Skip to content
Surf Wiki
Save to docs
general/2011-12-uefa-champions-league

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualifying

European football tournament


European football tournament

Main article: 2011–12 UEFA Champions League

2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualifying was the preliminary phase of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, prior to the competition proper. Qualification consisted of the qualifying phase (first to third rounds) and the play-off round.

All times are CEST (UTC+02:00).

Round and draw dates

All draws held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.

RoundDraw dateFirst legSecond leg
First qualifying round20 June 201128–29 June 20115–6 July 2011
Second qualifying round12–13 July 201119–20 July 2011
Third qualifying round15 July 201126–27 July 20112–3 August 2011
Play-off round5 August 201116–17 August 201123–24 August 2011

Format

There are two routes which the teams are separated into during qualifying:

  • Champions Route, which includes all domestic champions which did not automatically qualify for the group stage.
  • League Route (also called the Non-champions Path or the Best-placed Path), which includes all non-domestic champions which did not automatically qualify for the group stage.

Each tie is played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round. In the event that aggregate scores finish level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses. If away goals are also equal, then 30 minutes of extra time are played, divided into two 15-minute halves. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot-out.

In the draw for each round, teams are seeded based on their 2011 UEFA club coefficients, with the teams divided into seeded and unseeded pots. A seeded team is drawn against an unseeded team, with the order of legs in each tie decided randomly. Due to the limited time between matches, the draws for the second and third qualifying rounds take place before the results of the previous round are known. The seeding in each draw is carried out under the assumption that all of the highest-ranked clubs of the previous round are victorious. If a lower-ranked club is victorious, it simply takes the place of its defeated opponent in the next round. Prior to the draw, UEFA may form "groups" in accordance with the principles set by the Club Competitions Committee, but they are purely for convenience of the draw and do not resemble any real groupings in the sense of the competition, while ensuring that teams from the same association are not drawn against each other.

Teams

Below are the 54 teams (39 in Champions Route, 15 in League Route) involved in the qualifying phase and play-off round, grouped by their starting rounds. The 10 winners of the play-off round (5 in Champions Route, 5 in League Route) qualify for the group stage to join the 22 automatic qualifiers. The losing teams from the third qualifying round and the play-off round enter the Europa League play-off round and group stage respectively.

Key to colours
Qualified for the [group stage](2011-12-uefa-champions-league-group-stage)
Eliminated in the play-off round; Advanced to the [Europa League group stage](2011-12-uefa-europa-league-group-stage)
Eliminated in the third qualifying round; Advanced to the [Europa League play-off round](2011-12-uefa-europa-league-qualifying-phase-and-play-off-round-play-off-round)

Champions Route

Third qualifying roundTeamCoeff
Rangers56.028
Copenhagen51.110
Genk8.400

|

Second qualifying roundTeamCoeff
BATE Borisov23.216
Maccabi Haifa21.400
Dinamo Zagreb20.224
Rosenborg19.375
Partizan15.850
APOEL13.124
Wisła Kraków10.183
Sturm Graz8.640
Litex Lovech8.575
Slovan Bratislava5.899
Viktoria Plzeň5.170
Maribor4.224
HJK3.793
Ekranas3.541
Zestaponi2.891
Malmö FF2.825
Shamrock Rovers2.741
Dacia Chișinău2.549
Pyunik2.516
Borac Banja Luka2.324
Mogren2.275
Skonto2.233
Videoton2.200
Bangor City2.058
HB1.783
Linfield1.699
Tobol1.624
Flora1.508
Breiðablik1.491
Neftçi1.233
Shkëndija1.041
Skënderbeu0.774

|

First qualifying roundTeamCoeff
F91 Dudelange1.524
Valletta1.483
FC Santa Coloma1.200
Tre Fiori1.183

|}

League Route

Play-off roundTeamCoeff
Bayern Munich118.887
Arsenal108.157
Lyon92.735
Villarreal75.465
Udinese27.110

|

Third qualifying roundTeamCoeff
Benfica81.319
Dynamo Kyiv60.776
Panathinaikos57.833
Twente41.025
Standard Liège32.400
Rubin Kazan31.941
Zürich18.980
Odense18.610
Trabzonspor12.010
Vaslui10.164

|}

;Notes

First qualifying round

Seeding

SeededUnseeded

Summary

|Tre Fiori|SMR+1862|1–5|Valletta|MLT|0–3|1–2 |FC Santa Coloma|AND|0–4|F91 Dudelange|LUX|0–2|0–2

Matches

  • Denni
  • Effiong
  • G. Agius
  • Zammit
  • William Barbosa
  • Lisi Valletta won 5–1 on aggregate.

