Bill Nelson

Early life and education

Nelson was born on September 29, 1942, in Miami, Florida, the only child of Nannie Merle and Clarence William Nelson. His father was a real estate investor and a lawyer. He is of Scottish, Irish, English, and Danish descent. His father died of a heart attack when Nelson was 14 and his mother of Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS) when he was 24. Nelson grew up in Melbourne, Florida, where he attended Melbourne High School.

Nelson attended Baptist and Episcopal churches, but later was baptized through immersion in a Baptist church. He served as International President of Kiwanis-sponsored Key Club International (1959–1960). In 2005, he joined the First Presbyterian Church in Orlando.

Nelson attended the University of Florida, where he was a member of Florida Blue Key and Beta Theta Pi social fraternity. He transferred to Yale University after two years at the University of Florida. At Yale he would be roommates with Bruce Smathers, the son of Florida senator George Smathers. Nelson received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in political science from Yale University in 1965 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia in 1968.

In 1965, during the Vietnam War, Nelson joined the United States Army Reserve. He served on active duty from 1968 to 1970, attaining the rank of Captain, and he remained in the Army until 1971. Nelson was admitted to the Florida Bar in 1968, and began practicing law in Melbourne in 1970. In 1971, he worked as legislative assistant to Governor Reubin Askew.

Space Shuttle ''Columbia''

In 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of Congress (and the first member of the House) to travel into space. He went through NASA training with fellow "congressional observer" Senator Jake Garn, who flew on STS-51-D in 1985. Nelson served as a payload specialist on 's STS-61-C mission from January 12 to 18, 1986. Coincidentally, STS-61-C's pilot was Charles Bolden, who also went on to serve as a NASA administrator. Gregory Jarvis was originally scheduled to be on this flight, but he was reassigned to STS-51-L and replaced by Nelson; Jarvis, along with the six others on STS-51-L, died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, ten days after STS-61-C's mission ended.

In 1988, Nelson published a book about his space flight experience, Mission: An American Congressman's Voyage to Space.

Early political career

Florida Legislature

In 1972, Nelson was elected to the Florida House of Representatives as the member from the 47th district, representing much of Brevard County and portions of Orange County and Seminole County. He won reelection in 1974 and 1976.

U.S. House of Representatives

Nelson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 in the open 9th congressional district after the five-term Republican incumbent, Louis Frey Jr., chose to run for governor of Florida rather than for reelection.

In 1980, Nelson was reelected to that district, which encompassed all of Brevard and part of Orange County. He was redistricted to the 11th congressional district, encompassing all of Brevard and parts of Orange, Indian River, and Osceola counties; he won reelection in 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1988. He remained a member of the U.S. House of Representatives until 1991.

Nelson chaired the House Space Subcommittee for six years as a key member of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. His district included Cape Canaveral and its space facility. In 1988, Bill Nelson criticized President Reagan's policy to export American satellites for launch on China's Long March rockets. Nelson called this an "inconsistent administration policy." Nelson stated that Reagan "wanted to build up commercial space ventures, and on the other hand, he is cutting off the commercial space ventures at the knees with these export licenses."

1990 gubernatorial election

In 1990, Nelson ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for governor of Florida. His primary rival was former U.S. Senator Lawton Chiles. During the campaign, the younger Nelson tried to highlight Chiles' age and use of Prozac to treat his depression, but this proved to be an unpopular strategy, and Nelson lost by a wide margin, getting 30.5% of the vote to Chiles' 69.5%. Chiles went on to win the general election.

Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal

In 1994, Nelson announced his intention to seek the office of Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, and Fire Marshal of Florida. He won the election with 52% of the vote over State Rep. Tim Ireland's 48%. In 1998, he won re-election to the office, again defeating Ireland.

In 2000, Nelson announced that he would be running for the United States Senate seat held by retiring Republican Connie Mack III. Florida's resign-to-run law compelled Nelson to submit his resignation as Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal early in 2000 when he began to campaign for the U.S. Senate seat. He chose January 3, 2001, as the effective date of his resignation, as that was the date on which new senators would be sworn in.

United States Senate

Elections

2000

Main article: 2000 United States Senate election in Florida

In 2000, Nelson ran as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by retiring Republican senator Connie Mack III. He won the election, defeating U.S. representative Bill McCollum, who ran as the Republican candidate.

2006

Main article: 2006 United States Senate election in Florida

Following the 2004 election, in which Republican George W. Bush was re-elected and the Republican Party increased its majority in both the House and the Senate, Nelson was seen as vulnerable. He was a Democrat in a state that Bush had won, though by a margin of only five percentage points.

Evangelical Christian activist James Dobson declared that Democrats, including Nelson, would be "in the 'bull's-eye'" if they supported efforts to block Bush's judicial nominees. Nelson's refusal to support efforts in Congress to intervene in the Terri Schiavo case was seen as "a great political issue" for a Republican opponent to use in mobilizing Christian conservatives against him.

Katherine Harris, the former Florida secretary of state and two-term U.S. representative, defeated three other candidates in the September 5 Republican primary. Harris' role in the 2000 presidential election made her a polarizing figure. Many Florida Republicans were eager to reward her for her perceived party loyalty in the Bush-Gore election, while many Florida Democrats were eager to vote against her for the same reason. In May, when the party found itself unable to recruit a candidate who could defeat Harris in the primary, many Republican activists admitted that the race was already lost.

Nelson focused on safe issues, portraying himself as a bipartisan centrist problem-solver. He obtained the endorsement of all 22 of Florida's daily newspapers. Harris failed to secure the endorsement of Jeb Bush, who publicly stated that she could not win; the United States Chamber of Commerce, which had supported her in her House campaigns, did not endorse her in this race.

