1989–90 South Pacific cyclone season

Seasonal summary

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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/11/1989 till:01/05/1990 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/11/1989

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PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:08/11/1989 till:12/11/1989 color:TD text:"Cook Islands (TD)" from:14/12/1989 till:17/12/1989 color:TD text:"Samoa (TD)" from:19/12/1989 till:22/12/1989 color:TD text:"Felicity (TD)" from:20/01/1990 till:25/01/1990 color:TD text:"Coral Sea (TD)" from:27/01/1990 till:10/02/1990 color:C4 text:"Ofa (C4)" from:31/01/1990 till:01/02/1990 color:C2 text:"Nancy (C2)" barset:break from:06/02/1990 till:09/02/1990 color:TD text:"Samoa (TD)" from:12/02/1990 till:18/02/1990 color:C3 text:"Peni (C3)" from:07/03/1990 till:09/03/1990 color:C2 text:"Hilda (C2)" from:14/03/1990 till:16/03/1990 color:TD text:"Ivor (TD)" from:16/03/1990 till:25/03/1990 color:C2 text:"Rae (C2)"

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Systems

Tropical Depression Felicity

|10-min winds=40 |1-min winds=40

On December 19, the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Felicity, moved into the basin with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 75 km/h (45 mph), which would have made it a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. However, because it did not have the "classical characteristics of a tropical cyclone", it was treated as a tropical depression by the BoM and the FMS. Over the next couple of days, in response to an upper-level trough of low pressure weakening, the depression slowly weakened further, while accelerating to towards the southeast. Felicity was absorbed by a short-wave trough of low pressure to the north of New Zealand before it was last noted during December 22.

Coral Sea Depression

|10-min winds=45

On January 20, TCWC Nadi started to monitor a shallow area of low pressure that had developed within a trough of low pressure, about 600 mi to the Northwest of Noumea in New Caledonia.

The depression was last noted on January 25, as it moved below 25°S and into MetService's area of responsibility.

There were no reports of any damage associated with this depression within New Caledonia, which was largely due to its small and not so intense nature of the system.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa

|1-min winds=115 |10-min winds=100 Main article: Cyclone Ofa

On January 27, a shallow tropical depression formed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, about 430 km to the southeast of Funafuti, Tuvalu. Over the next two days the system developed little and remained slow moving, near the Tuvaluan atoll of Funafuti. During January 30, the depression moved towards the north-east and started to organize, as pressures near the systems center rapidly falling. During the next day the system subsequently started to curve south-eastwards and away from Tuvalu, before the NWOC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 13P. Late on January 31, TCWC Nadi named the tropical depression Ofa, after it had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. Over the few days the system moved towards the south-southeast and intensified further. Ofa subsequently passed about 110 km to the west of the Western Samoan Island of Savai'i between 10:00 and 18:00 UTC during February 3. Early the next day as the system started to accelerate towards the south-southeast towards the island nation of Niue, the NWOC estimated that Ofa had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 215 km/h (130 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS. Later that day TCWC Nadi also estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 185 km/h (115 mph) as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone,. During February 5, the system passed about 55 km to the west of Niue, as it started to weaken and started to transition into an extratropical cyclone. The system completed this transition during February 8, before the remnants were last noted during February 10 after they had performed a small clockwise loop.

Cyclone Ofa affected seven different island nations and caused gales or much stronger winds in six of those countries which resulted in damage ranging from moderate to very severe. Storm tide from the cyclone which is the combined effect of storm surge and high tide caused havoc in several countries and was the major cause of destruction. Overall the system killed at least eight people while it was estimated that the overall damage would amount to over with damage totals of at least and in Western and American Samoa.

Tropical Cyclone Nancy

|1-min winds=65 |10-min winds=60

On January 31, the FMS reported that a tropical depression had moved south-eastwards into the basin from the Australian region and named it Nancy, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. During that day, Nancy recurved south-westwards around the southern extension of an upper-level trough of low pressure and moved back into the Australian region. The system subsequently re-entered the basin as an extratropical cyclone on February 6, before it dissipated to the west of New Zealand on February 8.

While the system was located within the basin, the FMS reported that the system had peaked as a category 1 tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 45 kn. The JTWC also monitored the system while it was in the basin and estimated that Nancy had peak 1-minute sustained winds of 65 kn, which made it equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the SSHWS. The BoM later reanalysed the system and found that it had peaked as a category 2 tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 60 kn while it was located within the basin.

Samoa Depression

|10-min winds=35

On February 6, the FMS reported that a depression had developed, within the South Pacific Convergence Zone near the islands of Tuvalu. Over the next few days the system was steered towards the southeast by a north-westerly steering flow on the eastern side of an upper-level trough of low pressure. As the depression moved towards the southeast it passed in between Western Samoa and the northern islands of Tonga before it came very close to Niue during February 8. Despite marginal gale-force winds being present in the depressions eastern quadrant, strong north-westerlies prevented the depression, from strengthening into a tropical cyclone. The depression was subsequently last noted during February 9, as it was absorbed into the Westerlies. The only damage that could be attributed to the depression is a number of houses that were destroyed on the Tuvaluan atoll of Vaitupu on February 6, however it is possible that the houses were destroyed by the strong and squally north-westerly winds that were prevailing over the northern islands of Tuvalu at that time. As Tuvalu, Western Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga, Niue had all been affected by Cyclone Ofa a few days earlier; any damage would have been difficult to assess.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Peni

|1-min winds=70 |10-min winds=65 Main article: Cyclone Peni}}A shallow area of low-pressure began to develop near [[Rakahanga]], an island in the [Cook Islands, [Cook Island chain]]. The storm had also formed on the [[South Pacific convergence zone]]. The storm was first recognized on February 12, and had received tropical cyclone characteristics on the 13th. At 21:00 UTC, the storm was recognized as Tropical Cyclone Peni. The storm then took a path southwest towards the Cook Islands, Peni made a narrow turn and passed close to [[Aitutaki]]. Peni had gained hurricane status on the 15th, at 06:00 UTC. Peni had been able to keep hurricane characteristics until February 17, when it was downgraded to a storm, and soon, was declared extratropical. The name Peni was retired from the naming list.{{clear

