Tupari languages

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Tupian language branch of Brazil

title: "Tupari languages" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["tupian-languages", "mamoré–guaporé-linguistic-area"] description: "Tupian language branch of Brazil" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupari_languages" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Tupian language branch of Brazil ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox language family"]

FieldValue
nameTuparí
regionBrazil
familycolortupian
fam1Tupian
glottotupa1251
glottorefnameTuparic
child1Makurap
child2Core/Nuclear Tupari
::

| name = Tuparí | region = Brazil | familycolor = tupian | fam1 = Tupian | glotto = tupa1251 | glottorefname = Tuparic | child1 = Makurap | child2 = Core/Nuclear Tupari

The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:

None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.

A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

Proto-language==

| name = Proto-Tupari | familycolor = tupian | ancestor = Proto-Tupian | child1 = | target = Tupari languages

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):

:{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" ! gloss !! Proto-Tuparí |- | ‘sweet potato’ || *gwagwo |- | ‘tapir’ || *ɨkwaay |- | ‘macaw’ || *pet+'a |- | ‘one’ || *kiẽt |- | ‘small’ || *Dĩĩt |- | ‘fish’ || *pot |- | ‘fowl’ || *õkɨra |- | ‘seed’ || *kit |- | ‘neck’ || *gwotkɨp |- | ‘heart’ || *ãnõã |- | ‘to know’ || *toã |- | ‘to give’ || *ñũã |- | ‘to speak’ || *mãYã |- | ‘sun, year’ || *ŋgiahkop |- | ‘stone’ || *ŋwa+'i |- | ‘earth’ || *kɨy |- | ‘fire; firewood’ || *agopkap |- | ‘mountain’ || *(n)dzo |- | ‘person’ || *aotse |- | ‘mother’ || *ñä |- | ‘husband’ || *mẽt |- | ‘hammock’ || *ẽ/*ĩnĩ |- | ‘seat’ || *ãβõ-pe |- | ‘seat’ || *ñãp-pe |- | ‘hair’ || *Dap |- | ‘tooth’ || *ñããy |- | ‘hand’ || *mbo |- | ‘nail’ || *mbo-ape |- | ‘skin’ || *pe |- | ‘liver’ || *pia |- | ‘foot’ || *mbi |- | ‘breast’ || *ŋẽp |- | ‘blood (n)’ || *a |- | ‘blood (n)’ || *eYɨ |- | ‘tobacco’ || *pitoa |- | ‘maize’ || *atsitsi |- | ‘axe’ || *gwi |- | ‘knife’ || *ŋgɨtpe |- | ‘timbo’ || *ŋĩk |- | ‘mortar’ || *ẽndzɨ |- | ‘salt’ || *ŋgɨɨt |- | ‘meat’ || *ñẽt+'ã |- | ‘water (n)’ || *ɨgɨ |- | ‘basin’ || *βãẽkɨt |- | ‘dust’ || *ñõ'õ |- | ‘path’ || *pee |- | ‘night’ || *ŋĩndak |- | ‘leaf’ || *Dep/*deep |- | ‘Brazil nut tree’ || *kãnã |- | ‘Brazil nut tree’ || *arao |- | ‘assai (palm)’ || *gwit+'i |- | ‘banana’ || *ehpiip |- | ‘cotton’ || *ororo |- | ‘genipap’ || *tsigaap |- | ‘peanut’ || *araɨgwi |- | ‘pepper’ || *kõỹ |- | ‘armadillo’ || *ndayto |- | ‘tail’ || *okway |- | ‘snake’ || *Dat/*daat |- | ‘lizard’ || *Dako |- | ‘turtle’ || *mbok+'a |- | ‘caiman’ || *gwaYto |- | ‘crab’ || *kera |- | ‘achiote’ || *ŋgop |- | ‘horn’ || *apikɨp |- | ‘paca’ || *gwãnãmbiro |- | ‘deer’ || *ɨtsɨɨ |- | ‘dog’ || *ãŋwẽko |- | ‘ocelot’ || *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt |- | ‘agouti’ || *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã |- | ‘bat’ || *ŋwari+'a |- | ‘coati’ || *pi'it |- | ‘capuchin monkey’ || *sahkɨrap |- | ‘spider monkey’ || *ãrĩmẽ |- | ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) || *ãmãnã |- | ‘peccary’ || *Daotse |- | ‘collared peccary’ || *Daotsey |- | ‘louse’ || *ãŋgɨp |- | ‘flea’ || *ñõk |- | ‘wasp’ || *ŋgap |- | ‘termite’ || *ŋgub+i |- | ‘big ant’ || *Dat+'a |- | ‘cockroach’ || *a |- | ‘cockroach’ || *eβape |- | ‘cicada’ || *ŋõtŋõna |- | ‘scorpion’ || *kɨtnĩŋã |- | ‘snail’ || *ɨ̃ỹã |- | ‘piranha’ || *ipñãỹ |- | ‘surubim’ || *ãnõrẽ |- | ‘mandi’ || *mõkoa |- | ‘toucan’ || *yo |- | ‘toucan’ || *ñõkãt |- | ‘duck’ || *ɨpek |- | ‘vulture’ || *ɨβe |- | ‘vulture’ || *ako |- | ‘hawk’ || *kẽỹ+'ã |- | ‘hummingbird’ || *mĩnĩt |- | ‘owl’ || *popoβa |- | ‘partridge’ || *kwãŋwã |- | ‘basket, big’ || *ãŋgerek |- | ‘canoe’ || *kɨp-pe |- | ‘clothing’ || *pe |- | ‘to drink’ || *ka |- | ‘to take’ || *ara |- | ‘to blow’ || *ɨβa |- | ‘to vomit’ || *ẽkẽt |- | ‘to push’ || *mõrã |- | ‘to swim’ || *tĩptĩpnã |- | ‘to see’ || *to'a |- | ‘to see’ || *-tso- |- | ‘hot’ || *ahkop |- | ‘good’ || *poat |- | ‘new’ || *pahgop |- | ‘old’ || *poot |- | ‘name’ || *Det |- | ‘sour’ || *kãỹ |- | ‘other’ || *nõõ |- | ‘smooth’ || *atsik |- | ‘rotten’ || *ãnde |- | ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ |- | ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt |- | ‘distant’ || *gwetsok |- | ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt |}

Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.

V:verb | Eamõjãn (en). | /e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/ | 2-dance-- (2.) | s-V (S) | ‘You danced.’}}

| Etopkwap nã on. | /e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/ | 2-see---p 1. | p-V {} A | ‘I’ll see you every day.’}}

References

References

  1. Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. [http://periodicos.urca.br/ojs/index.php/MacREN/article/view/1910 Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama]. ''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230133781.pdf PDF])
  2. Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). ''Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado''. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.
  3. Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. [https://jolr.ru/files/(294)jlr2020-18-3-4(284-319).pdf The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages]. ''Journal of Language Relationship'' 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.
  4. Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). "Classification of South American Indian languages". UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from [https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3093 DiACL], 9 February 2020.
  6. (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)". Journal of Historical Linguistics.

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