As the election approached, polls showed Harris trailing Nelson by 26 to 35 points. Nelson transferred about $16.5 million in campaign funds to other Democratic candidates, and won the election with 2,890,548 votes to Harris's 1,826,127 votes. He won 57 out of the state's 67 counties.

2012

Main article: 2012 United States Senate election in Florida

Vice President Joe Biden called Nelson crucial to President Obama's chances for winning Florida in 2012. In March 2011, Biden was reported as having said that if Nelson lost in 2012, "it means President Obama and the Democratic presidential ticket won't win the key battleground state, either." Congressman Connie Mack IV, the son of Nelson's direct predecessor in the Senate, won the Republican nomination. Nelson eventually defeated Mack with 55.2% of the vote to Mack's 42.2%.

2018

Main article: 2018 United States Senate election in Florida

Nelson ran for reelection in 2018. He ran unopposed in the Democratic Party primary on August 28 and faced Florida Governor Rick Scott (a Republican) in the general election on November 6. The extremely tight race—with a margin of less than 0.25% separating Nelson and Scott—triggered a manual recount, per state law. The recount showed that Scott had defeated Nelson by 10,033 votes.

A paper by scholars at the MIT Election Data and Science Lab concluded that the design of Broward County's 2018 general election ballots may have resulted in Nelson receiving 9,658 fewer votes than he otherwise would have, narrowing Scott's margin of victory but not changing the result. The study found that many voters did not see the U.S. Senate race on the lower left side of the ballot and, as a result, did not vote in that race.

Committee assignments

In the 113th United States Congress, Nelson served on the following committees:

• Committee on Armed Services
  • Subcommittee on Airland
  • Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
  • Subcommittee on Seapower
• Committee on the Budget
• Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
  • Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
  • Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
  • Subcommittee on Science and Space (Chairman)
• Committee on Finance
  • Subcommittee on Health Care
  • Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure
  • Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy
• Special Committee on Aging (Chairman)

In the 114th United States Congress, Nelson served on the following committees:

• Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation (Ranking Member)
  • Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
  • Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet
  • Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, Insurance and Data Security
  • Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
  • Subcommittee on Space, Science and Competitiveness
  • Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
• Committee on Armed Services
  • Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities (Ranking Member)
  • Subcommittee on Seapower
  • Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
• Committee on Finance
  • Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure
  • Subcommittee on International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness
  • Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight
• United States Senate Special Committee on Aging

Post-Senate activities

On May 28, 2019, Nelson was appointed to serve on NASA's advisory council. Nelson was a member-at-large of the council, which advises on all major program and policy issues before the agency. NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine praised his appointment, saying, "Nelson is a true champion for human spaceflight and will add tremendous value as we go to the Moon and on to Mars."

Nelson endorsed former vice president Joe Biden for President of the United States in 2020.

NASA administrator

Nomination

On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the Administrator of NASA. On March 18, it was reported that Biden had selected Nelson for the position; Biden officially announced the decision the next day. Nelson's nomination received widespread support from members of Congress from both parties, including from Nelson's Senate successor Rick Scott, as well as the overall space industry. On April 29, the Senate voted to confirm Nelson as NASA Administrator by unanimous consent. He was sworn in on May 3 by Vice President Kamala Harris.

Tenure

Biden chose former Space Shuttle commanders Pamela Melroy and Robert D. Cabana to assist Nelson as Deputy Administrator and Associate Administrator, respectively.{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/12/bill-nelson-came-to-nasa-to-do-two-things-and-hes-all-out-of-bubblegum/|title=Bill Nelson came to NASA to do two things, and he's all out of bubblegum

Despite opposing them in the past, Nelson became a steadfast supporter of commercial fixed-price contracts and allowing aerospace companies to bid for contracts, saying, "with that competitive spirit, you get it done cheaper." He also affirmed his support for the Artemis program, and through former Senate colleagues was able to get the entire requested Artemis funding for 2022, the first time that had happened.

As NASA administrator, Nelson has overseen the deployment of the James Webb Space Telescope, the Artemis 1 mission, and the DART asteroid impact, as well as significant progress towards future Artemis launches.

Political positions

Nelson was often considered a moderate Democrat. He styled himself as a centrist during his various campaigns. During his 2018 reelection campaign, challenger Rick Scott called Nelson a "socialist"; PolitiFact called the assertion "pants-on-fire" false. According to ratings by the National Journal, Nelson was given a 2013 composite score of 21% conservative and 80% liberal. In 2011, he was given composite scores of 37% conservative and 64% liberal.

Nelson has a lifetime conservative rating of nearly 30% from the American Conservative Union. Conversely, the Americans for Democratic Action gave Nelson a 90% liberal quotient for 2016. In the 115th Congress, Nelson was more conservative than 93% of other congressional Democrats. GovTrack, which analyzes a politician's record, places him near the Senate's ideological center and GovTrack placed him among the most moderate senators in 2017.

The only Florida Democrat in statewide office in 2017, Nelson was described by Politico in March of that year as "a Senate indicator species ... an institutional centrist." Politico wrote that the Democratic Party "is shifting left and so is he."

In July 2017, Nelson had a 53% approval rating and 25% disapproval rating, with 22% of survey respondents having no opinion on his job performance. FiveThirtyEight, which tracks congressional votes, shows that Nelson had voted with President Donald Trump's positions 42.5% of the time .

Economic issues

Trade

In 2005, Nelson was among 10 Democrats who voted in favor of the Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) on its 55–45 passage in the Senate.