Tropical Cyclone Hilda

|1-min winds=60 |10-min winds=50

During March 7, Tropical Cyclone Hilda moved into the basin from the Australian region, as a category 2 tropical cyclone while it was located about 640 km to the northeast of Noumea, New Caledonia. During that day, the system passed about 640 km to the south-west of New Caledonia, as it moved south-southwestwards and degenerated into an extratropical depression. Over the next couple of days, the system moved through the Tasman Sea and passed near New Zealand's South Island, before it was absorbed into a high-latitude trough of low pressure.

Tropical Depression Ivor

|1-min winds=15 |10-min winds=30

Tropical Cyclone Rae

|1-min winds=40 |10-min winds=50

During March 16, the FMS started to monitor a shallow tropical depression, that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone in between Vanuatu and Fiji. Over the next couple of days, the system caused strong winds and heavy rain over the island nation of Tuvalu, as it slowly moved south-eastwards, before it passed around 60 nmi to the east of Rotuma. During March 19, Rae started to impact Fiji with heavy rain and strong winds as it slowed down and started to move south-westwards, before it passed around 40 nmi to the west of the Yasawa Islands during March 20. The depression continued to move south-westwards for the next 30 hours, before it curved southwards as it started to intensify slowly. During March 22, the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 26P, before the FMS named the system Rae later that day, after it had accelerated eastwards.

The JTWC and the FMS both estimated during March 23, that the system had peaked with winds of 50 kn, which made it a Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale. At this time, the system was located about 225 km to the south of Kadavu in Fiji and had started to move south-eastwards towards higher latitudes. Rae subsequently weakened as it experienced stronger vertical windshear and cooler sea surface temperatures, which caused the system to weaken and lose its tropical characteristics. The system degenerated into a depression during March 24, as it maintained its south-eastwards track, before it dissipated to the south of Niue during the next day. The system impacted Fiji between March 19 - 24, where it caused strong winds and landslides, as well as minor damage to trees, houses and crops. Torrential rain associated with the system helped to ease a drought and caused flooding to be reported across the archipelago. Within the island nation, the floods were responsible for three deaths in flooded rivers, as well as disruption to transport services, water and electricity supplies. Between March 23 - 24, Rae caused strong winds and high seas at the wave rider buoy at Tongatapu, Tonga, where waves of 6 m were recorded as the winds changed direction.

Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific basin during the 1989–90 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages.

|- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Southern Cook Islands || || || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Samoan Islands || || || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Norfolk Island || || || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#|40 kn || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#|100 kn || bgcolor=#| || Polynesia || || 8 || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Category 2 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#|60 kn || bgcolor=#|980 hPa || None || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#|35 kn || bgcolor=#| || Polynesia || Unknown || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#|65 kn || bgcolor=#|970 hPa || Cook Islands || || || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50 kn || bgcolor=#| || Tuvalu, Vanuatu, New Caledonia || || || |- | || || bgcolor=#|Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50 kn || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Tuvalu, Fiji, Tonga || || 3 || |-

Notes

References

References

1. "Tropical Cyclone Felicity". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
2. Singh, Arveen K. (Summer 1990). "Tropical depression in Coral Sea (former T.C. Felicity), December 18–20, 1989". Mariners Weather Log.
3. Waqaicelua, Alipate. (Fall 1990). "Coral Sea Depression". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service.
4. Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre. (1990). "Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement: January 1990". Bureau of Meteorology.
5. (1992). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–90". Australian Meteorological Magazine.
6. Fiji Meteorological Service. (Summer 1990). "Tropical Cyclone Ofa". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service.
7. Prasad, Rajendra. (May 3, 1990). "Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 31 - February 7, 1990". Fiji Meteorological Service.
8. "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1990". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
9. Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. "Tropical Cyclone 13P (Ofa) best track analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force.
10. Koop, Neville L. (May 3, 1990). "Tropical Cyclone Nancy, 27 January - 4 February". Fiji Meteorological Service.
11. "Tropical Cyclone Nancy". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
12. ["1990 Tropical Cyclone Nancy (1990027S18156)"]({{IBTRACS url). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
13. Koop, Neville L. (1991). "Samoa Depression". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service.
14. Singh, M. Manoj. (April 9, 1990). "Tropical Cyclone Report 90/2: Tropical Cyclone Hilda March 4 - 8, 1990". Fiji Meteorological Service.
15. Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Center. "Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivor". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
16. (1990). "Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement: March 1990". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
17. Prasad, Rajendra. "Tropical Cyclone Rae, March 17–24". Fiji Meteorological Service.
18. ["1990 Tropical Cyclone Rae (1990076S12165)"]({{IBTRACS url). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
19. McGree, Simon. (October 1, 2010). "Flooding in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2009". Risk Frontiers.
20. Barstow, Stephen. "The Wave Climate of the Kingdom of Tonga". South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission.