Skip to content
Surf Wiki
Save to docs
general/fis-ski-jumping-continental-cup

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

2010–11 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup

Ski-jumping competition series


Ski-jumping competition series

FieldValue
titleFIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup 2010/11
competition1Summer
competition1menPOL Kamil Stoch
competition1ladiesAUT Daniela Iraschko
competition2Winter
competition2menSLO Rok Zima
competition2ladiesAUT Daniela Iraschko
menseason9th (Summer), 20th (Winter)
ladiesseason3rd (Summer), 7th (Winter)
menlocations8 (Summer), 14 (Winter)
ladieslocations6 (Summer), 10 (Winter)
menindividual15 (Summer), 29 (Winter)
ladiesindividual11 (Summer), 20 (Winter)
cancelledmen— (Summer), — (Winter)
cancelledladies— (Summer), 3 (Winter)
rescheduledmen2 (Summer), — (Winter)
rescheduledladies— (Summer), 1 (Winter)
previous2009/10
next2011/12

The 2010/11 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup was the 20th in a row (18th official) Continental Cup winter season and the 9th official summer season in ski jumping for men.

This was also the 7th winter and the 3rd summer season for women. FIS Ladies Winter Tournament win went to Coline Mattel.

Other competitions this season were World Cup and Grand Prix.

Men's Summer

;Individual men's events in the CC history

TotalFLNWinners
953857

after large hill event in Wisla (3 October 2010)

Calendar

AllNo.DatePlace (Hill)SizeWinnerSecondThirdOverall leaderR.
8112 July 2010SLO Kranj
(Bauhenk HS109)N 052AUT Andreas StrolzPOL Kamil StochPOL Dawid KubackiAUT Andreas Strolz
8223 July 2010N 053POL Kamil StochPOL Krzysztof MietusAUT Andreas StrolzPOL Kamil Stoch
8334 July 2010SLO Velenje
(Grajski grič HS94)N 054POL Kamil StochPOL Stefan HulaAUT David Unterberger
8449 July 2010GER Garmisch-Pa
(Gr. Olympiaschanze HS140)L 030POL Kamil StochPOL Stefan HulaAUT Andreas Strolz
85510 July 2010L 031POL Kamil StochAUT Andreas StrolzPOL Dawid Kubacki
86630 July 2010FRA Courchevel
(Tremplin du Praz HS132)L 032CZE Jakub JandaCZE Antonin HajekGER Danny Queck
31 July 2010L cnxcancelled and rescheduled to 30 July
87731 July 2010L 033CZE Jakub JandaCZE Antonin HajekSLO Rok ZimaPOL Kamil Stoch
1 August 2010L cnxcancelled and rescheduled to 31 July
88811 September 2010NOR Lillehammer
(Lysgårdsbakken HS138L 034FRA Emmanuel ChedalPOL Rafał ŚliżFRA V. D.-SevoiePOL Kamil Stoch
89912 September 2010L 035SLO Rok ZimaFRA V. D.-SevoieCZE Jakub Janda
901018 September 2010NOR Oslo
(Midtstubakken HS106)N 055POL Rafał ŚliżAUT Thomas DiethartCZE Lukas Hlava
911119 September 2010N 056NOR B. Einar RomørenAUT Michael HayböckSLO Jure Šinkovec
921225 September 2010KAZ Almaty
(Gorney Gigant HS140/105)L 036POL Kamil StochCZE Jakub Janda
BUL Vladimir Zografski
931326 September 2010N 057POL Kamil StochBUL Vladimir ZografskiPOL Łukasz Rutkowski
POL Tomasz Byrt
94142 October 2010POL Wisła
(Malinka HS134)L 037NOR Anders FannemelPOL Stefan HulaSLO Robert Hrgota
95153 October 2010L 038NOR Anders FannemelSLO Jure ŠinkovecFIN Anssi Koivuranta
9th FIS Summer Continental Cup Men's Overall
(2 July – 3 October 2010)POL Kamil StochCZE Jakub JandaAUT Andreas StrolzSummer Overall

Overall

Rankafter 15 eventsPoints
1POL Kamil Stoch680
2CZE Jakub Janda484
3AUT Andreas Strolz396
4POL Stefan Hula364
5BUL Vladimir Zografski323
6CZE Antonín Hájek283
7FRA Emmanuel Chedal250
8SLO Rok Zima244
9POL Marcin Bachleda230
10GER Danny Queck229