Tax policy

On several occasions, Nelson voted to reduce or eliminate the estate tax, notably in June 2006, when he was among four Democrats voting for a failed (57–41) cloture motion on a bill to eliminate the tax.

Nelson voted against a Republican plan to extend the Bush tax cuts to all taxpayers. Instead, he supported extending the tax cuts for those with incomes below $250,000. Nelson voted for the Buffett Rule in April 2012. Of his support for the Buffett Rule, Nelson said he voted to raise the minimum tax rate on incomes over $1 million per year to 30% to reduce the budget deficit and to make the tax code fairer: "In short, tax fairness for deficit reduction just makes common sense."

In 2011, Nelson voted to end Bush-era tax cuts for those earning over $250,000, but voted for $143 billion in tax cuts, unemployment benefits, and other economic measures.

In 2013, Nelson advocated tax reform, which he defined as "getting rid of special interest tax breaks and corporate subsidies" and gaining "simplicity, fairness, and economic growth".

Nelson and Susan Collins introduced legislation in 2015 that would "make it easier for smaller businesses to cut administrative costs by forming multiple-employer 401(k)-style plans."

Government spending

Nelson voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, often referred to as economic stimulus, proposed by President Obama. In August 2011, he voted for a bill to increase the debt limit by $400 billion. Nelson said that while the bill was not perfect, "this kind of gridlock doesn't do anything." Nelson voted against Congressman Paul Ryan's budget.

Consumer affairs

In May 2013, Nelson asked the Federal Trade Commission and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to investigate why consumers who carried out a real-estate short sale were having their credit scores lowered to the same degree as those who went through foreclosure. Nelson suggested a penalty if the issue was not addressed within 90 days.

Nelson was interested in product safety issues and was often engaged in oversight and criticism of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. He repeatedly opposed Trump's nominee to lead the commission.

Flood insurance

Nelson voted in favor of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012, which required the National Flood Insurance Program to raise insurance rates for some properties at high risk of flooding to better reflect true flood risk costs and keep the program solvent. In 2014, after an outcry by Florida property owners facing steep flood insurance-rate hikes, Nelson supported legislation that would provide retroactive refunds for taxpayers who had experienced large hikes in their flood-insurance rates due to the sale or purchase of a home. The proposal would also cap average annual premium increases at 15 to 18 percent and allow insurance-rates subsidies based on current flood maps.

Earmarks

In 2010, PolitiFact found that Nelson had flip-flopped on the issue of earmarks, pushing for a moratorium on the practice after saying that "earmarks were an important part of creating jobs and growing Florida's economy."

Terrorism

In September 2014, Nelson said the U.S. should hit back at the Islamic State (ISIS) immediately, because "the U.S. is the only one that can put together a coalition to stop this group that's intent on barbaric cruelty."

He supported the "Denying Firearms and Explosives to Dangerous Terrorists Act." Introduced in 2013 and again in 2015, it would keep guns from people with suspected terrorist links.

Standing outside the Orlando Pulse nightclub immediately after the June 2016 massacre there, Nelson called Omar Mateen a "lone wolf", and when asked if it was an act of jihad, said he could not confirm that. Shortly afterward, citing intelligence sources, Nelson said there was apparently "a link to Islamic radicalism" and perhaps ISIS. He later said on the Senate floor that "terrorists ... want to divide people", but that Mateen had instead "brought people together". After the massacre, Nelson and Barbara Mikulski supported an increase in FBI funding. A year after the massacre, Nelson attended a memorial at which he reiterated that it had "united Orlando and it united the country".

Nelson supported the Terrorist Firearms Prevention Act of 2016.

In August 2017, the Miami Herald urged Nelson to back Lindsey Graham's Taylor Force Act, which would block U.S. subsidies to the Palestinian Authority, which gives monetary assistance to "Palestinian prisoners, former prisoners and families of 'martyrs.'" Nelson did vote for the bill, which passed overwhelmingly.

Health care

In March 2010, Nelson voted for the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which passed and were signed into law by President Obama.

In 2014, Nelson called for the expansion of Medicaid.

In 2016, Nelson called the House Zika bill "a disaster", complaining that it would take "$500 million in health care funding away from Puerto Rico" and limit access to "birth control services needed to help curb the spread of the virus and prevent terrible birth defects." In 2017, he wrote a letter to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) asking it to prioritize Zika prevention.

In September 2017, Nelson and Susan Collins introduced the Reinsurance Act of 2017, an effort "to stabilize the health insurance marketplace". It would provide $2.25 billion to "reduce risk for insurance companies by providing funds to insurers for high-risk enrollees" and "help keep premiums in check".

Immigration

In January 2017, Nelson wrote President Trump a letter protesting his immigration order. "Regardless of the constitutionality or legality of this Executive Order," he wrote, "I am deeply concerned that it may do more harm than good in our fight to keep America safe." U.S. success in the fight against terrorism, he argued, "depends on the cooperation and assistance of Muslims who reject radicalism and violence. Whether intended or not, this Executive Order risks alienating the very people we rely upon in the fight against terror."

Space exploration and NASA

In March 2010, Nelson complained that President Obama had erred in canceling NASA's Constellation program. He argued against the $6 billion development of the Commercial Crew Program proposed by the Obama administration and for a NASA-developed heavy lift rocket built on Constellation's inheritance, which was later included in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 and became SLS. 11 years later, Charles Bolden (NASA administrator in 2010) said that Nelson's skepticism was common in Congress at the time and refused to call him an opponent of commercial crew.