  • Legros
  • Caillet
  • Abdullei F91 Dudelange won 4–0 on aggregate.

Second qualifying round

Seeding

Group 1Group 2Group 3SeededUnseededSeededUnseededSeededUnseeded

;Notes

Summary

|Maccabi Haifa|ISR|7–4|Borac Banja Luka|BIH|5–1|2–3 |Mogren|MNE|1–5|Litex Lovech|BUL|1–2|0–3 |Maribor|SVN|5–1|F91 Dudelange|LUX|2–0|3–1 |Skënderbeu|ALB|0–6|APOEL|CYP|0–2|0–4 |Slovan Bratislava|SVK|3–1|Tobol|KAZ|2–0|1–1 |Sturm Graz|AUT|4–3|Videoton|HUN|2–0|2–3 |Zestaponi|GEO|3–2|Dacia Chișinău|MDA|3–0|0–2 |Dinamo Zagreb|CRO|3–0|Neftçi|AZE|3–0|0–0 |Pyunik|ARM|1–9|Viktoria Plzeň|CZE|0–4|1–5 |Partizan|SRB|5–0|Shkëndija|MKD|4–0|1–0 |Valletta|MLT|2–4|Ekranas|LTU|2–3|0–1 |Malmö FF|SWE|3–1|HB|FRO|2–0|1–1 |Shamrock Rovers|IRL|1–0|Flora|EST|1–0|0–0 |Rosenborg|NOR|5–2|Breiðablik|ISL|5–0|0–2 |Bangor City|WAL|0–13|HJK|FIN|0–3|0–10 |Skonto|LVA|0–3|Wisła Kraków|POL|0–1|0–2 |Linfield|NIR|1–3|BATE Borisov|BLR+1995|1–1|0–2

Matches

  • Amasha
  • Yampolsky
  • Golasa
  • Raspudić
  • Krunić
  • Vidaković
  • Dvalishvili Maccabi Haifa won 7–4 on aggregate.

  • M. Zec
  • Todorov
  • Zanev
  • Todorov
  • Yanev Litex Lovech won 5–1 on aggregate.

  • Arghus
  • Ibraimi
  • da Mota
  • Mezga
  • Berić Maribor won 5–1 on aggregate.

  • Morais
  • Manduca
  • Solari
  • Aílton
  • Adorno
  • Charalambidis APOEL won 6–0 on aggregate.

  • Šebo
  • Guédé
  • Štepanovský
  • Kladrubský Slovan Bratislava won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Szabics
  • Kienast
  • Elek
  • Sándor
  • Lipták
  • Hölzl
  • Feldhofer Sturm Graz won 4–3 on aggregate.

  • Gelashvili
  • Dvali
  • Popovici
  • Orbu Zestaponi won 3–2 on aggregate.

  • Badelj
  • Krstanović Dinamo Zagreb won 3–0 on aggregate.

  • Bakoš
  • Horváth
  • Kolář
  • Bakoš
  • Kolář
  • Pilař
  • Malakyan Viktoria Plzeň won 9–1 on aggregate.

  • Vukić
  • Edu
  • Šćepović
  • Berisha
  • Jovančić Partizan won 5–0 on aggregate.

  • Mifsud
  • William Barbosa
  • Umeh
  • Gleveckas
  • Radavičius
  • Dedura Ekranas won 4–2 on aggregate.

  • Rexhepi
  • Holm
  • Benjaminsen
  • Figueiredo Malmö FF won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Turner Shamrock Rovers won 1–0 on aggregate.

  • Skjelbred
  • Dorsin
  • Henriksen
  • Prica
  • Olsen
  • Macallister
  • Steindórsson Rosenborg won 5–2 on aggregate.

  • Sadik
  • Sorsa
  • Ring
  • Sadik
  • Zeneli
  • Rafinha
  • Pukki
  • Kastrati
  • Parikka HJK won 13–0 on aggregate.

  • Rode
  • Małecki
  • Iliev Wisła Kraków won 3–0 on aggregate.

  • Fordyce
  • Bressan
  • Nyakhaychyk
  • Pawlaw BATE Borisov won 3–1 on aggregate.

Third qualifying round

Seeding

Champions RouteLeague RouteGroup 1Group 2SeededUnseededSeededUnseededSeededUnseeded

;Notes

Summary

|Litex Lovech|BUL|2–5|Wisła Kraków|POL|1–2|1–3 |Maccabi Haifa|ISR|3–2|Maribor|SVN|2–1|1–1 |HJK|FIN|1–3|Dinamo Zagreb|CRO|1–2|0–1 |APOEL|CYP|2–0|Slovan Bratislava|SVK|0–0|2–0 |Copenhagen|DEN|3–0|Shamrock Rovers|IRL|1–0|2–0 |Genk|BEL|3–2|Partizan|SRB|2–1|1–1 |Rosenborg|NOR|2–4|Viktoria Plzeň|CZE|0–1|2–3 |Zestaponi|GEO|1–2|Sturm Graz|AUT|1–1|0–1 |Ekranas|LTU|1–3|BATE Borisov|BLR+1995|0–0|1–3 |Rangers|SCO|1–2|Malmö FF|SWE|0–1|1–1 |Standard Liège|BEL|1–2|Zürich|SUI|1–1|0–1 |Twente|NED|2–0|Vaslui|ROU|2–0|0–0 |Benfica|POR|3–1|Trabzonspor|TUR|2–0|1–1 |Dynamo Kyiv|UKR|1–4|Rubin Kazan|RUS|0–2|1–2 |Odense|DEN|5–4|Panathinaikos|GRE|1–1|4–3

Champions Route matches

  • Tom
  • Lamey
  • Melikson
  • Melikson
  • Wilk
  • Bodurov Wisła Kraków won 5–2 on aggregate.

  • Dvalishvili
  • Yampolsky
  • Tavares
  • Tavares
  • Vered Maccabi Haifa won 3–2 on aggregate.

  • Ring
  • Rafinha
  • Sammir
  • Ibáñez Dinamo Zagreb won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Aílton
  • Manduca APOEL won 2–0 on aggregate.

  • Ottesen
  • N'Doye
  • Bolaños Copenhagen won 3–0 on aggregate.

  • Vossen
  • Ogunjimi
  • Tomić
  • Tomić
  • Vossen Genk won 3–2 on aggregate.

  • Pilař
  • Bakoš
  • Kolář
  • Petržela
  • Lustig
  • Prica Viktoria Plzeň won 4–2 on aggregate.

  • Gelashvili
  • Wolf
  • Kienast Sturm Graz won 2–1 on aggregate.

  • Rodionov
  • Bressan
  • Gordeichuk
  • Velička BATE Borisov won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Larsson
  • Hamad
  • Jelavić Malmö FF won 2–1 on aggregate.

League Route matches

  • González
  • Mehmedi
  • Mehmedi Zürich won 2–1 on aggregate.

  • Janko Twente won 2–0 on aggregate.

  • Nolito
  • Gaitán
  • Paulo Henrique
  • Nolito Benfica won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Kasaev
  • Natcho
  • Dyadyun
  • Medvedev
  • Husyev Rubin Kazan won 4–1 on aggregate.

  • Reginiussen
  • Leto
  • Boumsong
  • Toché
  • Petropoulos
  • Johansson
  • Ruud
  • Kadrii
  • Andreasen Odense won 5–4 on aggregate.

Play-off round

Seeding

Champions RouteLeague RouteSeededUnseededSeededUnseeded

Summary

|Wisła Kraków|POL|2–3|APOEL|CYP|1–0|1–3 |Maccabi Haifa|ISR|3–3 (1–4 p)|Genk|BEL|2–1|1–2 (aet) |Dinamo Zagreb|CRO|4–3|Malmö FF|SWE|4–1|0–2 |Copenhagen|DEN|2–5|Viktoria Plzeň|CZE|1–3|1–2 |BATE Borisov|BLR+1995|3–1|Sturm Graz|AUT|1–1|2–0 |Odense|DEN|1–3|Villarreal|ESP|1–0|0–3 |Twente|NED|3–5|Benfica|POR|2–2|1–3 |Arsenal|ENG|3–1|Udinese|ITA|1–0|2–1 |Bayern Munich|GER|3–0|Zürich|SUI|2–0|1–0 |Lyon|FRA+1974|4–2|Rubin Kazan|RUS|3–1|1–1

Champions Route matches

  • Małecki
  • Pareiko
  • Aílton
  • Wilk APOEL won 3–2 on aggregate.

  • Amasha
  • Dvalishvili
  • Barda
  • Vossen
  • Buffel
  • Golasa
  • Vossen
  • Hubert
  • Tőzsér
  • Pudil
  • Dvalishvili
  • Golasa
  • Tawatha 3–3 on aggregate; Genk won 4–1 on penalties.

  • Sammir
  • Rukavina
  • Bećiraj
  • Mehmeti
  • Figueiredo
  • Jansson Dinamo Zagreb won 4–3 on aggregate.

