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1287–1288 papal election

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FieldValue
year1287–88
notconclavetrue
dates4 April 1287 – 22 February 1288
locationCorte Savella, Aventine Hill
deanBentivenga dei Bentivenghi
protopriestJean Cholet
protodeaconGoffredo da Alatri
Matteo Orsini Rosso
candidates
pope_electedGirolamo Masci
nametakenNicholas IV
imagePope Nicholas-IV.jpg
prevconclave_year1285
prevconclave_link1285 papal election
nextconclave_year1292–94
nextconclave_link1292–1294 papal election

Matteo Orsini Rosso The 1287–88 papal election (April 4 – February 22) was the deadliest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, with six (or five) of the sixteen (or fifteen) cardinal electors perishing during the deliberations. Eventually, the cardinals elected Girolamo Masci, O.Min. as Pope Nicholas IV, almost a year after the death of Pope Honorius IV, who died on April 3, 1287. Nicholas IV was the first Franciscan pope.

The cardinals' deaths are usually attributed to malaria. After the deaths of the six cardinals, the remaining electors—with the exception of Masci—left Rome and reassembled on 15 February 1288. When the Cardinals reassembled in February 1288, there were seven electors left: Latino Malabranca, Bentivenga de Bentivengis, Girolamo Masci, Bernard de Languissel, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Giacomo Colonna, and Benedetto Caetani. Upon finding that Masci had remained at Santa Sabina in Rome the reassembled cardinals immediately elected him, but he refused until he was re-elected on 22 February. It was thought at the time that Masci had survived by keeping a fire burning in his room to "purify" the pestilential vapors, or mal aria thought to cause the disease.

The election was held near Santa Sabina on Aventine Hill in the Savelli palace, Corte Savella, which Honorius IV had built and used as the de facto papal residence. According to Smith, Nicholas IV was, like his predecessor, "an undisguised partisan of the French interest" and "another example of the dishonest use of spiritual authority for political ends, by releasing Charles II of Naples from an inconvenient oath to Alfonso III of Aragon".

Cardinal electors

ElectorNationalityOrderTitleElevatedElevatorNotes
Bentivenga da Bentivengi, O.F.M.AcquaspartaCardinal-bishopBishop of AlbanoMarch 12, 1278Nicholas IIIDean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Major Penitentiarius
Latino Malabranca Orsini, O.P.RomanCardinal-bishopBishop of Ostia e VelletriMarch 12, 1278Nicholas IIIInquisitor General of the Papal Inquisition; nephew of Pope Honorius IV
Bernard de LanguisselFrenchCardinal-bishopBishop of Porto e Santa RufinaApril 12, 1281Martin IV
Giovanni BoccamazzaRomanCardinal-bishopBishop of FrascatiDecember 22, 1285Honorius IVCardinal-nephew
Gerardo BianchiParmaCardinal-bishopBishop of SabinaMarch 12, 1278Nicholas IIISome sources indicate that he was absent
Girolamo Masci, O.F.M.AscoliCardinal-bishopBishop of PalestrinaMarch 12, 1278Nicholas III**Elected Pope Nicholas IV**
Jean CholetFrenchCardinal-priestTitle of S. CeciliaApril 12, 1281Martin IVProtopriest
Matteo Rosso OrsiniRomanCardinal-deaconDeacon of S. Maria in PorticoMay 22, 1262Urban IVProtodeacon after the death of Goffredo da Alatri; archpriest of the Vatican Basilica since 1278; cardinal-protector of the Order of Franciscans
Giacomo ColonnaRomanCardinal-deaconDeacon of S. Maria in Via LataMarch 12, 1278Nicholas IIIArchpriest of the Liberian Basilica
Benedetto Caetani, senioreAnagniCardinal-deaconDeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere TullianoApril 12, 1281Martin IVFuture Pope Boniface VIII
Goffredo da Alatri†AlatriCardinal-deaconDeacon of S. Giorgio in VelabroDecember 17, 1261Urban IVProtodeacon; Died in 1287, possibly during the *sede vacante* after April 3, 1287
Giordano Orsini†RomanCardinal-deaconDeacon of S. EustachioMarch 12, 1278Nicholas IIIDied during the *sede vacante* on September 8, 1287
Hugh of Evesham†EnglishCardinal-priestTitle of S. Lorenzo in LucinaApril 12, 1281Martin IVDied during the *sede vacante* on September 4, 1287
Gervais Jeancolet de Clinchamp†FrenchCardinal-priestTitle of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai MontiApril 12, 1281Martin IVDied during the *sede vacante* on September 15, 1287
Glusiano de Casate†MilaneseCardinal-priestTitle of Ss. Marcellino e PietroApril 12, 1281Martin IVDied during the *sede vacante* on April 8, 1287
Geoffroy de Bar†FrenchCardinal-priestTitle of S. SusannaApril 12, 1281Martin IVDied during the *sede vacante* on August 21, 1287

Notes

References

  • Bagliani, Agostino Paravincini, and Peterson, David S. 2000. The Pope's Body. University of Chicago Press. .
  • Brooke, Rosalind B. 2006. The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. .
  • Darras, J. E., Spalding, M. J., and White, Charles Ignatius. 1898. A General History of the Catholic Church. P. J. Kennedy.
  • Smith, Philip. 1892. The History of the Christian Church. Harper & Bros.
  • Walsh, Michael J. 2003. The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. Rowman & Littlefield. .

References

  1. Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "[https://cardinals.fiu.edu/conclave-xiii.htm#1288 Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294)]."
  2. Smith, 1892, p. 93.
  3. Darras et al. (1898: 413) instead attribute them to the [[Black Death]], though in fact this was not to reach Europe for another 60 years.
  4. {{Cite CE1913
  5. Brooke, 2006, p. 440.
  6. Bagliani and Peterson, 2000, p. 176.
  7. Walsh, 2003, p. 88.
  8. According to [http://biblioteche2.comune.parma.it/lasagni/bes-bl.htm#BIANCHI%20GERARDO ''Dizionario biografico dei Parmigiani''] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-09-06 he served as [[papal legate]] in the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] from 1282 until 1289 and did not participate in the papal elections in 1285 and 1287-88. S. Miranda in [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1278.htm#Bianchi biographical entry of Gerardo Bianchi] says that he participated in this election but gives this information with a question mark.)
  9. Exact date of his death is unknown. S. Miranda in the [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1261.htm#Alatri biographical entry of this cardinal] says that he died before the death of Honorius IV on April 3, 1287 but in the [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/conclave-xiii.htm#1288 notes to the papal election of 1287-88] includes him among cardinals who died during ''[[sede vacante]]''
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