On July 7, 2011, it was reported that Nelson said Congress "starved" the space program of funding for several years, but suggested that the situation was turning around and called on the Obama administration to push for NASA funding. In September 2011, Nelson and Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison led the push to continue the development of Constellation's Ares V SLV in the form of Space Launch System.

In 2016, Nelson brokered a bipartisan compromise ending import of Russian RD-180 rocket engines.

In 2017 and 2018, Nelson sought to prevent Jim Bridenstine, Trump's nominee to head NASA, from being confirmed in the Senate. Although Bridenstine had no formal qualifications in science or engineering, he refuted the scientific consensus on climate change. Bridenstine was ultimately confirmed.

During his own confirmation hearing in 2021, Nelson reversed his earlier stances on the Commercial Crew Program and desirability of a NASA administrator without STEM education, and praised Bridenstine (who had endorsed him earlier).

In June 2021, Nelson said of the future of U.S.-Russian cooperation in the International Space Station (ISS): "For decades, upwards now of 45 plus years [we've cooperated with] Russians in space, and I want that cooperation to continue. Your politics can be hitting heads on Earth, while you are cooperating" in space.

LGBT rights

On December 18, 2010, Nelson voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which established a legal process for ending the policy that prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the U.S. Armed Forces.

On April 4, 2013, Nelson announced that he no longer opposed same-sex marriage. He wrote, "The civil rights and responsibilities for one must pertain to all. Thus, to discriminate against one class and not another is wrong for me. Simply put, if The Lord made homosexuals as well as heterosexuals, why should I discriminate against their civil marriage? I shouldn't, and I won't."

Foreign policy

Iraq War

Nelson voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 authorizing military action against Iraq.

Iran

In July 2017, Nelson voted in favor of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran together with Russia and North Korea.

Israel

In September 2016, in advance of a UN Security Council resolution 2334 condemning Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, Nelson signed an AIPAC-sponsored letter urging President Obama to veto "one-sided" resolutions against Israel.

In March 2017, Nelson co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act, Senate Bill 720, which permits U.S. states to enact laws that would require contractors to sign a pledge saying that they will not boycott Israeli goods or their contracts will be terminated.

In December 2017, Nelson supported President Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.

Venezuela

In April 2017, Nelson called for tougher economic sanctions against Venezuela, which he called an "economic basket case".

Cuba

Nelson opposed a 2009 spending bill until his concerns about certain provisions in the bill related to Cuba were assuaged by Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, who assured him that those provisions "would not amount to a major reversal of the decades-old U.S. policy of isolating the communist-run island."

Syria visit

In 2006, on the bipartisan Iraq Study Group's recommendation, Nelson met with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Damascus to try to improve US-Syria relations and help stabilize Iraq. He did this despite the United States Department of State and the White House saying they disapproved of the trip.

Russia

Following the destruction of Kosmos 1408 in an anti-satellite weapons test by Russia, Nelson said, "With its long and storied history in human spaceflight, it is unthinkable that Russia would endanger not only the American and international partner astronauts on the ISS, but also their own cosmonauts", and the "actions are reckless and dangerous, threatening as well the Chinese space station".

Gun control

In 2012, the National Rifle Association (NRA) gave Nelson an "F" grade for his support of gun control. He advocated new gun control laws, including an assault weapons ban, a ban on magazines over ten rounds, and a proposal that would require universal background checks for people buying guns at gun shows.

In response to the 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, Nelson expressed remorse that the Feinstein Amendment, which would have banned the sale of guns to people on the terrorist watch list, and a Republican proposal to update background checks and to create an alert for law enforcement when a person is placed on the terrorist watch list, had failed to pass the Senate. He said: "What am I going to tell the community of Orlando that is trying to come together in the healing? Sadly, what I am going to have to tell them is that the NRA won again." Both he and Marco Rubio supported the bills.

In October 2017, after the Las Vegas shooting, Nelson and Dianne Feinstein sponsored a bill to ban bump stocks for assault weapons. "I'm a hunter and have owned guns my whole life", he said. "But these automatic weapons are not for hunting, they are for killing."

Nelson spread misinformation via Twitter after the Parkland high school shooting in 2018, falsely claiming that shooter Nikolas Cruz wore a gas mask and tossed smoke grenades as he shot people. After an April 2018 shooting in Liberty City, Nelson claimed that assault weapons had been used in the shooting, when in fact handguns were used.

Student loans

In July 2017, Nelson introduced legislation to cut interest rates on student loans to 4 percent.

Environment

Nelson and Mel Martinez co-sponsored a 2006 bill banning oil drilling off Florida's Gulf Coast. In 2017 he said he wanted the ban to continue to 2027, but that it was "vigorously opposed by the oil industry." Along with 16 Florida congress members from both parties, he urged the Trump administration to keep the eastern Gulf of Mexico off limits to oil and gas drilling. "Drilling in this area," they wrote, "threatens Florida's multibillion-dollar tourism-driven economy and is incompatible with the military training and weapons testing that occurs there."

In 2011, Nelson co-sponsored the RESTORE Act, which directed money from BP fines to states affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

On June 27, 2013, Nelson co-sponsored what became the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2014, which reauthorized and modified the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 and authorized the appropriation of $20.5 million annually through 2018 for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to mitigate the harmful effects of algal blooms and hypoxia.

In 2015, after Gov. Rick Scott directed Florida officials to stop using the terms "climate change" and "global warming," Nelson introduced an amendment to prevent federal agencies from censoring official communications on climate change. It "fell to a point of order after a 51-49 vote, though Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) joined Nelson in supporting the amendment."

