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Gut–brain axis

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The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). The term "microbiota–gut–brain axis" highlights the putative role of gut microbiota interacting with brain functions, according to preliminary research. Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota. The history of ideas about a relationship between the gut and the mind dates from the nineteenth century.