2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season

Seasonal forecasts

After the occurrences of Tropical Cyclone Raquel and Tropical Depression 01F during July and August 2015, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) noted that the ongoing 2014–16 El Niño event, might mean that more tropical cyclones occur in the basin than usual during the season. It was also noted that during previous El Niño episodes the season started early, with systems developing before the start of the season on November 1. As a result, the FMS expected the tropical cyclone season to start during October 2015. During September 24, Météo-France announced that there was a 90% chance of either a moderate tropical storm, severe tropical storm or tropical cyclone, impacting the waters surrounding French Polynesia during the season. Ahead of the cyclone season, the FMS, the BoM, Météo-France, New Zealand's MetService and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2015.

The outlook took into account the strong El Niño conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Niño conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for an above average number of tropical cyclones for the 2015–16 season, with eleven to thirteen named tropical cyclones to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10–12. At least six of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while four could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones. It was also noted that Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 196 km/h were known to occur during El Niño events. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook the BoM and the FMS, issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region. The BoM issued a seasonal forecast for both the Western and Eastern South Pacific. The Western region between 142.5°E and 165°E was predicted to have a 15% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones, while the Eastern region between 165°E and 120°W was predicted to have a 48% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones. Within their outlook the FMS predicted that between ten and fourteen tropical cyclones, would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 7.3 cyclones. Between four and eight of these tropical cyclones were expected to intensify into category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while 3-7 might intensify into Category 4 or 5 severe tropical cyclones. They also reported that the tropical cyclone genesis trough was expected to be displaced far eastwards of its long term average position. This was based on the expected and predicted ENSO conditions, and the existence of the Pacific warm pool of sub-surface temperature anomalies in this region.

Both the Island Climate Update and the FMS tropical cyclone outlooks assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island or territory. As the tropical cyclone genesis trough of low pressure was expected to be located near to and to the east of the International Date Line, normal or slightly above normal activity was expected for areas near the dateline. With the exception of Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Niue, and Tonga, the Island Climate Update predicted that all areas would experience an elevated risk of being affected by multiple tropical cyclones. The FMS's outlook predicted that the Solomon and Northern Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Tokelau, Samoa, and French Polynesia had a highly elevated chance of being affected by a tropical cyclone. Vanuatu, Fiji, Niue, and the Southern Cook Islands had an elevated risk, while a normal risk was anticipated for New Caledonia, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Seasonal summary

ImageSize = width:800 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270

AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/2015 till:01/06/2016 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/07/2015 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TDi value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Tropical_Disturbance id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression id:C1 value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Category_1_=63-87_km/h(39-54_mph) id:C2 value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Category_2_=88-142_km/h(55-74_mph) id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Category_3_=143-158-km/h(75-98_mph) id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Category_4_=159–204_km/h(99–127_mph) id:C5 value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Category_5_=≥205_km/h(≥128_mph)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month

PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:11 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:29/07/2015 till:04/08/2015 color:TD text:"01F (TD)" from:12/10/2015 till:17/10/2015 color:TD text:"02F (TD)" from:26/11/2015 till:30/11/2015 color:C1 text:"Tuni (C1)" from:01/12/2015 till:02/12/2015 color:TDi text:"04F (TDi)" from:26/12/2015 till:12/01/2016 color:C4 text:"Ula (C4)" from:27/12/2015 till:30/12/2015 color:TDi text:"06F (TDi)" from:28/12/2015 till:01/01/2016 color:TD text:"07F (TD)" barset:break from:14/01/2016 till:22/01/2016 color:C3 text:"Victor (C3)" from:07/02/2016 till:26/02/2016 color:C5 text:"Winston (C5)" from:12/02/2016 till:13/02/2016 color:C2 text:"Tatiana (C2)" from:24/02/2016 till:26/02/2016 color:C1 text:"Yalo (C1)" from:29/02/2016 till:01/03/2016 color:TDi text:"12F (TDi)" from:19/03/2016 till:22/03/2016 color:TDi text:"13F (TDi)" from:01/04/2016 till:05/04/2016 color:TDi text:"14F (TDi)" barset:break from:02/04/2016 till:06/04/2016 color:TDi text:"15F (TDi)" from:05/04/2016 till:07/04/2016 color:C3 text:"Zena (C3)" from:20/04/2016 till:24/04/2016 color:C3 text:"Amos (C3)" from:20/04/2016 till:27/04/2016 color:TDi text:"18F (TDi)"

