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2003 IBF World Championships – Mixed doubles


FieldValue
eventMixed doubles
championship2003 IBF World Championships
dates
venueNational Indoor Arena
locationBirmingham, United Kingdom
goldKim Dong-moon
Ra Kyung-min
gold_nationKOR
silverZhang Jun
Gao Ling
silver_nationCHN
bronzeJonas Rasmussen
Rikke Olsen
bronze_nationDEN
bronze2Chen Qiqiu
Zhao Tingting
bronze2_nationCHN
prev[2001 Seville](2001-ibf-world-championships-mixed-doubles)
next[2005 Anaheim](2005-ibf-world-championships-mixed-doubles)

Ra Kyung-min Gao Ling Rikke Olsen Zhao Tingting IBF World Championships](2003-ibf-world-championships)

| event1.1 = Singles | results1.1a = men | results1.1b = women

| event1.2 = Doubles | results1.2a = men | results1.2b = women | results1.2c = mixed

The 2003 IBF World Championships (World Badminton Championships) took place in the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, England, between July 28 and August 3, 2003. Following the results in the mixed doubles.

Main stage

Section 1

| RD1-team01=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD1-seed01= | RD1-score01-1=15 | RD1-score01-2=15 | RD1-score01-3= | RD1-team02=CZE Jiri Skocdopole CZE Hana Procházková | RD1-seed02= | RD1-score02-1=0 | RD1-score02-2=3 | RD1-score02-3= | RD1-team03=KOR Lee Jae-jin KOR Hwang Yu-mi | RD1-seed03= | RD1-score03-1=15 | RD1-score03-2=15 | RD1-score03-3= | RD1-team04=ENG Graham Hurrell ENG Joanne Wright | RD1-seed04= | RD1-score04-1=8 | RD1-score04-2=11 | RD1-score04-3= | RD1-team05=Denmark Michael Lamp Denmark Ann-Lou Jørgensen | RD1-seed05= | RD1-score05-1= | RD1-score05-2= | RD1-score05-3= | RD1-team06=bye | RD1-seed06= | RD1-score06-1= | RD1-score06-2= | RD1-score06-3= | RD1-team07=WAL Liam Ingram WAL Kerry Ann Sheppard | RD1-seed07= | RD1-score07-1= | RD1-score07-2= | RD1-score07-3= | RD1-team08=bye | RD1-seed08= | RD1-score08-1= | RD1-score08-2= | RD1-score08-3= | RD1-team09=Denmark Lars Paaske Denmark Pernille Harder | RD1-seed09= | RD1-score09-1=15 | RD1-score09-2=17 | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-team10=RUS Nikolaj Zuev RUS Marina Yakusheva | RD1-seed10= | RD1-score10-1=4 | RD1-score10-2=14 | RD1-score10-3= | RD1-team11=TPE Cheng Wen-Hsing TPE Tsai Chia-Hsin | RD1-seed11= | RD1-score11-1=15 | RD1-score11-2=15 | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-team12=USA Mathew Fogarty USA Lina Taft | RD1-seed12= | RD1-score12-1=5 | RD1-score12-2=6 | RD1-score12-3= | RD1-team13=DEN Jens Eriksen DEN Mette Schjoldager | RD1-seed13= | RD1-score13-1= | RD1-score13-2= | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-team14=bye | RD1-seed14= | RD1-score14-1= | RD1-score14-2= | RD1-score14-3= | RD1-team15=HKG Yau Tsz Yuk HKG Louisa Koon Wai Chee | RD1-seed15= | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-team16=bye | RD1-seed16= | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3= | RD2-team01=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD2-seed01= | RD2-score01-1=15 | RD2-score01-2=15 | RD2-score01-3= | RD2-team02=KOR Lee Jae-jin KOR Hwang Yu-mi | RD2-seed02= | RD2-score02-1=5 | RD2-score02-2=7 | RD2-score02-3= | RD2-team03=Denmark Michael Lamp Denmark Ann-Lou Jørgensen | RD2-seed03= | RD2-score03-1=15 | RD2-score03-2=15 | RD2-score03-3= | RD2-team04=WAL Liam Ingram WAL Kerry Ann Sheppard | RD2-seed04= | RD2-score04-1=2 | RD2-score04-2=6 | RD2-score04-3= | RD2-team05=Denmark Lars Paaske Denmark Pernille Harder | RD2-seed05= | RD2-score05-1=15 | RD2-score05-2=15 | RD2-score05-3= | RD2-team06=TPE Cheng Wen-Hsing TPE Tsai Chia-Hsin | RD2-seed06= | RD2-score06-1=6 | RD2-score06-2=9 | RD2-score06-3= | RD2-team07=Denmark Jens Eriksen Denmark Mette Schjoldager | RD2-seed07= | RD2-score07-1=15 | RD2-score07-2=15 | RD2-score07-3= | RD2-team08=HKG Yau Tsz Yuk HKG Louisa Koon Wai Chee | RD2-seed08= | RD2-score08-1=2 | RD2-score08-2=9 | RD2-score08-3= | RD3-team01=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD3-seed01= | RD3-score01-1=11 | RD3-score01-2=15 | RD3-score01-3=15 | RD3-team02=Denmark Michael Lamp Denmark Ann-Lou Jørgensen | RD3-seed02= | RD3-score02-1=15 | RD3-score02-2=7 | RD3-score02-3=4 | RD3-team03=Denmark Lars Paaske Denmark Pernille Harder | RD3-seed03= | RD3-score03-1=15 | RD3-score03-2=15 | RD3-score03-3= | RD3-team04=Denmark Jens Eriksen Denmark Mette Schjoldager | RD3-seed04= | RD3-score04-1=9 | RD3-score04-2=12 | RD3-score04-3= | RD4-team01=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD4-seed01= | RD4-score01-1=15 | RD4-score01-2=15 | RD4-score01-3= | RD4-team02=Denmark Lars Paaske Denmark Pernille Harder | RD4-seed02= | RD4-score02-1=8 | RD4-score02-2=1 | RD4-score02-3=