Men's Winter

;Individual men's events in the CC history

TotalFLNWinners
6944322368

after large hill event in Wisla (12 March 2011)

Calendar

AllNo.DatePlace (Hill)SizeWinnerSecondThirdOverall leaderR.
66617 December 2010FIN Rovaniemi
(Ounasvaara HS100)N 363DEU Stephan HockeDEU Andreas WankDEU Julian Musiol
NOR O. Marius IngvaldsenDEU Stephan Hocke
66728 December 2010N 364DEU Stephan HockeFIN Anssi KoivurantaDEU Richard Freitag
668310 December 2010NOR Vikersund
(Vikersundbakken HS117)L 300NOR K. R. Elverum SorsellFIN Anssi KoivurantaDEU Stephan Hocke
669411 December 2010L 301DEU Stephan HockeDEU Richard FreitagNOR K. R. Elverum Sorsell
670518 December 2010TUR Erzurum
(Kiremitliktepe HS109)N 365FIN Anssi Koivuranta
AUT Stefan ThurnbichlerNOR K. R. Elverum Sorsell
671619 December 2010N 366AUT Stefan ThurnbichlerAUT Mario InnauerNOR K. R. Elverum Sorsell
672727 December 2010SUI Engelberg
(Gross-Titlis HS137)L 302FIN Olli MuotkaAUT Mario InnauerCHE Marco Grigoli
673828 December 2010L 303AUT Mario InnauerSVN Matic KramaršičFIN Olli Muotka
AUT Thomas Diethart
67497 January 2011JPN Sapporo
(Ōkurayama HS134)L 304SVN Mitja MežnarJPN Kazuyoshi FunakiSVN Matic Kramaršič
675108 January 2011L 305SVN Mitja MežnarSVN Matjaž PungertarSVN Jernej Damjan
676119 January 2011L 306SVN Jernej DamjanUSA Peter FrenetteSVN Rok Zima
6771212 January 2011KOR Pyeongchang
(Alpensia HS140)L 307SVN Matjaž PungertarDEU Julian Musiol
SVN Rok Zima
6781313 January 2011L 308SVN Matjaž PungertarSVN Rok ZimaSVN Robert HrgotaSVN Matjaž Pungertar
6791422 January 2011GER Titisee-Neustadt
(Hochfirstschanze HS142)L 309DEU Maximilian MechlerSVN Matic KramaršičAUT Manuel Poppinger
6801523 January 2011L 310DEU Maximilian MechlerSVN Rok ZimaDEU Felix Schoft
6811629 January 2011AUT Bischofshofen
(Paul-Ausserleitner HS140)L 311AUT Stefan ThurnbichlerDEU Maximilian MechlerDEU Felix Brodauf
6821730 January 2011L 312AUT Stefan ThurnbichlerDEU Felix SchoftDEU Maximilian MechlerAUT S. Thurnbichler
683185 February 2011GER Brotterode
(Ingelsbergschanze HS117)L 313AUT Stefan KraftDEU Felix SchoftSVN Rok Urbanc
684196 February 2011L 314AUT Thomas DiethartDEU Felix SchoftNOR Vegard Haukø SklettGER Julian Musiol
6852012 February 2011USA Iron Mountain
(Pine Mountain HS133)L 315AUT Andreas StrolzSVN Matjaž PungertarSVN Rok ZimaSVN Matjaž Pungertar
6862113 February 2011L 316SVN Matej DobovšekAUT Markus EggenhoferAUT David Unterberger
6872219 February 2011SLO Kranj
(Bauhenk HS109)N 367SVN Dejan JudežNOR Andreas StjernenAUT Stefan Thurnbichler
6882320 February 2011N 368AUT Mario InnauerSVN Jure ŠinkovecSVN Dejan JudežAUT S. Thurnbichler
6892426 February 2011POL Zakopane
(Wielka Krokiew HS134)L 317AUT Mario InnauerDEU Andreas WankSVN Rok ZimaAUT Mario Innauer
6902527 February 2011L 318AUT Thomas ThurnbichlerDEU Markus EisenbichlerAUT Michael Hayböck
691265 March 2011FIN Kuopio
(Puijo HS127)L 319NOR Andreas StjernenSVN Matej DobovšekDEU Maximilian Mechler
692276 March 2011L 320DEU Maximilian MechlerFIN Jarkko MäättäAUT Michael Hayböck
6932811 March 2011POL Wisła
(Malinka HS134)L 321AUT Michael HayböckNOR K. R. Elverum SorsellDEU Andreas WankSLO Rok Zima
6942912 March 2011L 322SVN Matic KramaršičSVN Matjaž PungertarSVN Dejan Judež
20th FIS Winter Continental Cup Men's Overall
(7 December 2010 – 12 March 2011)SLO Rok ZimaAUT Mario InnauerGER Andreas WankWinter Overall

Overall

Rankafter 29 eventsPoints
1SLO Rok Zima826
2AUT Mario Innauer776
3GER Andreas Wank750
4SLO Dejan Judež696
5SLO Matjaž Pungertar693
6AUT Stefan Thurnbichler667
7DEU Felix Schoft631
8DEU Maximilian Mechler592
9NOR Andreas Stjernen573
10SVN Matic Kramaršič562

Women's Summer

;Individual women's events in the CC history

TotalLNMWinners
28199

after normal hill event in Liberec (1 October 2010)

Calendar

AllNo.DatePlace (Hill)SizeWinnerSecondThirdOverall leaderR.
18114 August 2010GER Bischofsgrün
(Ochsenkopfschanze HS71)M 008GER Jenna MohrUSA Abby HughesUSA Sarah HendricksonGER Jenna Mohr
19215 August 2010M 009USA Sarah HendricksonJPN Sara TakanashiDEU Anna HäfeleUSA S. Hendrickson
20320 August 2010GER Oberwiesenthal
(Fichtelbergschanzen HS106)N 011AUT J. SeifriedsbergerFRA Coline MattelUSA Sarah Hendrickson
21421 August 2010N 012AUT J. SeifriedsbergerFRA Coline MattelJPN Yūki Itō
22511 September 2010NOR Lillehammer
(Lysgårdsbakken HS100)N 013AUT Daniela IraschkoAUT J. SeifriedsbergerUSA Jessica JeromeAUT J. Seifriedsberger
23612 September 2010N 014AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelNOR Line JahrFRA Coline Mattel
24718 September 2010NOR Oslo
(Midtstubakken HS106)N 015AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelAUT J. Seifriedsberger
25819 September 2010N 016AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelDEU Juliane Seyfarth
26925 September 2010SWE Falun
(Lugnet HS98)N 017AUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Lindsey VanUSA Jessica Jerome
271026 September 2010N 018AUT Daniela IraschkoAUT J. SeifriedsbergerUSA Lindsey VanAUT Daniela Iraschko
28111 October 2010CZE Liberec
(Ještěd B HS100)N 019ITA Elena RunggaldierAUT J. SeifriedsbergerNOR Line Jahr
3rd FIS Summer Continental Cup Women's Overall
(14 August – 1 October 2010)AUT Daniela IraschkoAUT J. SeifriedsbergerFRA Coline MattelSummer Overall

Overall

Rankafter 11 eventsPoints
1AUT Daniela Iraschko600
2AUT Jacqueline Seifriedsberger590
3FRA Coline Mattel503
4JPN Sara Takanashi397
5JPN Yūki Itō366
6NOR Line Jahr347
7USA Jessica Jerome315
8USA Lindsey Van291
9JPN Ayumi Watase279
GER Melanie Faißt279

Women's Winter

;Individual women's events in the CC history

TotalLNMWinners
12399816

after normal hill event in Zaō (9 March 2011)

Calendar

AllNo.DatePlace (Hill)SizeWinnerSecondThirdOverall leaderR.
10417 December 2010FIN Rovaniemi
(Ounasvaara HS100)N 085USA Jessica JeromeAUT Daniela IraschkoNOR Line JahrUSA Jessica Jerome
10528 December 2010N 086AUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Jessica JeromeUSA Lindsey VanAUT Daniela Iraschko
USA Jessica Jerome
106311 December 2010NOR Vikersund
(Vikersundbakken HS117)L 004AUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Sarah HendricksonUSA Lindsey VanAUT Daniela Iraschko
107412 December 2010L 005AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelUSA Lindsey Van
108518 December 2010NOR Notodden
(Tveitanbakken HS100)N 087AUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Jessica JeromeITA Elena Runggaldier
109619 December 2010N 088FRA Coline MattelAUT Daniela IraschkoDEU Melanie Faißt
11078 January 2011GER Schonach
(Langenwaldschanze HS106)N 089AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelDEU Melanie FaißtAUT Daniela Iraschko
9 January 2011N cnx*cancelled due to strong wind and rain
(rescheduled to Hinterzarten on 12 January morning)*
111812 January 2011GER Hinterzarten
(Rothaus-Schanze HS108)N 090AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelSVN Eva LogarAUT Daniela Iraschko
112912 January 2011N 091FRA Coline MattelAUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Lindsey Van
1131015 January 2011GER Braunlage
(Wurmbergschanze HS100)N 092FRA Coline MattelAUT Daniela IraschkoAUT J. Seifriedsberger
1141116 January 2011N 093FRA Coline MattelAUT Daniela IraschkoDEU Melanie Faißt
FIS Ladies Winter Tournament
(2 – 10 January 2010)FRA Coline MattelAUT Daniela IraschkoUSA Jessica JeromeWinter Tournament
1151222 January 2011SLO Ljubno
(Savina HS95)N 094AUT Daniela IraschkoSVN Eva LogarSVN Maja VtičAUT Daniela Iraschko
1161323 January 2011N 095AUT Daniela IraschkoDEU Juliane SeyfarthSVN Maja Vtič
117145 February 2011GER Brotterode
(Ingelsbergschanze HS117)L 006AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelITA Lisa Demetz
118156 February 2011L 007AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelDEU Melanie Faißt
1191612 February 2011POL Zakopane
(Średnia Krokiew HS94)N 096FRA Coline MattelJPN Sara TakanashiSVN Eva Logar
1201713 February 2011N 097FRA Coline MattelJPN Sara TakanashiITA Elena Runggaldier
1211819 February 2011AUT Ramsau
(W90-Mattensprungan. HS117)L 008JPN Sara TakanashiDEU Ulrike GräßlerAUT J. Seifriedsberger
1221920 February 2011L 009JPN Sara TakanashiDEU Ulrike GräßlerDEU Melanie Faißt
1 March 2011JPN Hakuba
(Olympic Hills HS98)N cnxcancelled due to the financial problems of the organizers
2 March 2011N cnx
123209 March 2011JPN Zaō
(Yamagata HS106)N 098JPN Yūki ItōAUT J. SeifriedsbergerSVN Maja VtičAUT Daniela Iraschko
10 March 2011N cnxcancelled due to too strong winds
7th FIS Winter Continental Cup Women's Overall
(7 December 2010 – 9 March 2011)AUT Daniela IraschkoFRA Coline MattelSVN Eva LogarWinter Overall

Overall

Rankafter 20 eventsPoints
1AUT Daniela Iraschko1445
2FRA Coline Mattel1100
3SVN Eva Logar704
4GER Melanie Faißt697
5AUT Jacqueline Seifriedsberger629
6USA Jessica Jerome598
7DEU Ulrike Gräßler567
8DEU Juliane Seyfarth543
9USA Lindsey Van519
10SVN Maja Vtič506

Europa Cup vs. Continental Cup

  • Last two Europa Cup seasons (1991/92 and 1992/93) are recognized as first two Continental Cup seasons by International Ski Federation (FIS), although Continental Cup under this name officially started first season in 1993/94 season.

Notes

References

References

  1. "Men's Overall Final Standings". [[International Ski Federation]].
  2. "Ladies' Overall Final Standings". [[International Ski Federation]].
  3. "Men's Summer Final Standings". [[International Ski Federation]].
  4. "Ladies' Summer Final Standings". [[International Ski Federation]].
  5. (2 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS109: Kranj (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  6. (3 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS109: Kranj (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  7. (4 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS94: Velenje (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  8. (9 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS140: Ga-Pa (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  9. (10 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS140: Ga-Pa (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  10. (30 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS132: Courchevel (FRA)". [[International Ski Federation.
  11. (31 July 2010). "Men's Summer HS132: Courchevel (FRA)". [[International Ski Federation.
  12. (11 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS132: Lillehammer (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  13. (12 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS132: Lillehammer (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  14. (18 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS106: Oslo (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  15. (19 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS106: Oslo (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  16. (25 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS140: Almaty (KAZ)". [[International Ski Federation.
  17. (26 September 2010). "Men's Summer HS106: Almaty (KAZ)". [[International Ski Federation.
  18. (2 October 2010). "Men's Summer HS134: Wisła (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  19. (3 October 2010). "Men's Summer HS134: Wisła (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  20. (7 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS100: Rovaniemi (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  21. (8 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS100: Rovaniemi (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  22. (10 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS117: Vikersund (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  23. (11 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS117: Vikersund (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  24. (18 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS109: Erzurum (TUR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  25. (19 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS109: Erzurum (TUR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  26. (27 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS137: Engelberg (SUI)". [[International Ski Federation.
  27. (28 December 2010). "Men's Winter HS137: Engelberg (SUI)". [[International Ski Federation.
  28. (7 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Sapporo (JPN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  29. (8 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Sapporo (JPN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  30. (9 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Sapporo (JPN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  31. (12 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS140: Pyeongchang (KOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  32. (13 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS140: Pyeongchang (KOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  33. (22 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS142: Titisee-Neustadt (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  34. (23 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS142: Titisee-Neustadt (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  35. (29 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS140: Bischofshofen (AUT)". [[International Ski Federation.
  36. (30 January 2011). "Men's Winter HS140: Bischofshofen (AUT)". [[International Ski Federation.
  37. (5 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS117: Brotterode (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  38. (6 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS117: Brotterode (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  39. (12 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS133: Iron Mountain (USA)". [[International Ski Federation.
  40. (13 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS133: Iron Mountain (USA)". [[International Ski Federation.
  41. (19 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS109: Kranj (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  42. (20 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS109: Kranj (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  43. (26 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Zakopane (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  44. (27 February 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Zakopane (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  45. (5 March 2011). "Men's Winter HS127: Kuopio (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  46. (6 March 2011). "Men's Winter HS127: Kuopio (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  47. (11 March 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Wisła (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  48. (12 March 2011). "Men's Winter HS134: Wisła (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  49. (14 August 2010). "Women's Summer HS71: Bischofsgrün (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  50. (14 August 2010). "Women's Summer HS71: Bischofsgrün (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  51. (20 August 2010). "Women's Summer HS106: Oberwiesenthal (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  52. (21 August 2010). "Women's Summer HS106: Oberwiesenthal (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  53. (11 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS100: Lillehammer (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  54. (12 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS100: Lillehammer (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  55. (18 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS106: Oslo (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  56. (19 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS106: Oslo (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  57. (25 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS98: Falun (SWE)". [[International Ski Federation.
  58. (26 September 2010). "Women's Summer HS98: Falun (SWE)". [[International Ski Federation.
  59. (1 October 2010). "Women's Summer HS100: Liberec (CZE)". [[International Ski Federation.
  60. (7 December 2010). "Women's winter HS100: Rovaniemi (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  61. (8 December 2010). "Women's winter HS100: Rovaniemi (FIN)". [[International Ski Federation.
  62. (11 December 2010). "Women's winter HS117: Vikersund (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  63. (12 December 2010). "Women's winter HS117: Vikersund (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  64. (18 December 2010). "Women's winter HS100: Notodden (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  65. (19 December 2010). "Women's winter HS100: Notodden (NOR)". [[International Ski Federation.
  66. (8 January 2011). "Women's winter HS106: Schonach (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  67. (12 January 2011). "Women's winter HS108: Hinterzarten (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  68. (12 January 2011). "Women's winter HS108: Hinterzarten (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  69. (15 January 2011). "Women's winter HS100: Braunlage (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  70. (16 January 2011). "Women's winter HS100: Braunlage (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  71. (22 January 2011). "Women's winter HS95: Ljubno (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  72. (23 January 2011). "Women's winter HS95: Ljubno (SLO)". [[International Ski Federation.
  73. (6 February 2011). "Women's winter HS117: Brotterode (GER)". [[International Ski Federation.
  74. (12 February 2011). "Women's winter HS94: Zakopane (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  75. (13 February 2011). "Women's winter HS94: Zakopane (POL)". [[International Ski Federation.
  76. (19 February 2011). "Women's winter HS117: Ramsau (AUT)". [[International Ski Federation.
  77. (20 February 2011). "Women's winter HS117: Ramsau (AUT)". [[International Ski Federation.
  78. (9 March 2011). "Women's winter HS106: Zaō (JPN)". [[International Ski Federation.
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about 2010–11 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report