French ironclad Jeanne d'Arc

Design and description

The sIronclad is the all-encompassing term for armored warships of this period. Armored corvettes were originally designed for the same role as traditional wooden corvettes, but this rapidly changed as the size and expense of these ships caused them to be used as second-class armored ships. were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette suitable for foreign deployments. Unlike their predecessor the Alma-class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads. Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal-reinforced ram.

Jeanne d'Arc measured 68.9 m between perpendiculars, with a beam of 14.08 m. She had a mean draft of 6.37 m and displaced 3675 t. Her crew numbered 316 officers and men.

Propulsion

The ship had a single horizontal return connecting-rod steam engine driving a single propeller. Her engine was powered by four oval boilers. On sea trials the engine produced 1884 ihp and the ship reached 11.75 kn. Unlike all of her sisters except , she had two funnels, mounted side by side. Jeanne d'Arc carried 250 MT of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1710 nmi at a speed of 10 kn. She was barque-rigged and had a sail area of 1454 sqm.

Armament

Jeanne d'Arc mounted four of her 194 mm Modèle 1864 breech-loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck. The other two 194-millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck, sponsoned out over the sides of the ship. The four 120 mm guns were also mounted on the upper deck.

Armor

Jeanne d'Arc had a complete 150 mm wrought iron waterline belt, approximately 2.4 m high. The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 mm of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness. The barbette armor was 100 mm thick, backed by 240 mm of wood. The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 mm iron plates.

Service

Jeanne d'Arc was laid down at Cherbourg in 1865 and launched on 28 September 1867. The ship began her sea trials on 9 March 1868 and was put into reserve at Brest in 1869. She was commissioned on 12 April 1870, shortly before the Franco-Prussian War began, and assigned to the Northern Squadron. On 24 July 1870 she departed Cherbourg in company with the rest of the Northern Squadron and they cruised off the Danish port of Frederikshavn between 28 July and 2 August until they entered the Baltic Sea. The squadron, now renamed the Baltic Squadron, remained in the Baltic, attempting to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September. On 1 August 1873 Jeanne d'Arc was in Málaga, Spain and departed later that day bound for Cádiz.

On 21 July 1875, Jeanne d'Arc was participating in a naval exercise involving six ironclads – the broadside ironclad , operating as the flagship, and five central battery ironclads including Jeanne d′Arc – and a number of smaller ships in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the east coast of Corsica . The ironclads were steaming in beautiful weather at 8 kn in two parallel columns, with Magenta leading one column, followed by Jeanne d′Arc and , and leading the other, followed by and , when at 12:00 noon the admiral commanding the squadron ordered the screw corvette , operating as a dispatch vessel, to pass astern of Magenta to receive orders. Attempting to place his ship in the column between Magenta and Jeanne d′Arc, the commanding officer of Forfait misjudged his turn, and Jeanne d′Arc collided with Forfait. The impact was barely noticeable aboard Jeanne d′Arc, but her ram bow tore into Forfaits side. Forfait sank 14 minutes later, her crew of 160 taking safely to her boats; her commanding officer floated free from the bridge as Forfait sank beneath him, but also was rescued.

On 3 December 1875, Jeanne d′Arc became the flagship of Rear Admiral Bonie, but she was placed in reserve on 1 January 1876 at Brest, France. Jeanne d'Arc was recommissioned on 12 April 1879 for service with the Levant Squadron. She was condemned on 28 August 1883 and nothing further is known of her fate.

Notes

Footnotes

References

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References

1. de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 26
2. Gardiner, p. 302
3. She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns. The [[Armor-piercing shot and shell. armor-piercing]] shell of the 20-[[caliber (artillery). caliber]] Mle 1870 gun weighed {{convert. 165.3. lb. kg. 0 while the gun itself weighed {{convert. 7.83. LT. t. The gun fired its shell at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert. 1739. ft/s. m/s. 12.5. in of [[wrought iron]] armour at the muzzle. The guns could fire both [[Round shot. solid shot]] and [[Shell (projectile). explosive shells]].Brassey, p. 477
4. de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 27
5. de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 29
6. de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 30
7. Ward, Vol. 76
8. Rockwell, p. 146
9. [http://dawlishchronicles.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-ramming-of-forfait-by-jeanne-darc.html dawlishchronicles.blogspot.com The ramming of the ''Forfait'' by the ''Jeanne d’Arc'', 1875]