ti-(ktub)* | بتكتبوا ***bi**-ti-(ktub)-u* | حتكتب ***ħa**-ti-(ktub)* | حتكتبوا ***ħa**-ti-(ktub)-u* | | | | | | | | | | | | | بتكتبي ***bi**-ti-(ktub)-i* | حتكتبي ***ħa**-ti-(ktub)-i* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | بيكتب ***bi**-yi-(ktub)* | بيكتبوا ***bi**-yi-(ktub)-u* | حيكتب ***ħa**-yi-(ktub)* | حيكتبوا ***ħa**-yi-(ktub)-u* | | | | | | | | | | | | | بتكتب ***bi**-ti-(ktub)* | حتكتب ***ħa**-ti-(ktub)* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: - The verbs highlighted in silver sometimes come in irregular forms e.g. حبيت (ħabbē)-t "i loved", حبينا (ħabbē)-na "we loved" but ّحب (ħabb) "he loved" and حبُّوا (ħabb)-u "they loved". - additional final ا to ـوا in all plural verbs is silent. - The Active Participles قاعد , قاعدة and قاعدين can be used instead of the prefix بـ [b-] as in قاعد اكتب ('i'm writing') instead of بأكتب or بكتب ('i'm writing') without any change in the meaning. The active participles جالس , جالسة and جالسين are used in the same way. - The past tenses of the verbs قعد ('he sat/remained') or جلس ('he sat') can be used before present verbs to express a past continuous tense which is similar to the English usage of *"kept"* as in قعد يكتب عنه ('he kept writing about him'). - A way of emphasizing the past tense is by adding the verbs قام ('he stood') or راح ('went') and its derivatives before the past verbs which is similar to the English usage of *"went"*, as in قام جري له ('he went and ran to him') and راح كتب عنه ('he went and wrote about him'). - the 3rd person past plural suffix -/u/ turns into -/oː/ (long o) instead of before pronouns, as in راحوا ('they went') → راحوا له ('they went to him'), or it can be originally an -/oː/ as in جوا ('they came') and in its homophone جوه ('they came to him') since the word-final 3rd person masculine singular pronoun ـه is silent. - word-final hollow verbs have a unique conjugation of either or , if a verb ends in ـي in its past simple form as in نسي nisi 'he forgot' (present ينسى yinsa 'he forgets') it becomes نسيت nis**īt** 'I forgot' and نسيت nis**yat** 'she forgot' and نِسْيوا nis**yu** 'they forgot'. While if the verb ends in ـى or ـا in its past simple form as in شوى šawa 'he grilled' (present يشوي yišwi 'he grills') it becomes شَويت šaw**ēt** 'I grilled' and شَوَت šaw**at** 'she grilled and شَووا šaw**u** 'they grilled'. Most of these verbs correspond to their Classical Arabic forms like رضي, دعا, صحي, لقي, and سقى but some exceptions include بكي biki 'he cried', جري jiri 'he ran', مشي miši 'he walked' and دري diri 'he knew' as opposed to the Classical بكى baka, جرى jara, مشى maša, درى dara. Example: **katabt/aktub** "write": non-finite forms ::data[format=table] | Number/Gender | اسم الفاعل Active Participle | اسم المفعول Passive Participle | مصدر Verbal Noun | Masc. Sg. | Fem. Sg. | Pl. | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *kātib* كاتب | *maktūb* مكتوب | *kitāba* كتابة | | | | | | *kātb-a* كاتبة | *maktūb-a* مكتوبة | | | | | | | *kātb-īn* كاتبين | *maktūb-īn* مكتوبين | | | | | | :: Active participles act as adjectives, and so they must agree with their subject. An active participle can be used in several ways: 1. to describe a state of being (understanding; knowing). 1. to describe what someone is doing right now (going, leaving) as in some verbs like رحت ("i went") the active participle رايح ("i'm going") is used instead of present continuous form to give the same meaning of an ongoing action. 1. to indicate that someone/something is in a state of having done something (having put something somewhere, having lived somewhere for a period of time). #### Passive Voice The passive voice is expressed through two patterns; (اَنْفَعَل , يِنْفَعِل ) or (اَتْفَعَل , يِتْفَعِل ), while most verbs can take either pattern as in أتكتب or أنكتب "it was written" and يتكتب or ينكتب "it is being written", other verbs can only have one of the two patterns as in اتوقف "he was stopped" and يتوقف "he is being stopped". ### Adjectives In Hejazi, adjectives, demonstratives and verbs fully agree in gender and number, e.g. ولد كبير "big boy" and بنت كبيرة "big girl". But there are two exceptions; First, there is no agreement in dual number; e.g. بنتين "two girls" takes the plural adjective as in بنتين كبار "two big girls". Second, and more importantly, gender agreement is syncretic in the plural, in which inanimate plural nouns take a feminine singular adjective e.g. سيارات كبيرة "big cars" instead of the plural adjective, while animate plural nouns take the plural adjective as in بنات كبار "big girls". The plural feminine adjective كبيرات can be used as well but it is rather archaic. ::data[format=table title="Adjective Example "big""] | Number/Gender | Adjective | Usage notes | Masc. Sg. | Fem. Sg. | Common Pl. | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | *kabīr* كبير | with singular masculine nouns | | | | | | *kabīra* كبيرة | with singular feminine and inanimate plural nouns | | | | | | *kubār* كبار or *kabīrīn* كبيرين | with dual (masculine or feminine) and animate plural (masculine or feminine) nouns | | | | | :: ### Pronouns #### Enclitic pronouns Enclitic forms of personal pronouns are suffixes that are affixed to various parts of speech, with varying meanings: - To the construct state of nouns, where they have the meaning of possessive demonstratives, e.g. "my, your, his". - To verbs, where they have the meaning of direct object pronouns, e.g. "me, you, him". - To verbs, where they have the meaning of indirect object pronouns, e.g. "(to/for) me,(to/for) you, (to/for) him". - To prepositions. Unlike Egyptian Arabic, in Hejazi no more than one pronoun can be suffixed to a word. ::data[format=table title="Possessive Pronouns (nominal)<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Omar|1975}}</ref>"] | Person | Singular | Plural | 1st | consonant+ | vowel+ | **2nd** | masculine m. | feminine f. | 3rd | masculine m. | feminine f. | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *-i ـي* | *-yya or -ya ـيّ* | -na ـنا | | | | | | | | | | | -ak ـَك | -k ـك | -kum ـكم | | | | | | | | | | | -ik ـِك | -ki ـكي | | | | | | | | | | | | -u ـُه | -[ː] ـه | -hum ـهم | | | | | | | | | | | -ha ـها | | | | | | | | | | | | :: ::data[format=table title="Direct Object Pronouns (verbal)"] | Person | Singular | Plural | 1st | consonant+ | vowel+ | **2nd** | masculine m. | feminine f. | 3rd | masculine m. | feminine f. | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *-ni ـني* | -na ـنا | | | | | | | | | | | | -ak ـَك | -k ـك | -kum ـكم | | | | | | | | | | | -ik ـِك | -ki ـكي | | | | | | | | | | | | -u ـُه | -[ː] ـه | -hum ـهم | | | | | | | | | | | -ha ـها | | | | | | | | | | | | :: ::data[format=table title="Indirect Object Pronouns (verbal)"] | Person | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine m. | feminine f. | 3rd | masculine m. | feminine f. | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | *ar* لي | *ar* لنا | | | | | | | | | | *ar* لَك | *ar* لكم | | | | | | | | | | *ar* لِك | | | | | | | | | | | *ar* له | *ar* لهم | | | | | | | | | | *ar* لها | | | | | | | | | | :: - if a noun ends with a vowel (other than the of the feminine nouns) that is or then the suffix (-ya) is used as in أبو ('father') becomes أبويَ ('my father') but if it ends with an then the suffix (-yya) is added as in كُرْسِيَّ ('my chair') from كُرْسِي ('chair'). - the colon between the parentheses -[ː] indicates that the final vowel of a word is lengthened as in كرسي ('chair') → كرسيه ('his chair'), since the word-final ـه [h] is silent in this position. although in general it is uncommon for Hejazi nouns to end in a vowel other than the of the feminine nouns. - The indirect object pronouns are written separately from the verbs as per Classical Arabic convention, but they are pronounced as if they are fused with the verbs. They are still written separately by many writers as in كتبت له ('i wrote to him') but they can be written intact كتبتله since Hejazi does not have a written standard. General Modifications:- - When a noun ends in a feminine vowel as in مدرسة ('school') : a is added before the suffixes as in → مدرستي ('my school'), مدرسته ('his school'), مدرستها ('her school') and so on. - After a word ends in a vowel (other than the of the feminine nouns), the vowel is lengthened, and the pronouns in (vowel+) are used instead of their original counterparts :- - as in the noun كرسي ('chair') → كرسيه ('his chair'), كرسينا ('our chair'), كرسيكي ('your chair' f.) and the verb لاحقنا ('we followed') → لاحقناه ('we followed him'), لاحقناكي ('we followed you' feminine). - the indirect object pronouns رحنا ('we went') → رحنا له ('we went to him'). - After a word that ends in two consonants, or which has a long vowel in the last syllable, is inserted before the 5 suffixes which begin with a consonant , , , , . - as in the noun كتاب ('book') → كتابها ('her book'), كتابهم ('their book'), كتابكم ('your book' plural), كتابنا ('our book') or the verb عرفت ('you knew') → عرفتني ('you knew me'), عرفتنا ('you knew us'), عرفتها ('you knew her'), عرفتهم ('you knew them'). - When a verb ends in two consonants as in رحت ('i went' or 'you went') : an is added before the Indirect object pronoun suffixes → رحت له ('i went to him') or in كتبت ('I wrote' or 'you wrote') becomes كتبت له ('i wrote to him'), كتبت لهم ('i wrote to them'). - the 3rd person past plural suffix -/u/ turns into -/oː/ (long o) before pronouns, as in عرفوا ('they knew') → عرفوني ('they knew me'), راحوا ('they went') → راحوا له ('they went to him') or كتبوا ('they wrote') → كتبوا لي ('they wrote to me') #### Hollow Verbs vowel shortening Medial vowel shortening occurs in Hollow verbs (verbs with medial vowels ā, ū, ō, ē, ī) when added to Indirect object pronouns: ::data[format=table title=""] | Tense/Mood | Past "went" (ruḥ) | Present (Indicative) "goes" (rūḥ) | Imperative "go!" (rūḥ) | Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | رحت ru**ḥt** | رحنا ruḥn**a** | أر**و**ح ʼar**ū**ḥ | نر**و**ح nir**ū**ḥ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | رحت ru**ḥt** | رحتوا ruḥt**u** | تر**و**ح tir**ū**ḥ | تروحوا tirūḥ**u** | ر**و**ح r**ū**ḥ | روحوا rūḥ**u** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | رحتي ruḥt**i** | تروحي tirūḥ**i** | روحي rūḥ**i** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ر**ا**ح r**ā**ḥ | راحوا rāḥ**u** | ير**و**ح yir**ū**ḥ | يروحوا yirūḥ**u** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | راحت rāḥat | تر**و**ح tir**ū**ḥ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: - when a verb has a long vowel in the last syllable (shown **in silver** in the **main example**) as in أروح ('I go'), يروح (he goes) or نروح (''we go'); the vowel is shortened before the suffixes as in أرُح له (I go to him), يرح له (he goes to him) and نرُح له (we go to him) with the verbs resembling the Jussive (مجزوم majzūm) mood conjugation in Classical Arabic (shown **in gold** in the example), original forms as in أرُوح له or يروح له can be used depending on the writer but the vowels are still shortened in pronunciation. - This does effect past verbs as well but the form of the word does not change, as in راح *rāḥ* ('he went') which is pronounced راح له ('he went to him!') after adding a pronoun. - Other hollow verbs include أعيد ('I repeat') or قول ('say!') which become أعِيد لك / أعِد لك ('I repeat for you') and قُول لها / قُل لها ('tell her!') ::data[format=table title="Hollow Verb + Indirect Object Pronoun (-lu)"] | Tense/Mood | Past "went" | Present (Indicative) "goes" | Imperative "go!" | Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | 1st | 2nd | masculine | feminine | 3rd | masculine | feminine | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | رحت له ruḥt-**allu** | رحنا له ruḥn**ā**-lu | أرح له or أروح له ʼar**u**ḥ-lu | نرح له or نروح له nir**u**ḥ*-*lu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | رحت له ruḥt-**allu** | رحتوا له ruḥt**ū**-lu | ترح له or تروح له tir**u**ḥ-lu | تروحوا له tirūḥ**ū**-lu | رح له or روح له r**u**ḥ-lu | روحوا له rūḥ**ū**-lu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | رحتي له ruḥt**ī**-lu | تروحي له tirūḥ**ī**-lu | روحي له rūḥ**ī**-lu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | راح له r**a**ḥ-lu | راحوا له rāḥ**ō**-lu | يرح له or يروح له yir**u**ḥ-lu | يروحوا له yirūḥ**ū**-lu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | راحت