Hurricanes

After Hurricane Maria in 2017, Nelson and Rubio agreed that Trump had taken too long to send the U.S. military to Puerto Rico to take part in relief efforts. "For one week we were slow at the switch," Nelson said in San Juan. "The most efficient organization in a time of disaster is an organization that is already capable of long supply lines in combat. And that's the U.S. military." After Hurricane Maria led many Puerto Ricans to flee to Florida, Nelson encouraged them to register to vote there.

Nelson was criticized for sending campaign fundraising emails in the wake of Hurricane Irma.

Supreme Court

Nelson opposed and filibustered the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Security and surveillance

In 2007, Nelson was the only Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee to vote against an amendment to withhold funds for the use by the CIA of torture on terrorism suspects. His vote, combined with those of all Republican members of the committee, killed the measure.

In January 2018, Nelson voted to reauthorize the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which allows the National Security Agency to extend a program of warrantless spying on internet and phone networks. In 2015, he had called for a permanent extension of the law.

Controversies

The far side of the Moon

During a congressional hearing, when queried about China’s lunar ambitions targeting the moon's far side, Nelson mistakenly said, "They are going to have a lander on the far side of the moon, which is the side that is always in dark" (the far side does receive sunlight). The incident fueled debate amid a burgeoning space race narrative, with China’s comprehensive lunar initiatives, including the Chang'e missions, and the Artemis program, both vying to send astronauts back to the moon.

Campaign donations from Saudi Arabia

Nelson received campaign contributions from Saudi Arabia's lobbyists. In June 2017, he voted to support Trump's $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia. In March 2018, Nelson voted against Bernie Sanders's and Chris Murphy's bill to end U.S. support for the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war.

Russian hack claim

On August 7, 2018, Nelson claimed that Russian operatives had penetrated some of Florida's election systems ahead of the 2018 midterm elections; the claim was contentious during his 2018 reelection bid. He said that more detailed information was classified. At the time, fact-checkers did not have evidence to backup Nelson's claims, but later that August, "three people familiar with the intelligence" told NBC News "that there is a classified basis for Nelson's assertion" because "VR Systems had been penetrated in August 2016 by hackers working for" GRU.

A government official familiar with the intelligence told The McClatchy Company that Russian hackers had penetrated some of Florida's county voting systems in 2016. DHS spokesperson Sarah Sendek said that the agency has "not seen any new compromises by Russian actors of election infrastructure." The Tampa Bay Times reported that leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee had told Nelson of a penetration of some of Florida's voter registration databases in 2016.

Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen and FBI director Christopher Wray denied Nelson's claims in a letter to Florida election officials. Amid the criticism, Nelson defended his assertions, saying that Senate Intelligence Committee leaders Mark Warner and Richard Burr had instructed him and fellow Florida Senator Marco Rubio to warn the Florida secretary of state about Russian interference. Warner and Burr neither confirmed nor denied Nelson's claim that Florida's systems had been penetrated, while Rubio took "a line on the controversy similar to Burr and Warner's". The Foundation for Accountability and Civic Trust, a conservative watchdog group, filed an ethics complaint against Nelson, saying that he "discussed classified information or made it up".

Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation on Russian interference in the 2016 election, which concluded in 2019, found that Russian intelligence officials "sent spearphishing emails to over 120 email accounts used by Florida county officials responsible for administering the 2016 U.S. election" and that "at least one Florida county" was successfully penetrated. In August 2018, federal authorities said they saw no signs of any "new or ongoing compromises" of state or local election systems. In May 2019, Governor Ron DeSantis said that voter databases in two counties had been successfully penetrated ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

Personal life

In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert. The couple has two adult children, Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson and Nan Ellen Nelson.