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/07/2015 till:01/08/2015 text:July from:01/08/2015 till:01/09/2015 text:August from:01/09/2015 till:01/10/2015 text:September from:01/10/2015 till:01/11/2015 text:October from:01/11/2015 till:01/12/2015 text:November from:01/12/2015 till:01/01/2016 text:December from:01/01/2016 till:01/02/2016 text:January from:01/02/2016 till:01/03/2016 text:February from:01/03/2016 till:01/04/2016 text:March from:01/04/2016 till:01/05/2016 text:April from:01/05/2016 till:01/06/2016 text:May

TextData = pos:(569,23) text:"(For further details, please see" pos:(713,23) text:" scales)"

Systems

Tropical Depression 01F

|1-min winds=40 The first tropical depression of the season was first noted as a tropical disturbance during July 29, while it was located about 920 km to the north-northeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. The system lay to the north of an upper level subtropical ridge of high pressure in an area of moderate vertical wind shear. Over the next couple of days the system slowly organised further as it steered south-eastwards into an area of decreasing vertical wind shear.

Tropical Depression 02F

|10-min winds=25 |1-min winds=35 During October 12, Tropical Disturbance 02F developed along the South Pacific convergence zone, while it was located about 450 km to the northwest of Rotuma. The system was located within a favourable environment for further development, with low to moderate vertical wind shear, and it lay under an upper-level ridge of high pressure.

Tropical Cyclone Tuni

|10-min winds=40 |1-min winds=40 On November 23, Tropical Disturbance 03F developed within a trough of low pressure, about 500 km to the northeast of Suva, Fiji. The system lay in an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, to the south of an upper-level ridge of high pressure.

Across American Samoa, Tuni produced strong winds and heavy rains. Sustained winds of 56 mph were observed in Tututila at an elevated location. Some trees were uprooted. Plantations, shacks, and garages sustained damage with total losses amounting to US$5 million. There was no significant damage recorded in Niue, as the system brushed the island nation.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ula

|10-min winds=100 |1-min winds=120 Main article: Cyclone Ula

In late December 2015, a long-lived and powerful westerly wind burst triggered the formation of a tropical disturbance in the south Pacific, along with its twin in the central North Pacific, which became Tropical Depression Nine-C.

Tropical Depression 07F

Three people died in seagoing accidents related to Tropical Depression 07F, while four others went missing.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Victor

|10-min winds=80 |1-min winds=90 On January 10, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 08F had developed about 100 km to the northwest of Penrhyn in the Northern Cook Islands. A few days later, the system was classified as an invest, until JTWC classified it with a low-chance of developing to a tropical cyclone on January 13. Later in that same day, 08F was upgraded to a tropical depression. On January 14, the JTWC issued a TCFA alert as 08F was located in moderate wind shear and warm sea-surface temperatures, which were conductive for tropical development. Hours later, the JTWC upgraded 08F to a tropical cyclone as it was designated as 07P and started issuing advisories, located 368 mi east of Pago Pago, American Samoa. On January 15, 08F was upgraded to a Category 1 tropical cyclone and was therefore named Victor.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston

|10-min winds=150 |1-min winds=155 Main article: Cyclone Winston

Tropical Disturbance 09F developed on February 7, 2016, to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeastward, acquiring gale-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h. Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on February 19. It reached its record intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h and a pressure of 884 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg), shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu, Fiji. This made it the strongest storm to ever strike the nation, as well as the strongest tropical cyclone of the Southern Hemisphere in history.

On February 26, Winston exited the South Pacific basin and entered the Australian region basin.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 44 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands. Total damage from Winston amounted to $FJ 2.98 billion ($1.4 billion 2016 USD), making it the costliest cyclone on record in the basin, until it was surpassed by Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023.

Tropical Cyclone Tatiana

|10-min winds=50 |1-min winds=50 Tropical Cyclone Tatiana moved into the South Pacific basin from the Australian region during February 12, as it peaked as a Category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph). The system subsequently moved southwards and rapidly weakened during the next day, crossing back into BoM's area of responsibility. On the next day it degenerated into a remnant low.

Tropical Cyclone Yalo

|10-min winds=40 |1-min winds=55

During February 23, Tropical Disturbance 11F developed underneath an upper-level ridge of high pressure, about 850 km to the northwest of Tahiti, French Polynesia. By the next day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as it was located over in favorable conditions of developing further.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Zena

|10-min winds=70 |1-min winds=90 Severe Tropical Cyclone Zena passed near Fiji. This storm interfered with Survivor, causing the contestants to be temporarily evacuated on day 2.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Amos

|10-min winds=80 |1-min winds=90 Main article: Cyclone Amos

Tropical Disturbance 17F was first noted on April 13, while it was located about 130 km to the northwest of the Fijian dependency of Rotuma.

