François de Joyeuse

Biography

Born at Carcassonne, François de Joyeuse was the second son of Guillaume de Joyeuse and Marie Eléanor de Batarnay. As the younger son of a seigneur in an intensely religious family of bishops and soldiers, he was destined for a career in the church. He studied in Toulouse, then at the Collège de Navarre, Paris, and received his doctorate degrees in canon and civil law at the University of Orléans. Thanks to the influence of his elder brother Anne de Joyeuse, a favourite of King Henry III of France who created him duke and peer in 1581, he became a privy councillor to the King and rose rapidly in the church. He was made Archbishop of Narbonne on 20 October 1581 (with a papal dispensation for not having reached canonical age), a cardinal on 12 December 1583 (still aged only 21), Archbishop of Toulouse on 4 November 1588, and Archbishop of Rouen on 1 December 1604. He was a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit.

His brothers Anne and Claude were captured in 1587 after the Battle of Coutras and killed in the general massacre that followed. As a result, François became Duke of Joyeuse. In 1590 the title of Duke of Joyeuse was passed to another of his younger brothers, Scipion, who drowned himself in the Tarn after the defeat of Villemur in 1592, then to Henri de Joyeuse, the youngest brother, who died in 1608. The title passed to Henri's daughter Henriette, who had married Henri de Montpensier in 1597.

On 16 February 1587 he was appointed by Henry III French minister to the Holy See, cardinal protector of France; he retained his predecessor's secretary, Arnaud d'Ossat, a skilled diplomat with long experience in Rome who served as liaison with the papacy during Joyeuse's numerous absences. Joyeuse returned to France after King Henry's murder in 1589 and joined the Catholic League. However, he broke with the League in 1593 to support Henry of Navarre (King Henry IV of France), and returned to Rome where he obtained papal absolution for Henry from Pope Clement VIII in 1595. Reappointed cardinal protector in January 1596, he returned to France and was returned to Rome by Henry IV in September 1598, arriving the following February; that year he negotiated the annulment of King Henry's marriage to Marguerite de Valois, opening the way for a second marriage to Marie de' Medici.

Notes

References

1. The early biography is Antoine Aubery, ''L'histoire du cardinal duc de Joyeuse'', Paris, 1654.
2. Guillaume de Joyeuse (1520-1592), vicomte de Joyeuse, seigneur de Saint Didier, de Laudun, de Puyvert et d’Arques, maréchal de France.
3. Pierre de Vaissière, ''Messieurs de Joyeuse (1560–1615)'', Paris, 1926.{{page needed. (June 2017)
4. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1911, under "Joyeuse".
5. Bernard Barbiche, "L'influence française à la cour pontificale sous le règne de Henri I", ''Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire'', '''77'''.1 (1965:277-99) p. 281.
6. See under ''Cardinalate'' on the website [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1583.htm#Joyeuse Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church].
7. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' under "Henri, Duc de Joyeuse"
8. Bernard Barbiche, "L'influence française à la cour pontificale sous le règne de Henri I", ''Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire'', '''77'''.1 (1965:277-99).
9. Barbiche 1965.{{page needed. (June 2017)