  • Ottesen
  • Ottesen
  • Pilař
  • Fillo
  • Bakoš
  • Ďuriš
  • Bolaños Viktoria Plzeň won 5–2 on aggregate.

  • Simić
  • Weber
  • A. Valadzko
  • Simić BATE Borisov won 3–1 on aggregate.

League Route matches

  • Andreasen
  • Rossi
  • Marchena Villarreal won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • de Jong
  • Ruiz
  • Cardozo
  • Nolito
  • Witsel
  • Luisão
  • Ruiz Benfica won 5–3 on aggregate.

  • Walcott
  • Di Natale
  • Van Persie
  • Walcott Arsenal won 3–1 on aggregate.

  • Schweinsteiger
  • Robben
  • Gómez Bayern Munich won 3–0 on aggregate.

  • Gomis
  • Kvirkvelia
  • Briand
  • Dyadyun
  • Natcho
  • B. Koné Lyon won 4–2 on aggregate.

Notes

References

References

  1. "2011/12 draw and match calendar". UEFA.
  2. (14 June 2011). "Draws for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League 2011/12". UEFA.
  3. (7 July 2011). "Draws for the third qualifying round of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League". UEFA.
  4. (29 July 2011). "Draws for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League". UEFA.
  5. (March 2011). "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2011/12". UEFA.
  6. (31 May 2011). "Club coefficients 2010/11". UEFA.
  7. (10 June 2011). "2011/12 list of participants". UEFA.
  8. (24 August 2011). "Fenerbahçe replaced in UEFA Champions League". UEFA.
  9. (28 June 2011). "Tre Fiori vs. Valletta – 28 June 2011". Soccerway.
  10. (6 July 2011). "Valletta vs. Tre Fiori – 6 July 2011". Soccerway.
  11. (28 June 2011). "FC Santa Coloma vs. F91 Dudelange – 28 June 2011". Soccerway.
  12. (5 July 2011). "F91 Dudelange vs. FC Santa Coloma – 5 July 2011". Soccerway.
  13. (13 July 2011). "Maccabi Haifa vs. Borac Banja Luka – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  14. (20 July 2011). "Borac Banja Luka vs. Maccabi Haifa – 20 July 2011". Soccerway.
  15. (12 July 2011). "Mogren vs. Lovech – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  16. (19 July 2011). "Lovech vs. Mogren – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  17. (12 July 2011). "Maribor vs. F91 Dudelange – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  18. (19 July 2011). "F91 Dudelange vs. Maribor – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  19. (13 July 2011). "Skënderbeu Korçë vs. APOEL – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  20. (20 July 2011). "APOEL vs. Skënderbeu Korçë – 20 July 2011". Soccerway.
  21. (12 July 2011). "Slovan Bratislava vs. Tobol – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  22. (19 July 2011). "Tobol vs. Slovan Bratislava – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  23. (13 July 2011). "Sturm Graz vs. Fehérvár – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  24. (13 July 2011). "Zestafoni vs. Dacia – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  25. (20 July 2011). "Dacia vs. Zestafoni – 20 July 2011". Soccerway.
  26. (13 July 2011). "Dinamo Zagreb vs. Neftçi – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  27. (19 July 2011). "Neftçi vs. Dinamo Zagreb – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  28. (12 July 2011). "Pyunik vs. Viktoria Plzeň – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  29. (19 July 2011). "Viktoria Plzeň vs. Pyunik – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  30. (13 July 2011). "Partizan vs. Škendija 79 – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  31. (19 July 2011). "Škendija 79 vs. Partizan – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  32. (12 July 2011). "Valletta vs. Ekranas – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  33. (19 July 2011). "Ekranas vs. Valletta – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  34. (13 July 2011). "Malmö FF vs. HB – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  35. (19 July 2011). "HB vs. Malmö FF – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  36. (12 July 2011). "Shamrock Rovers vs. Flora – 12 July 2011". Soccerway.
  37. (19 July 2011). "Flora vs. Shamrock Rovers – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  38. (13 July 2011). "Rosenborg vs. Breidablik – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  39. (20 July 2011). "Breidablik vs. Rosenborg – 20 July 2011". Soccerway.
  40. (13 July 2011). "Bangor City vs. HJK – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  41. (13 July 2011). "Bangor City FC – HJK". Global Sport Media.
  42. (19 July 2011). "HJK vs. Bangor City – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  43. (19 July 2011). "HJK Helsinki 10–0 Bangor City (13–0 agg)". BBC Sport.