Other systems

As the 2015–16 tropical cyclone year opened on July 1, Tropical Cyclone Raquel was located in the Australian region to the north-west of Honiara. Over the next 24 hours, the system recurved eastwards and weakened into a tropical depression, as it entered the basin on July 2. The system subsequently moved westwards and out of the basin during July 4, as it impacted the Solomon Islands, with high wind gusts and heavy rain. Tropical Disturbance 04F was first noted on December 1, while it was located about 640 km to the northeast of Papeete in French Polynesia. Over the next day the poorly organised system moved westwards, underneath an upper-level ridge of high pressure before it dissipated during December 2. During December 27, Tropical Disturbance 06F developed to the north of Wallis Island, in an area of moderate to high vertical wind shear.

During February 29, Tropical Disturbance 12F developed about 330 km, to the northwest of Papeete on the island of Tahiti in French Polynesia. However, during that day as the system moved southwards in an area of low vertical wind shear, atmospheric convection decreased in magnitude before it was last noted during March 1. Tropical Disturbance 13F was first noted on March 19, about 500 km to the northwest of Nouméa in New Caledonia. Over the next couple of days the system moved east-southeast, before it was last noted during March 21, to the southeast of New Caledonia.

On April 2, Tropical Disturbance 14F formed from an active monsoon trough over Vanuatu. The system moved in a slow eastward motion over in an area of favorable environments, thus, RSMC Nadi forecast the system to reach tropical cyclone intensity. During April 5, 14F began to weaken with a lack of further organisation and therefore, RSMC Nadi issued its final bulletin later that day. In the same time when 14F was formed, RSMC Nadi had reported of the formation of Tropical Disturbance 15F just to the east of Fiji. Again, 15F was located over in favorable environments with deep convection and a developing LLCC. During April 4, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system, however it was also mentioned that organization started to weaken. 15F passed Fiji and rapidly diminished on April 6. During April 20, Tropical Disturbance 18F developed within an area of low to moderate vertical wind-shear, to the south of an upper-level ridge of high pressure to the north of the Southern Cook Islands.

Storm names

Within the Southern Pacific a tropical depression is judged to have reached tropical cyclone intensity should it reach winds of 65 km/h and it is evident that gales are occurring at least halfway around the center. Tropical depressions that intensify into a tropical cyclone between the Equator and 25°S and between 160°E and 120°W are named by the FMS. However, should a tropical depression intensify to the south of 25°S between 160°E and 120°W it will be named by MetService in conjunction with the FMS. If a tropical cyclone moves out of the basin and into the Australian region, it will retain its original name. The names Tuni, Ula, Victor, Winston, Yalo, Zena and Amos would be used for the first (and only, in the case of Ula, Winston, Yalo and Zena) time this year, after replacing the names Tui, Ursula, Veli, Wes, Yali, Zuman and Alan after the 1997-98 season. The names that were used for the 2015-16 season are listed below:

If a tropical cyclone enters the South Pacific basin from the Australian region basin (west of 160°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The following storms were named in this manner:

• Tatiana

Retirement

After the season, the names Ula, Winston, Yalo and Zena were all retired, and replaced with Ulu, Wanita, Yates and Zidane respectively.

Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2015–16 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and/or TCWC Wellington, and all of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.

|- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vanuatu || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Niue, Tonga || || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || French Polynesia || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia || Minimal || || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Wallis and Futuna || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Fiji || None || || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Northern Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Niue || || 44 || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Cook Islands, French Polynesia || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || French Polynesia || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia, Vanuatu || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vanuatu || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Fiji || Minor || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga || Minimal || 2 || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoan Islands || Minimal || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || French Polynesia || None || None || |-

Notes

References

References

1. Queensland Regional Office. (September 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Raquel". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
2. Climate Services Division. (October 26, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific". Fiji Meteorological Service.
3. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (October 22, 2015). "2015–16 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
4. (October 14, 2015). "Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: El Niño expected to produce severe tropical storms in the Southwest Pacific". New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.
5. National Climate Centre. (October 14, 2015). "2015–2016 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
6. Moceituba, Atasa. (August 17, 2015). "'Cyclones in October'". The Fiji Times.
7. Moceituba, Atasa. (October 6, 2015). "Cyclone Shift". The Fiji Times.
8. (September 24, 2015). "Saison chaude 2015-2016: le risque cyclonique est de plus de 90% sur la Polynésie française". La Dépêche de Tahiti.
9. Kean, Francis. (October 24, 2014). "Moderate Chances For Tropical Cyclones This Season In Fiji". Fiji Meteorological Service.
10. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (July 29, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary July 29, 2015 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
11. Young, Steve. (August 31, 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015".
12. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (July 31, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary July 31, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
13. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (October 12, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary October 12, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
14. Climate Services Division. (November 8, 2015). "Fiji Climate Summary: October 2015". Fiji Meteorological Service.
15. "Archived copy".
16. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (November 23, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 23, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
17. (2016). "American Samoa Event Report: Tropical Storm". National Climatic Data Center.
18. (30 November 2015). "Niue escapes major damage from Cyclone Tuni". ABC News.
19. (December 13, 2018). ["Hurricane Pali"]({{NHC TCR url). [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]].
20. (January 3, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone Ula – Situation Report No. 8 (as of 1600 hours, 03/01/2016)". Fiji Sun.
21. (January 10, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 10, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
22. (January 13, 2016). "SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER ADVISORY FOR THE WESTERN AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEANS/130600Z-140600ZJAN2016". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
23. (January 13, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary For area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W". Fiji Meteorological Agency.
24. (January 14, 2016). "WTPS21 PGTW 141030". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
25. (January 14, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone 07P (Seven) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
26. "Gale Warning 046".
27. (February 7, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W". Fiji Meteorological Service.
28. (February 10, 2016). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
29. (February 11, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4". Fiji Meteorological Service.
30. (February 12, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11". Fiji Meteorological Service.
31. (February 13, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
32. (February 14, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
33. (February 17, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
34. (February 19, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37". Fiji Meteorological Service.
35. (February 19, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
36. (February 20, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42". Fiji Meteorological Service.
37. Jon Erdman. (February 20, 2016). "Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji". The Weather Channel.
38. Diamond, Howard. (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)".
39. Losalini Bolatagici. (February 20, 2016). "Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji". Fiji Times.
40. (26 February 2016). "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Coral Sea for the period until midnight EST Monday 29 February 2016". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
41. (February 20, 2016). "Winston leaves trail of destruction". Radio New Zealand.
42. Indra Singh. (February 20, 2016). "Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group". Fiji Times.
43. (February 24, 2016). "Fiji cyclone death toll now at 42, official says". GMA News Online.
44. Maciu Bolaitamana. (February 21, 2016). ["West claim 10 lives"](http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}{{Dead link). Fiji Broadcast Corporation.
45. Luke Rawalai. (February 20, 2016). "TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut". Fiji Times.
46. Aliki Bia. (February 20, 2016). "No links to some islands in Lau Group". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation.
47. "$2.98 billion damage caused by TC Winston".
48. "HON PM BAINIMARAMA SPEECH AT THE OPENING LEADERS DIALOGUE OF THE UN WORLD HUMANITARIAN SUMMIT, TURKEY".
49. Queensland Regional Office. (2016). "Tropical Cyclone Tatiana". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
50. (February 23, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 23, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
51. (February 24, 2016). "WTPS21 PGTW 240730". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
52. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 13, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 13, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
53. Young, Steve. (July 27, 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: June 2015". Australian Severe Weather.
54. Queensland Regional Office. (2015). "Tropical Cyclone Raquel". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
55. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (December 1, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 1, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
56. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (December 2, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 2, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
57. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. (December 2, 2015). "Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean December 2, 2015 06z". United States Navy, United States Airforce.
58. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (December 27, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 27, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
59. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (February 29, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 29, 2016 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
60. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (February 29, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 29, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
61. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (March 1, 2016). "Marine Weather Bulletin for Islands Area March 1, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
62. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (March 20, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 20, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
63. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (March 21, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 21, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
64. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 2, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 2, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
65. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 4, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 4, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
66. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 5, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 5, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
67. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 2, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 2, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
68. "JOINT TYPHOON WRNCEN PEARL HARBOR, SUBJ/SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER ADVISORY FOR THE WESTERN AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEANS REISSUED".
69. "JOINT TYPHOON WRNCEN PEARL HARBOR. SUBJ/TROPICAL CYCLONE FORMATION ALERT".
70. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 6, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 6, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
71. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. (April 20, 2016). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 20, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service.
72. (April 20, 2016). "Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean April 20, 2016 06z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
73. "Archived copy".
74. (April 8, 2016). "Fijian residents prepare for long night as Cyclone Zena set to make landfall". One News NZ.