Section 2

| RD1-team01=CHN Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD1-seed01= | RD1-score01-1=15 | RD1-score01-2=15 | RD1-score01-3= | RD1-team02=AUT Roman Zirnwald AUT Simone Prutsch | RD1-seed02= | RD1-score02-1=2 | RD1-score02-2=2 | RD1-score02-3= | RD1-team03=GER Kristof Hopp GER Kathrin Piotrowski | RD1-seed03= | RD1-score03-1=15 | RD1-score03-2=15 | RD1-score03-3= | RD1-team04=BUL Julian Hristov BUL Diana Dimova | RD1-seed04= | RD1-score04-1=5 | RD1-score04-2=2 | RD1-score04-3= | RD1-team05=CHN Chen Lin CHN Sang Yang | RD1-seed05= | RD1-score05-1=15 | RD1-score05-2=5 | RD1-score05-3=15 | RD1-team06=ESP José Antonio Crespo ESP Dolores Marco | RD1-seed06= | RD1-score06-1=5 | RD1-score06-2=15 | RD1-score06-3=9 | RD1-team07=IDN Nova Widianto IDN Vita Marissa | RD1-seed07= | RD1-score07-1= | RD1-score07-2= | RD1-score07-3= | RD1-team08=bye | RD1-seed08= | RD1-score08-1= | RD1-score08-2= | RD1-score08-3= | RD1-team09=ENG Nathan Robertson ENG Gail Emms | RD1-seed09= | RD1-score09-1= | RD1-score09-2= | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-team10=bye | RD1-seed10= | RD1-score10-1= | RD1-score10-2= | RD1-score10-3= | RD1-team11=GER Thomas Tesche GER Carina Mette | RD1-seed11= | RD1-score11-1= | RD1-score11-2= | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-team12=bye | RD1-seed12= | RD1-score12-1= | RD1-score12-2= | RD1-score12-3= | RD1-team13=SWE Fredrik Bergström SWE Johanna Persson | RD1-seed13= | RD1-score13-1=15 | RD1-score13-2=15 | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-team14=CAN Mike Beres CAN Kara Solmundson | RD1-seed14= | RD1-score14-1=1 | RD1-score14-2=7 | RD1-score14-3= | RD1-team15=JPN Tadashi Ohtsuka JPN Shizuka Yamamoto | RD1-seed15= | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-team16=THA Khunakorn Sudhisodhi THA Saralee Thungthongkam | RD1-seed16= | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3= | RD2-team01=China Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD2-seed01= | RD2-score01-1=15 | RD2-score01-2=15 | RD2-score01-3= | RD2-team02=GER Kristof Hopp GER Kathrin Piotrowski | RD2-seed02= | RD2-score02-1=5 | RD2-score02-2=4 | RD2-score02-3= | RD2-team03=CHN Chen Lin CHN Sang Yang | RD2-seed03= | RD2-score03-1=17 | RD2-score03-2=12 | RD2-score03-3=17 | RD2-team04=IDN Nova Widianto IDN Vita Marissa | RD2-seed04= | RD2-score04-1=16 | RD2-score04-2=15 | RD2-score04-3=14 | RD2-team05=ENG Nathan Robertson ENG Gail Emms | RD2-seed05= | RD2-score05-1=15 | RD2-score05-2=15 | RD2-score05-3= | RD2-team06=GER Thomas Tesche GER Carina Mette | RD2-seed06= | RD2-score06-1=8 | RD2-score06-2=4 | RD2-score06-3= | RD2-team07=SWE Fredrik Bergström SWE Johanna Persson | RD2-seed07= | RD2-score07-1=15 | RD2-score07-2=15 | RD2-score07-3= | RD2-team08=JPN Tadashi Ohtsuka JPN Shizuka Yamamoto | RD2-seed08= | RD2-score08-1=7 | RD2-score08-2=2 | RD2-score08-3= | RD3-team01=China Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD3-seed01= | RD3-score01-1= | RD3-score01-2= | RD3-score01-3= | RD3-team02=CHN Chen Lin CHN Sang Yang | RD3-seed02= | RD3-score02-1= | RD3-score02-2= | RD3-score02-3= | RD3-team03=ENG Nathan Robertson ENG Gail Emms | RD3-seed03= | RD3-score03-1=15 | RD3-score03-2=15 | RD3-score03-3= | RD3-team04=SWE Fredrik Bergström SWE Johanna Persson | RD3-seed04= | RD3-score04-1=4 | RD3-score04-2=13 | RD3-score04-3= | RD4-team01=China Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD4-seed01= | RD4-score01-1=15 | RD4-score01-2=15 | RD4-score01-3= | RD4-team02=ENG Nathan Robertson ENG Gail Emms | RD4-seed02= | RD4-score02-1=11 | RD4-score02-2=9 | RD4-score02-3=

Section 3

| RD1-team01=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD1-seed01= | RD1-score01-1= | RD1-score01-2= | RD1-score01-3= | RD1-team02=bye | RD1-seed02= | RD1-score02-1= | RD1-score02-2= | RD1-score02-3= | RD1-team03=GRE Theodoros Velkos GRE Chrisa Georgali | RD1-seed03= | RD1-score03-1= | RD1-score03-2= | RD1-score03-3= | RD1-team04=bye | RD1-seed04= | RD1-score04-1= | RD1-score04-2= | RD1-score04-3= | RD1-team05=ENG Robert Blair ENG Natalie Munt | RD1-seed05= | RD1-score05-1= | RD1-score05-2= | RD1-score05-3= | RD1-team06=SWE Jörgen Olsson SWE Frida Andreasson | RD1-seed06= | RD1-score06-1= | RD1-score06-2= | RD1-score06-3= | RD1-team07=MAS Chew Choon Eng MAS Chin Eei Hui | RD1-seed07= | RD1-score07-1=15 | RD1-score07-2=17 | RD1-score07-3= | RD1-team08=GER Björn Siegemund GER Nicol Pitro | RD1-seed08= | RD1-score08-1=13 | RD1-score08-2=14 | RD1-score08-3= | RD1-team09=KOR Lee Hyo-jung KOR Kim Yong-hyun | RD1-seed09= | RD1-score09-1=15 | RD1-score09-2=15 | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-team10=CHN Zheng Bo CHN Zhang Jiewen | RD1-seed10= | RD1-score10-1=11 | RD1-score10-2=12 | RD1-score10-3= | RD1-team11=HKG Albertus Susanto Njoto HKG Wang Chen | RD1-seed11= | RD1-score11-1= | RD1-score11-2= | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-team12=USA Mike Chansawangpuvana USA Eva Lee | RD1-seed12= | RD1-score12-1=4 | RD1-score12-2=8 | RD1-score12-3= | RD1-team13=IDN Trikus Heryanto IDN Emma Ermawati | RD1-seed13= | RD1-score13-1= | RD1-score13-2= | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-team14=bye | RD1-seed14= | RD1-score14-1= | RD1-score14-2= | RD1-score14-3= | RD1-team15=WAL Robyn Ashworth WAL Richard Williams | RD1-seed15= | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-team16=bye | RD1-seed16= | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3= | RD2-team01=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD2-seed01= | RD2-score01-1=15 | RD2-score01-2=15 | RD2-score01-3= | RD2-team02=GRE Theodoros Velkos GRE Chrisa Georgali | RD2-seed02= | RD2-score02-1=4 | RD2-score02-2=1 | RD2-score02-3= | RD2-team03=ENG Robert Blair ENG Natalie Munt | RD2-seed03= | RD2-score03-1=15 | RD2-score03-2=15 | RD2-score03-3= | RD2-team04=MAS Chew Choon Eng MAS Chin Eei Hui | RD2-seed04= | RD2-score04-1=2 | RD2-score04-2=6 | RD2-score04-3= | RD2-team05=KOR Lee Hyo-jung KOR Kim Yong-hyun | RD2-seed05= | RD2-score05-1=17 | RD2-score05-2=17 | RD2-score05-3= | RD2-team06=HKG Albertus Susanto Njoto HKG Wang Chen | RD2-seed06= | RD2-score06-1=15 | RD2-score06-2=14 | RD2-score06-3= | RD2-team07=IDN Trikus Heryanto IDN Emma Ermawati | RD2-seed07= | RD2-score07-1=15 | RD2-score07-2=15 | RD2-score07-3= | RD2-team08=WAL Robyn Ashworth WAL Richard Williams | RD2-seed08= | RD2-score08-1=1 | RD2-score08-2=2 | RD2-score08-3= | RD3-team01=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD3-seed01= | RD3-score01-1=15 | RD3-score01-2=15 | RD3-score01-3= | RD3-team02=ENG Robert Blair ENG Natalie Munt | RD3-seed02= | RD3-score02-1=4 | RD3-score02-2=2 | RD3-score02-3= | RD3-team03=KOR Lee Hyo-jung KOR Kim Yong-hyun | RD3-seed03= | RD3-score03-1=15 | RD3-score03-2=7 | RD3-score03-3=15 | RD3-team04=IDN Trikus Heryanto IDN Emma Ermawati | RD3-seed04= | RD3-score04-1=7 | RD3-score04-2=15 | RD3-score04-3=3 | RD4-team01=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD4-seed01= | RD4-score01-1=15 | RD4-score01-2=15 | RD4-score01-3= | RD4-team02=KOR Lee Hyo-jung KOR Kim Yong-hyun | RD4-seed02= | RD4-score02-1=6 | RD4-score02-2=1 | RD4-score02-3=

Section 4

| RD1-team01=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD1-seed01= | RD1-score01-1= | RD1-score01-2= | RD1-score01-3= | RD1-team02=bye | RD1-seed02= | RD1-score02-1= | RD1-score02-2= | RD1-score02-3= | RD1-team03=ENG Simon Archer SCO Kirsteen McEwan | RD1-seed03= | RD1-score03-1= | RD1-score03-2= | RD1-score03-3= | RD1-team04=bye | RD1-seed04= | RD1-score04-1= | RD1-score04-2= | RD1-score04-3= | RD1-team05=FRA Svetoslav Stoyanov FRA Victoria Wright | RD1-seed05= | RD1-score05-1=15 | RD1-score05-2=15 | RD1-score05-3= | RD1-team06=CAN Philippe Bourret CAN Denyse Julien | RD1-seed06= | RD1-score06-1=7 | RD1-score06-2=13 | RD1-score06-3= | RD1-team07=BUL Konstantin Dobrev BUL Petya Nedeltcheva | RD1-seed07= | RD1-score07-1=15 | RD1-score07-2=15 | RD1-score07-3= | RD1-team08=WAL Matthew Hughes WAL Joanne Muggeridge | RD1-seed08= | RD1-score08-1=5 | RD1-score08-2=12 | RD1-score08-3= | RD1-team09=IDN Anggun Nugroho IDN Eny Widiowati | RD1-seed09= | RD1-score09-1=15 | RD1-score09-2=15 | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-team10=PHI Kennevic Asuncion PHI Kennie Asuncion | RD1-seed10= | RD1-score10-1=6 | RD1-score10-2=9 | RD1-score10-3= | RD1-team11=JPN Norio Imai JPN Chikako Nakayama | RD1-seed11= | RD1-score11-1=15 | RD1-score11-2=15 | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-team12=SLO Andrej Pohar SLO Maja Pohar | RD1-seed12= | RD1-score12-1=3 | RD1-score12-2=6 | RD1-score12-3= | RD1-team13=NED Chris Bruil NED Lotte Bruil-Jonathans | RD1-seed13= | RD1-score13-1= | RD1-score13-2= | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-team14=bye | RD1-seed14= | RD1-score14-1= | RD1-score14-2= | RD1-score14-3= | RD1-team15=IDN Robby Istanta IDN Yunita Tetty | RD1-seed15= | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-team16=bye | RD1-seed16= | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3= | RD2-team01=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD2-seed01= | RD2-score01-1=15 | RD2-score01-2=15 | RD2-score01-3= | RD2-team02=ENG Simon Archer SCO Kirsteen McEwan | RD2-seed02= | RD2-score02-1=10 | RD2-score02-2=2 | RD2-score02-3= | RD2-team03=FRA Svetoslav Stoyanov FRA Victoria Wright | RD2-seed03= | RD2-score03-1=15 | RD2-score03-2=15 | RD2-score03-3= | RD2-team04=BUL Konstantin Dobrev BUL Petya Nedeltcheva | RD2-seed04= | RD2-score04-1=1 | RD2-score04-2=9 | RD2-score04-3= | RD2-team05=IDN Anggun Nugroho IDN Eny Widiowati | RD2-seed05= | RD2-score05-1=15 | RD2-score05-2=10 | RD2-score05-3=15 | RD2-team06=JPN Norio Imai JPN Chikako Nakayama | RD2-seed06= | RD2-score06-1=13 | RD2-score06-2=15 | RD2-score06-3=7 | RD2-team07=NED Chris Bruil NED Lotte Bruil-Jonathans | RD2-seed07= | RD2-score07-1=15 | RD2-score07-2=15 | RD2-score07-3= | RD2-team08=IDN Robby Istanta IDN Yunita Tetty | RD2-seed08= | RD2-score08-1=13 | RD2-score08-2=13 | RD2-score08-3= | RD3-team01=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD3-seed01= | RD3-score01-1=15 | RD3-score01-2=15 | RD3-score01-3= | RD3-team02=FRA Svetoslav Stoyanov FRA Victoria Wright | RD3-seed02= | RD3-score02-1=1 | RD3-score02-2=5 | RD3-score02-3= | RD3-team03=IDN Anggun Nugroho IDN Eny Widiowati | RD3-seed03= | RD3-score03-1=15 | RD3-score03-2=17 | RD3-score03-3= | RD3-team04=NED Chris Bruil NED Lotte Bruil-Jonathans | RD3-seed04= | RD3-score04-1=12 | RD3-score04-2=14 | RD3-score04-3= | RD4-team01=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD4-seed01= | RD4-score01-1=15 | RD4-score01-2=15 | RD4-score01-3= | RD4-team02=IDN Anggun Nugroho IDN Eny Widiowati | RD4-seed02= | RD4-score02-1=1 | RD4-score02-2=7 | RD4-score02-3=

Final stage

| team-width= | RD1-seed1=9 | RD1-team1=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD1-score1-1=15 | RD1-score1-2=15 | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-seed2= | RD1-team2=Denmark Lars Paaske Denmark Pernille Harder | RD1-score2-1=8 | RD1-score2-2=1 | RD1-score2-3= | RD1-seed3=13 | RD1-team3=China Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD1-score3-1=15 | RD1-score3-2=15 | RD1-score3-3= | RD1-seed4= | RD1-team4=ENG Nathan Robertson ENG Gail Emms | RD1-score4-1=11 | RD1-score4-2=9 | RD1-score4-3= | RD1-seed5=1 | RD1-team5=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD1-score5-1=15 | RD1-score5-2=15 | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-seed6= | RD1-team6=KOR Lee Hyo-jung KOR Kim Yong-hyun | RD1-score6-1=6 | RD1-score6-2=1 | RD1-score6-3= | RD1-seed7=4 | RD1-team7=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD1-score7-1=15 | RD1-score7-2=15 | RD1-score7-3= | RD1-seed8= | RD1-team8=IDN Anggun Nugroho IDN Eny Widiowati | RD1-score8-1=1 | RD1-score8-2=7 | RD1-score8-3= | RD2-seed1=9 | RD2-team1=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD2-score1-1=15 | RD2-score1-2=15 | RD2-score1-3= | RD2-seed2=13 | RD2-team2=China Chen Qiqiu China Zhao Tingting | RD2-score2-1=7 | RD2-score2-2=5 | RD2-score2-3= | RD2-seed3=1 | RD2-team3=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD2-score3-1=15 | RD2-score3-2=17 | RD2-score3-3= | RD2-seed4=4 | RD2-team4=Denmark Jonas Rasmussen Denmark Rikke Olsen | RD2-score4-1=3 | RD2-score4-2=15 | RD2-score4-3= | RD3-seed1=9 | RD3-team1=South Korea Kim Dong-moon South Korea Ra Kyung-min | RD3-score1-1=15 | RD3-score1-2=15 | RD3-score1-3= | RD3-seed2=1 | RD3-team2=China Zhang Jun China Gao Ling | RD3-score2-1=7 | RD3-score2-2=8 | RD3-score2-3=

References

http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=40F38303-C037-45A9-93CB-C7A7AAED7AFC

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