  44. (13 July 2011). "Skonto vs. Wisła Kraków – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  45. "2011/12 UEFA Champions League statistics handbook". [[UEFA]].
  46. (13 July 2011). "Linfield vs. BATE – 13 July 2011". Soccerway.
  47. (19 July 2011). "BATE vs. Linfield – 19 July 2011". Soccerway.
  48. (26 July 2011). "Lovech vs. Wisła Kraków – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  49. (3 August 2011). "Wisła Kraków vs. Lovech – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  50. (27 July 2011). "Maccabi Haifa vs. Maribor – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  51. (3 August 2011). "Maribor vs. Maccabi Haifa – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  52. (27 July 2011). "HJK vs. Dinamo Zagreb – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  53. (3 August 2011). "Dinamo Zagreb vs. HJK – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  54. (26 July 2011). "APOEL vs. Slovan Bratislava – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  55. (2 August 2011). "Shamrock Rovers vs. København – 2 August 2011". Soccerway.
  56. (26 July 2011). "Genk vs. Partizan – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  57. (3 August 2011). "Partizan vs. Genk – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  58. (27 July 2011). "Rosenborg vs. Viktoria Plzeň – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  59. (3 August 2011). "Viktoria Plzeň vs. Rosenborg – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  60. (26 July 2011). "Zestafoni vs. Sturm Graz – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  61. (3 August 2011). "Sturm Graz vs. Zestafoni – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  62. (26 July 2011). "Ekranas vs. BATE – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  63. (2 August 2011). "BATE vs. Ekranas – 2 August 2011". Soccerway.
  64. (26 July 2011). "Rangers vs. Malmö FF – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  65. Magowan, Alistair. (26 July 2011). "BBC Sport – Rangers 0–1 Malmo". BBC News.
  66. (3 August 2011). "Malmö FF vs. Rangers – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  67. (27 July 2011). "Standard Liège vs. Zürich – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  68. (3 August 2011). "Zürich vs. Standard Liège – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  69. (26 July 2011). "Twente vs. Vaslui – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  70. (3 August 2011). "Vaslui vs. Twente – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  71. (27 July 2011). "Benfica vs. Trabzonspor – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  72. (3 August 2011). "Trabzonspor vs. Benfica – 3 August 2011". Soccerway.
  73. (26 July 2011). "Dynamo Kyiv vs. Rubin Kazan' – 26 July 2011". Soccerway.
  74. (26 July 2011). "FC Dynamo Kyiv – FK Rubin Kazan'". Global Sport Media.
  75. (27 July 2011). "OB vs. Panathinaikos – 27 July 2011". Soccerway.
  76. (17 August 2011). "Wisła Kraków vs. APOEL – 17 August 2011". Soccerway.
  77. (23 August 2011). "APOEL vs. Wisła Kraków – 23 August 2011". Soccerway.
  78. (17 August 2011). "Maccabi Haifa vs. Genk – 17 August 2011". Soccerway.
  79. (23 August 2011). "Genk vs. Maccabi Haifa – 23 August 2011". Soccerway.
  80. (17 August 2011). "Dinamo Zagreb vs. Malmö FF – 17 August 2011". Soccerway.
  81. (23 August 2011). "Malmö FF vs. Dinamo Zagreb – 23 August 2011". Soccerway.
  82. (16 August 2011). "København vs. Viktoria Plzeň – 16 August 2011". Soccerway.
  83. (24 August 2011). "Viktoria Plzeň vs. København – 24 August 2011". Soccerway.
  84. (16 August 2011). "BATE vs. Sturm Graz – 16 August 2011". Soccerway.
  85. (24 August 2011). "Sturm Graz vs. BATE – 24 August 2011". Soccerway.
  86. (17 August 2011). "OB vs. Villarreal – 17 August 2011". Soccerway.
  87. (16 August 2011). "Twente vs. Benfica – 16 August 2011". Soccerway.
  88. (24 August 2011). "Benfica vs. Twente – 24 August 2011". Soccerway.
  89. (16 August 2011). "Arsenal vs. Udinese – 16 August 2011". Soccerway.
  90. (24 August 2011). "Udinese vs. Arsenal – 24 August 2011". Soccerway.
  91. (17 August 2011). "Bayern München vs. Zürich – 17 August 2011". Soccerway.
  92. (December 2021). ["FCZ Dä Stadtclub vo Züri Fussball, Zürich, Stadtclub, Letzigrund] : FCZ Aktuell".
  93. (16 August 2011). "Olympique Lyon vs. Rubin Kazan' – 16 August 2011". Soccerway.
  94. (24 August 2011). "Rubin Kazan' vs. Olympique Lyon – 24 August 2011". Soccerway.
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualifying — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report