Electoral history

References

References

1. "Florida Marriage Collection, 1822–1875 and 1927–2001". Ancestry.com.
2. [http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bill-nelson-fl/ "Sen. Bill Nelson (D)"] {{Webarchive. link. (May 11, 2013, ''National Journal Almanac'', December 31, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2012.)
3. (May 28, 2019). "Former U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson named to NASA advisory committee".
4. Klas, Mary Ellen. (October 29, 2012). "Bill Nelson pitches long-held moderate message in tight U.S. Senate race". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
5. Sullivan, Erin. (October 16, 2012). "U.S. Rep. Connie Mack takes on longtime Sen. Bill Nelson | News". [[Orlando Weekly]].
6. Leary, Alex. (February 5, 2011). "Sen. Bill Nelson fights off GOP efforts to tag him a liberal". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
7. (October 25, 2012). "Nelson works hard to be seen as moderate". [[Orlando Sentinel]].
8. Wall, Mike. (2025-01-21). "Bill Nelson steps down as NASA chief as Trump begins 2nd term".
9. "Bill Nelson". Florida 4-H Hall of Fame.
10. McCarthy, John. (October 11, 2018). "Bill Nelson: Noble career or career politician? Will Florida's senator bat 15-1 or 14-2?". Florida Today.
11. "Niuzer.com".
12. "bill nelson". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com.
13. (October 29, 2000). "Despite Similarities, Senate Hopefuls Have Big Differences". Sun-Sentinel.
14. "Biography".
15. ''Kiwanis Magazine,'' December 2012, p. 14.
16. Stratton, Jim. [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-10-06-senreligion06-story.html "Nelson doesn't act like Christian, Harris says".] [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/ ''Orlando Sentinel.''] October 6, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
17. Van Ness, Carl. (2021). "The Swamp, Undrained: What's Orange and Blue and Red? The Presidential Hopefuls and Other Politicians Who Have Made a Stop at the University of Florida. See Photos of Their Visits.".
18. [http://www.whorunsgov.com/Profiles/Bill_Nelson "Bill Nelson (D-Fla.)".] {{webarchive. link. (September 29, 2009 WhoRunsGov.com. Retrieved December 15, 2009.)
19. Mullane, Mike. (2006). "Riding Rockets". [[Simon & Schuster]].
20. Nelson, Bill. (1988). "Mission: An American Congressman's Voyage to Space". Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
21. "Florida House of Representatives - Historic Journals".
22. [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/n000032/ "Bill Nelson"] {{webarchive. link. (January 14, 2010. Washington Post:U.S. Congress Votes Database. Retrieved December 16, 2009.)
23. "FREY, Louis, Jr. - Biographical Information".
24. Dunbar, Brian. (May 3, 2021). "NASA Administrator Bill Nelson". [[NASA]].
25. Sawyer, Kathy. (October 31, 1987). "Space Station Authorization Signed". [[The Washington Post]].
26. Sawyer, Kathy. (April 4, 1987). "Reagan Approves Two-Part Plan in Bid to Rescue Space Station". [[The Washington Post]].
27. Goldberg, Jeffrey. (September 10, 1988). "Reagan Backs Plan to Launch Satellites from China Rockets". [[The Washington Post]].
28. MacPherson, Myra. (September 2, 1990). "Prozac, prejudice and the politics of depression". [[The Washington Post]].
29. Lemoyne, James. (April 25, 1990). "Chiles Transforms Florida Campaign". [[The New York Times]].
30. "Division of Elections - Florida Department of State". state.fl.us.
31. (November 29, 2004). "For Democrats in red states, 2006 daunting". [[The Washington Times]].
32. Kirkpatrick, David D.. (January 1, 2005). "Evangelical Leader Threatens to Use His Political Muscle Against Some Democrats". [[The New York Times]].
33. (March 21, 2005). "Congress Passes Schiavo Measure". [[The Washington Post]].
34. Gibson, William E.. (October 20, 2006). "Senate Race Centers On Images". [[Sun Sentinel]].
35. Kumar, Anita. (May 11, 2006). "GOP can't elude Harris vs. Nelson". [[Tampa Bay Times.
36. Clark, Lesley. (October 30, 2006). "Nelson goes 22-0". [[Miami Herald]].
37. Kormanik, Beth. (October 31, 2006). "Harris, Nelson tout testimonials". [[The Florida Times-Union]].
38. Copeland, Libby. (October 31, 2006). "Campaign Gone South". [[The Washington Post]].
39. Gibson, William E.. (November 8, 2006). "Nelson Rolls To Second Term". [[Sun Sentinel]].
40. Miller, Lorraine C.. (September 21, 2007). "Statistics of the General Election of 2006". [[United States House of Representatives]].
41. (March 24, 2011). "Biden: If Bill Nelson loses Senate race, Obama won't win Florida in 2012". [[The Hill (newspaper).
42. "2012 U.S. Senate Election Results". [[The Washington Post]].
43. (August 10, 2018). "U.S. Senate: Primary election a formality for Sen. Bill Nelson and Gov. Rick Scott". [[Tallahassee Democrat]].
44. (August 28, 2018). "Florida Primary Election Results". [[The New York Times]].
45. McCarthy, John. (November 8, 2018). "Bill Nelson-Rick Scott Florida Senate race now in 'hand recount' territory". [[Florida Today]].
46. Woodall, Bernie. (November 18, 2018). "Republican Scott wins Florida U.S. Senate seat after manual recount".
47. Man, Anthony. "Bad ballot design in Broward County cost Bill Nelson 9,658 votes in ultra-tight loss to Rick Scott".
48. Contorno, Steve. (July 29, 2019). "Joe Biden Picks up Florida Endorsements, Including Bill Nelson and Bob Graham". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
49. Speck, Emilee. (February 22, 2021). "Report: President Biden considering former Sen. Bill Nelson to lead NASA". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
50. "President Biden Announces his Intent to Nominate Bill Nelson for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration". White House.
51. (March 20, 2021). "Bill Nelson: Former astronaut and senator nominated as Nasa chief". BBC News.
52. Foust, Jeff. (March 19, 2021). "Widespread support for Nelson nomination to lead NASA". [[Space News]].
53. (April 29, 2021). "Senate confirms ex-Sen. Nelson to NASA". [[The Hill (newspaper).
54. (November 16, 2023). "NASA exploration head Free to become associate administrator". Space News.
55. (May 3, 2022). "NASA chief says competition is making space exploration cheaper, in dramatic shift on contracts". NBC News.
56. Gibson, William. "Nelson and Miami Reps called 'Centrist¿". Sun-Sentinel.
57. "Gov. Rick Scott wrongly calls Sen. Bill Nelson a socialist". @politifact.
58. "Bill Nelson, Sr.'s Ratings and Endorsements".
59. "ACU Ratings".
60. "ADA Voting Records - Americans for Democratic Action". Americans for Democratic Action.
61. "Is Bill Nelson one of America's most independent senators?". @politifact.
62. "Bill Nelson, Senator for Florida - GovTrack.us".
63. (March 28, 2017). "How Bill Nelson shook up the Gorsuch confirmation fight".
64. "America's Most and Least Popular Senators".
65. Bycoffe, Aaron. (January 30, 2017). "Tracking Congress In The Age Of Trump". FiveThirtyEight.
66. Nichols, John. [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/4561 "Democrats for CAFTA".] The Beat (blog at the ''Nation''). July 5, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
67. [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/n000032/votes/against-party/ "Bill Nelson – Votes Against Party"] {{webarchive. link. (October 8, 2009. Washington Post:U.S. Congress Votes Database. Retrieved December 16, 2009.)
68. Andrews, Edmund L. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/09/washington/09tax.html "G.O.P. Fails in Attempt to Repeal Estate Tax"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. June 9, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
69. "Bill Nelson, U.S. Senator from Florida: Photo Gallery".
70. (April 17, 2012). "Senate blocks 'Buffett rule'". Omaha.com.
71. "Analysis: Comparing the votes of Bill Nelson and Connie Mack on key issues".
72. "Congress passes extension of payroll tax cut". The Washington Post.
73. "The One Thing Congress Agrees on That Could Transform the Economy".
74. (May 28, 2015). "How to use Social Security to fix retirement inequality".
75. (September 6, 2012). "Nelson prefers campaign trail to convention". The St. Augustine Record.
76. Jenna Buzzacco-Foerster. (August 20, 2012). "Analysis: Comparing the votes of Bill Nelson and Connie Mack on key issues". Naples Daily News.
77. Harney, Kenneth R.. (May 17, 2013). "Short sales routinely show up in credit reports as foreclosures". Los Angeles Times.
78. (January 22, 2019). "Trump Renominates Buerkle to Lead CPSC: Third Time's a Charm?".
79. "Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act". FloodSmart.gov.
80. Harrington, Jeff. (February 11, 2014). "Premiums rising for national flood program, though Florida pales in payouts". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
81. Gordon, Greg. (January 14, 2014). "Public outcry prompts delay in federal flood insurance rate hikes". Miami Herald.
82. Simpson, Andrew. (March 4, 2014). "House Passes Flood Insurance Bill; Key Senators Sign On". Insurance Journal.
83. (December 1, 2010). "Bill Nelson talks one way on earmarks, but votes another". PolitiFact.
84. (September 2, 2014). "Bill Nelson: U.S. the 'only one' who can stop ISIS".
85. "Orlando Shooting May Revive Effort to Keep Guns From Suspected Terrorists".
86. (June 12, 2016). "The Orlando shooting is the deadliest in US history. Here's what we know".
87. (June 12, 2016). "Orlando massacre: Shock and horror".
88. (June 13, 2016). "Orlando shooting victims remembered in vigils across city, nation and world".
89. (June 12, 2017). "Nelson, Rubio recount Pulse nightclub attack, outpouring of unity in Orlando".
90. (June 15, 2016). "Senate Dems push to add money for FBI counter-terror efforts".
91. (June 12, 2017). "One Year Later, Central Florida Remembers Pulse Nightclub Tragedy".
92. "Could this be the gun bill that has a chance?".
93. "Booker Casts Vote Against Taylor Force Act".
94. "H.R. 3590 (111th): Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act".
95. "H.R. 4872 (111th): Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010".
96. "Bill Nelson: Expanding Medicaid good for Florida's health, economy".
97. "Sen. Bill Nelson calls House Zika bill 'disaster'".
98. (October 17, 2017). "Sen. Nelson asks CDC to prioritize Zika prevention measures". Homeland Preparedness News.
99. (September 19, 2017). "Sen. Collins teams up with Florida Democrat on bill to shore up ACA".
100. "Sen. Bill Nelson writes Trump letter protesting immigration order".
101. Kremer, Ken. (March 21, 2010). "Obama Made Mistake Cancelling NASAs Constellation". Universe Today.
102. (March 20, 2010). "Sen. Nelson Floats Alternate Use for NASA Commercial Crew Money".
103. "Biden Picks Bill Nelson as Next NASA Administrator".
104. Parkinson, Tom. "U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson Says Congress 'Starved' NASA of Funding". WMFE.
105. (September 19, 2011). "NASA Commits To Building Mandated Heavy-lift Rocket".
106. (September 14, 2011). "SLS: The rocket in need of a destination". BBC News.
107. "Senate Reaches Agreement on Russian RD-180 Engines".
108. "Senate advances Bridenstine to lead NASA". POLITICO.
109. (April 19, 2018). "Trump's NASA Nominee, Jim Bridenstine, Confirmed by Senate on Party-Line Vote". [[The New York Times]].
110. Oliveira, Alexandra. (April 25, 2021). "Bill Nelson is a born-again supporter of commercial space at NASA".
111. (June 4, 2021). "NASA chief says Russia leaving ISS could kick off a space race". CNN.
112. (December 18, 2010). "Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2965". U.S. Senate.
113. (December 18, 2010). "Senate Vote 281 – Repeals 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'". The New York Times.
114. "Florida Senator Bill Nelson no longer opposes gay marriage". CFN13.
115. "H.J.Res. 114 (107th): Authorization for Use of Military Force Against ... -- Senate Vote #237 -- Oct 11, 2002".
116. (July 27, 2017). "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 1st Session".
117. (September 19, 2016). "Senate – Aipac".
118. (March 23, 2017). "Cosponsors - S.720 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Israel Anti-Boycott Act".
119. (December 6, 2017). "Florida reaction to Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel". Tampa Bay Times.
120. "Senator Bill Nelson wants tougher sanctions against 'economic basket case' Venezuela".
121. (March 10, 2009). "US Senate nears passage of $410 bln spending bill".
122. Wright, Robin. (December 14, 2006). "Defying Bush, Senator Visits Syria". [[The Washington Post]].
123. (December 13, 2006). "washingtonpost.com > Nation > Wires Fla. Senator Defies Bush, Visits Syria". [[The Washington Post]].
124. (December 15, 2006). "White House Upset by Senator's Trip to Syria". [[The New York Times]].
125. (November 15, 2021). "US says it 'won't tolerate' Russia's 'reckless and dangerous' anti-satellite missile test".
126. "This November Bill Nelson Need to go". National Rifle Association of America.
127. Vaughn, George. (January 23, 2013). "Response from U.S. Senator (FL) Bill Nelson RE: Gun Control". Tea Party Nation.
128. (January 15, 2013). "Sheriff Jerry Demings, Sen. Bill Nelson call for tougher gun laws".
129. (June 21, 2016). "Bill Nelson on gun control laws: 'The NRA won again' - Florida Politics".
130. "Sens. Marco Rubio and Bill Nelson vote party line on gun bills".
131. (October 4, 2017). "Bill Nelson sponsors bill to ban bump stocks for assault weapons".
132. (April 9, 2018). "Bill Nelson spreads wrong information after shootings in Liberty City, Parkland". Tampa Bay Times.
133. (August 24, 2018). "Nelson's false tweets catch attention of social media watchdogs". Sarasota Herald Tribune.
134. (July 14, 2017). "Graduate with $115K in debt challenges Nelson on his 'practical' approach to federal student loan reform".
135. (August 11, 2017). "At Senate Commerce hearing in St. Pete, Bill Nelson vows to keep oil drilling moratorium".
136. (March 24, 2017). "Nelson, congressional members urge Trump administration against oil drilling off Florida".
137. (March 31, 2017). "Signs of hope in re-emerging bipartisan consensus on environment".
138. (March 22, 2012). "Marco Rubio says oil spill fine money could go to Great Lakes and West Coast". PolitiFact Florida.
139. (May 23, 2014). "CBO – S. 1254". Congressional Budget Office.
140. (June 9, 2014). "This week: Lawmakers to debate appropriations, VA, student loans". The Hill.
141. (March 27, 2015). "BUDGET RESOLUTIONS SET STAGE FOR APPROPRIATIONS; FARM BILL RE-OPENING STILL A POSSIBILITY".
142. (March 28, 2015). "Senator Bill Nelson Speaks Out Against Government Employee Ban On Climate Change".
143. (October 16, 2017). "Senator Bill Nelson Criticizes Slow U.S. Response In Puerto Rico; Praises Military Effort".
144. "Sen. Nelson wants Puerto Ricans newly arrived in Florida to register to vote".
145. (September 28, 2017). "GOP: Bill Nelson fundraising email a 'new level of tone deaf'". Tampa Bay Times.
146. (September 28, 2017). "NRSC thumps Nelson over Hurricane Irma fundraising email". Politico.
147. (October 12, 2017). "Bill Nelson fundraises off Irma again, Republicans say it's 'disgusting'". Florida Politics.
148. "Right and left pressure Florida Sen. Bill Nelson over Supreme Court nominee decision".
149. Shane, Scott. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/washington/01intel.html "Senate Panel Questions C.I.A. Detentions"]. ''New York Times''. June 1, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
150. (January 18, 2018). "Florida's Democratic Sen. Bill Nelson Votes to Extend Trump's NSA Spying Powers". Miami New Times.
151. (November 30, 2015). "Bill Nelson calls for permanent extension of Section 702 of FISA Amendment Act". Florida Politics.
152. Strickland, Ashley. (May 3, 2024). "The lunar far side is wildly different from what we see. Scientists want to know why". [[CNN]].
153. Sauers, Elisha. (April 27, 2024). "What's on the far side of the moon? Well, not darkness.". [[Mashable]].
154. Farivar, Masood. (October 30, 2018). "Report Says Saudi-hired Lobbyists Give Millions to Influence US Congress". [[Voice of America.
155. Carney, Jordain. (June 13, 2017). "Senate rejects effort to block Saudi arms sale". [[The Hill (newspaper).
156. Iannelli, Jerry. (March 21, 2018). "Sen. Bill Nelson Votes to Continue Helping Saudi Arabia Kill Yemeni Citizens". [[Miami New Times]].
157. (August 19, 2018). "Florida election officials seek info as support builds for Bill Nelson's Russian-hack claim". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
158. (August 9, 2018). "Bill Nelson: The Russians have penetrated some Florida voter registration systems". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
159. Rizzo, Salvador. (August 17, 2018). "Has Russia hacked into Florida's election system in 2018? There is no evidence.". [[The Washington Post]].
160. Sherman, Amy. (August 22, 2018). "Fact-checking Sen. Bill Nelson's claims about Russia hacking Florida's election system". [[PolitiFact]].
161. Dilanian, Ken. "Bill Nelson wasn't making things up when he said Russians hacked Florida election systems". [[NBC News]].
162. Rohrer, Gray. (August 21, 2018). "Homeland Security, FBI say Florida election system has not been hacked". [[Orlando Sentinel]].
163. Herb, Jeremy. (August 22, 2018). "Senate Intel leaders asked only Florida senators to send letter on Russia hacking threats". [[CNN]].
164. (August 23, 2018). "Group files ethics complaint against Bill Nelson over Russia hacking claim". [[Tampa Bay Times]].
165. Lemongello, Steven. (May 6, 2019). "Rubio knew about election hacking but was restricted in what he could say in Nelson's defense". [[Orlando Sentinel]].
166. Fineout, Gary. (August 26, 2018). "Russian meddling comments weigh on US Sen. Nelson's campaign". [[Associated Press]].
167. Farrington, Brendan. (May 14, 2019). "DeSantis: Russians accessed 2 Florida voting databases". [[Associated Press]].
168. Lawrence, D. G.. (November 8, 1972). "Democrats Retain Hold On Florida Legislature". [[Orlando Sentinel]].