1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Second pandemic

Main article: Second cholera pandemic

The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.

1840s

Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.

A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England. In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.

Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000 are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849–1855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849, and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico. In Vietnam, cholera outbreak in 1849 killed estimatedly from 800,000 to one million people (8–10% of the kingdom's 1847 population). In Siam, cholera outbreak which started from Penang before passing to Pattani, Songkla, Samut Prakarn, Bangkok, Pathum Thani, Phitsanuloke and Ang Sila from June to July 1849 had killed at least 5,457 people in Bangkok and the estimated number of death from cholera outbreak varied from 15000 to 40000 people.

In addition to former President Polk, other prominent figures who died from the 1849 North American cholera pandemic include General William Worth, Robert Smith Todd (father of future First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln), physician Daniel Arnoldi, and, while the writer Edgar Allan Poe's death is disputed, one possibility is that it was caused by the pandemic.

1850s

The cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 lasted until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to Gran Canaria. It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer, out of a population of 58,000.

In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to China and Japan in 1854. The Philippines were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858–60.

In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in Chicago took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people). Providence, Rhode Island suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera." In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55. The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.

The events surrounding the cholera pandemic in Bologna in 1855 were described by the city's Sanitation Department or Delegation, published in 1857. The treatise also describes prior plagues afflicting the city.

1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

Main article: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasma").

Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although his studies were not entirely conclusive, his advocacy convinced the local council to disable the Broad Street pump by removing its handle. Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump, later found to have been dug close to an old cesspit. He used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases, and showed that a company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering it to homes, resulting in an increased incidence of cholera among its customers. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.

This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.

References

References

1. Frerichs, Ralph R.. "Asiatic Cholera Pandemics During the Life of John Snow : Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63". UCLA Department of Epidemiology - Fielding School of Public Health.
2. "Cholera's seven pandemics". [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].
3. "London Epidemiology Society". UCLA.
4. (2003). "Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease". International Journal of Epidemiology.
5. (1857). "On the Adulteration of Bread As a Cause of Rickets". The Lancet.
6. Hays, J. N.. (2005). "Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History". ABC-CLIO.
7. [http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/pandemic1846-63.html Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63] {{Webarchive. link. (28 December 2010 . UCLA School of Public Health.)
8. link. (14 January 2023 ''". Harvard University Press. p. 9. {{ISBN). 0-674-00473-6
9. [https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 Cholera's seven pandemics], cbc.ca, 2 December 2008.
10. "The Irish Famine".
11. Rosenberg, Charles E.. (1987). "The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866". University of Chicago Press.
12. Unruh, John David. (1993). "The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60". University of Illinois Press.
13. Beardsley GW. (2000). "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)". The Early America Review.
14. Jiang, Sunny C.. (2001-09-01). "Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California". Hydrobiologia.
15. Byrne, Joseph Patrick. (2008). "Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M". ABC-CLIO.
16. (2016). "Vietnam: A New History". Basic Books.
17. (18 June 2018). ""ห่าลงปีระกา" มิถุนายนรุนแรงที่สุด!ตายถึง ๔๐,๐๐๐ ในยามที่ยังไม่รู้ว่าอหิวาต์คืออะไร!!".
18. (26 January 2023). "เมื่อรัชกาลที่ 3 กริ้วจนไล่บาทหลวงฝรั่งดื้อและขัดรับสั่ง ช่วงโรคระบาดรุมบางกอก".
19. "ชักธงเหลืองโรคห่าลงพระสงฆ์ทิ้งวัด".
20. (1947). "A physician at the court of Siam". Country Life.
21. [http://coloquioscanariasamerica.casadecolon.com/index.php/CHCA/article/viewFile/9072/8523 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY] {{Webarchive. link. (22 October 2017 p.626)
22. [http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/44370 Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria] {{Webarchive. link. (22 October 2017 pp. 545–546)
23. link. (24 July 2023 , (1996), p. 313.'')
24. Rosenberg, Charles E.. (1987). "The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866". [[University of Chicago Press]].
25. [http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 ''Chicago Daily Tribune''] {{Webarchive. link. (31 August 2009 , 12 July 1854)
26. (19 April 2020). "My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate". The Providence Journal.
27. Kohn, George C.. (2008). "Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: from Ancient Times to the Present". Infobase Publishing.
28. Hayes, J. N.. (2005). "Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History". ABC-CLIO.
29. link. (8 November 2023 , published by della Volpe and dei Sassi, Bologna 1857.)
30. Eyeler, William. (July 2001). "The changing assessments of John Snow's and William Farr's Cholera Studies". Sozial- und Präventivmedizin.
31. (1998-10-01). "A rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854.". American Journal of Public Health.