له rāḥat-lu | ترح له or تروح له tir**u**ḥ-lu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: ## Writing system Hejazi does not have a standardized form of writing and mostly follows Classical Arabic rules of writing. The main difference between classical Arabic and Hejazi are the alternations of the Hamza, some verb forms and the final long vowels, this alternation happened since most word-final short vowels from the classical period have been omitted and most word-final unstressed long vowel have been shortened in Hejazi. Another alternation is writing the words according to the phoneme used while pronouncing them, rather than their etymology which mainly has an effect on the three letters and , for example writing تخين "thick, fat" instead of ثخين or ديل "tail" instead of ذيل although this alternation in writing is not considered acceptable by many or most Hejazi speakers. The alphabet still uses the same set of letters as Classical Arabic in addition to two option letters ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ which are only used in writing loanwords and they can be substituted by and respectively depending on the writer, in addition to that the vowels and which were not part of the CA phonemic inventory are represented by the letters and respectively. **Differences Between Classical and Hejazi writing** - Hamza : - Initial hamza holds little phonemic value in Hejazi but it can be used as per Classical Arabic convention, e.g. أزرق "blue" or أخذ "he took" can be written as ازرق or اخذ but long initial is more important to indicate, e.g. آسف "sorry" to differentiate it from اَسَف / أَسَف "regret". - Medial hamza is merged with the semi-vowels and as in رايِح "going" from رائِح and لولو "pearl" from لؤلؤ , or it can be completely elided as in جات "she came" from جاءت or جوا "they came" from جاؤوا , but other words keep the medial hamza as in مسؤول "responsible" and مسائل "issues". - Final hamza is omitted in most Hejazi words as in غدا "lunch" from غداء , خضرا "green" from خضراء , but some words keep the final hamza as in مُبْتَدئ "beginner" and بطء "slowness". - Added medial long vowels : - some words have elongated medial vowels in Hejazi as in معاك "with you" from مَعَكَ , ليك "to you, for you" which could be from the classical َلَك or إِلَيْك , and مين "who" from مَن . - 2nd person masculine singular imperative in *hollow* verbs keep their long vowels as روح "go!" as opposed to classical رُح and شوف "see!" as opposed to classical شُف . - Final added appears in: - Masculine singular imperative in *final-weak* verbs, as in امشي "go!, walk!" as opposed to classical امشِ . The classical pair امشي (feminine) and امش (masculine) merged into امشي used as a masculine and feminine singular imperative verb in Hejazi. - 2nd person feminine singular past verbs, as in نسيتي "you forgot" as opposed to classical نَسِيتِ . The classical pair نَسِيتِ (feminine) and نَسِيتَ (masculine) became نسيتي (feminine) and نسيت (masculine). - Feminine possessive and object pronoun ـكي which occurs after a long vowel, as in يعطيكي "he gives you" as opposed to classical يُعْطِيكِ . The classical pair يُعْطِيكِ (feminine) and يُعْطِيكَ (masculine) became يعطيكي (feminine) and يِعْطيك (masculine). - Feminine pronouns, as in إنتي "you", as opposed to classical أَنْتِ . The classical pair أنْتِ (feminine) and أنْتَ (masculine) became إنتي (feminine) and إنت (masculine), but the classical form can still be used in Hejazi. - Innovative forms: - Some verb forms are innovative and differ from their classical equivalents as in the common plural verb شفتوا "you saw" *pl.* as opposed to classical شُفْتُم (masculine) and شُفْتُنَّ (feminine), or the *final-weak* verbs as in جِرْيوا "they ran" as opposed to classical جَرَوْا and the *doubled* verbs حبّيت "I loved" opposed to classical حَبَبْتُ . - The verb forms V, VI and IIQ have an additional initial before , so that Hejazi forms اتْفَعَّل , اتْفَاعَل and اتْفَعْلَق correspond to classical forms تَفَعَّل , تَفَاعَل and تَفَعْلَق , e.g. اَتْكَلَّم "he spoke" (form V), اتْعامَلَت "she worked" (form VI) and اتْفَلْسَفوا "they babbled" (form IIQ). - Portmanteau words have the most alternatives in their spelling since they did not occur in Classical Arabic, so the word for "still" can be written لِسَّا لِسَّة or لِسَّه depending on the writer, all of these forms stemming from the classical للساعة (, "to the hour"). - Loanwords can have multiple spellings as well, which is the case for the word "also" which can be written as بَرْضُه or بَرْضو. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Qur'anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" caption="Hejazi script]] (8th century AD)"] :: **Mistakes in Hejazi spelling** - Final silent : - Writing instead of final pronoun as in كتابه "his book" which is mistakenly written كتابو. - Mixing final and as in فتحة "opening" ( in construct state) and فتحه "he opened it". - Missing the final masculine pronoun which often indicates a final long vowel as عَوَّرتي "you hurt" vs. عَوَّرتيه "you hurt him", this can cause an ambiguity for the reader as in the homophones جا "he came" and جاه "he came to him" if both were written mistakenly as جا. - Final : - Mixing final and as in the word ترى "by the way" which is mistakenly written ترا. - Mixing final and as in the word مَرَّة "time, once" which is mistakenly written مرا. - Adding a final to final 1st person singular possessive pronoun as in عَلَيَّ "on me" written mistakenly written as عَلَيَّا even though Classical Arabic have the same form and pronunciation as in عَلَيَّ , other examples include مَعَايَ "with me", لِيَّ "to me", أبويَ "my father" and فِيَّ "in me". - Missing final silent in plural verbs as in رَميتوا "you threw" or عَلَّقوا "they hanged" even though this practice is no longer needed but it follows the Classical Arabic form. The table below shows the Arabic alphabet letters and their corresponding phonemes in Hejazi: ::data[format=table] | Letter | Phonemes / Allophones (IPA) | Example | Pronunciation (IPA) | **[ا]()** | **[ب](b)** | **[ت](t)** | **ث** | **[ج](j)** | **[ح](h)** | **خ** | **[د](d)** | **ذ** | **[ر](r)** | **[ز](z)** | **[س](s)** | **ش** | **[ص](s)** | **[ض](d)** | **[ط](t)** | **[ظ](z)** | **[ع]()** | **[غ](g)** | **[ف](f)** | **[ق](q)** | **[ك](k)** | **[ل](l)** | **[م](m)** | **[ن](n)** | **[هـ](h)** | **[و](w)** | **[ي](y)** | Optional additional non-native letters | **پ** | **ڤ** | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | (see Hamza). | سَأَل "he asked" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | باب "door", جا "he came" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | when word-final and unstressed | شُفْنا "we saw" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له and some words | قال لي "he told me", راح لَها "he went to her" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | additional ∅ silent word-final only in plural verbs and after nunation | دِرْيُوا "they knew", شُكْرًا "thanks" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | بِسَّة "cat" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | توت "berry" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or always / in some words as | ثَلْج "snow" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ثابِت "stable" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | جَوَّال "mobile phone" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | حوش "courtyard" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | خِرْقة "rag" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | دولاب "closet" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or always / in some words as | ذيل "tail" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ذوق "taste" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | رَمِل "sand" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | زُحْليقة "slide" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | سَقْف "roof" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | شيوَل "loader" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | صُفِّيرة "whistle" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ضِرْس "molar" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | طُرْقة "corridor" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or always / in some words as | ظِل "shade" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ظَرْف "envelope, case" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | عين "eye" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | غُراب "crow" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | فَم "mouth" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (or an allophone in some words) | قَلْب "heart", قِمَّة "peak" | , or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | كَلْب "dog" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (or a marginal phoneme only in the word الله and words derived from it) | ليش؟ "why?", الله "god" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | مويَة "water" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | نَجَفة "chandelier" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | هوا "air" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | silent when word-final in 3rd person masculine pronouns and some words | كِتابُه "his book", شافوه "they saw him" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | وَرْدة "rose" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | فوق "wake up!", مو "is not" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | فوق "above, up", جوا "they came" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | when word-final and unstressed | رَبو "asthma" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له | روح لها "go to her" also written as رُح لها | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | يَد "hand" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | بيض "whites *pl.*", ذي *f.* "this" | , or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | بيض "eggs", عليه "on him" | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | when word-final and unstressed | سُعُودي "saudi" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له | تجيب لي "you bring me" also written as تِجِب لي | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | usually written and pronounced as , its usage depends on the writer | بيتزا or پيتزا "pizza" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | usually written and pronounced as , its usage depends on the writer | فَيْروس or ڤَيْروس "virus" | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :: Notes: - The interdental consonants: - represents as in ثوب & ثواب or as in ثابت , but the phoneme is still used depending on the speaker's preference. - represents as in ذيل & ذكر or as in ذكي , but the phoneme is still used depending on the speaker's preference. - represents as in ظفر & ظل or as in ظرف , but the phoneme is still used depending on the speaker's preference. - words with word-medial long vowels that are pronounced short include words before the indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له etc. as in عاد "he repeated" becomes عاد لهم "he repeated to them" and رايحين له "going to him" becomes with a shortened or rarely , outside of this rule only few words have vowel-shortening, e.g. جاي "I'm coming" pronounced /d͡ʒaj/ or less likely /d͡ʒaːj/ which stems from classical جاءٍ . - is silent in word-final in 3rd person masculine singular pronouns and some words, as in شفناه "we saw him" and عِنْدُه "he has" or the heteronym ليه pronounced 'why?' or 'for him, but it is still maintained in most other nouns as in فَواكِه "fruits", كُرْه "hate" and أَبْلَه "idiot" where it is differentiated from أبلة "*f.* teacher". In writing the final silent indicates a word-final long vowel when preceded by a mater lectionis , and . It helps in distinguishing minimal pairs as in تبغي 'you want *f.* vs. تبغيه 'you want him *f.* (both sentences speaking to a female) or سيبوا 'leave! *pl.* vs. سيبوه 'leave him! *pl.* (speaking to a plural), سيبوا is also a homophone of سيبه 'leave him! *m.* (speaking to a male). - is only used at the end of words and mainly to mark feminine gender for nouns and adjectives with few exceptions (e.g. أسامة; a male noun). phonemically it is silent indicating final /-a/, except when in construct state it is a /t/, which leads to the word-final /-at/. e.g. رسالة 'message' → رسالة أحمد 'Ahmad's message'. - and are sometimes used to transcribe in foreign words. is especially used in city/state names as in بلغراد "Belgrade" pronounced or , this ambiguity arose due to Standard Arabic not having a letter that transcribes distinctively, which created doublets like كتلوق vs. كتلوج "catalog" and قالون vs. جالون "gallon". newer terms are more likely to be transcribed using the native as in إنستقرام "Instagram" and قروب "group chat". - is pronounced only in few words from the two trilateral roots and , as in ضبط ("it worked") pronounced and not . ## Rural dialects The varieties of Arabic spoken in the smaller towns and by the bedouin tribes in the Hejaz region are relatively under-studied. However, the speech of some tribes shows much closer affinity to other bedouin dialects, particularly those of neighboring Najd, than to those of the urban Hejazi cities. The dialects of northern Hejazi tribes merge into those of Jordan and Sinai, while the dialects in the south merge with those of 'Asir and Najd. Also, not all speakers of these bedouin dialects are figuratively nomadic bedouins; some are simply sedentary sections that live in rural areas, and thus speak dialects similar to those of their bedouin neighbors. ### Al-'Ula The dialect of Al-'Ula governorate in the northern part of the Madinah region. Although understudied, it is considered to be unique among the Hejazi dialects, it is known for its pronunciation of Classical Arabic as a (e.g. تكذب becomes تشذب ), the dialect also shows a tendency to pronounce long as (e.g. Classical ماء becomes ميء [meːʔ]), in some instances the Classical becomes a as in قايلة becomes جايلة , also the second person singular feminine pronoun tends to be pronounced as /iʃ/, e.g. رجلك ('your foot') becomes رجلش . ### Badr The dialect of Badr governorate in the western part of the Madinah region is mainly noted for its lengthening of word-final syllables and its alternative pronunciation of some phonemes as in سؤال which is pronounced as سعال , it also shares some features with the general urban dialect in which modern standard Arabic ثلاجة is pronounced تلاجة , another unique feature of the dialect is its similarity to the Arabic dialects of Bahrain. ## References ## Bibliography - {{cite thesis | access-date=2015-10-24 | archive-date=2018-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101190952/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/10221/1/2011abdohemaphd.pdf | url-status=dead - {{cite thesis - {{cite book - {{cite journal - {{cite journal | access-date=2015-10-23 | archive-date=2017-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407134849/http://repository.ksu.edu.sa/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1211/1/Numerals%3a%20A%20comparative%20study%20between%20classical%20and%20hijazi%20arabic.pdf | url-status=dead - {{cite journal - Kees Versteegh, *The Arabic Language*, NITLE Arab World Project, by the permission of Edinburgh University Press, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927155023/http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=113&sequence=1](https://web.archive.org/web/20060927155023/http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=113&sequence=1) - {{cite book | access-date=2016-02-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301132237/http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-01 | url-status=dead ## References 1. {{Harvcoltxt. 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Holes, Clive. (2004). ["Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties"](https://archive.org/details/modernarabicstru00cliv). *Georgetown University Press, Washington D.C.*. 29. Aljuhani, Sultan. (2008). ["Spoken Al-'Ula dialect between privacy and fears of extinction. (in Arabic)"](http://www.al-jazirah.com/2008/20080629/wo5.htm). ::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic) and is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the [article history page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic?action=history). ::