Tsuru Aoki
Japanese actress (1892–1961)
title: "Tsuru Aoki" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["1892-births", "1961-deaths", "actresses-from-tokyo", "american-film-actresses", "american-silent-film-actresses", "japanese-film-actresses", "japanese-silent-film-actresses", "20th-century-japanese-actresses", "american-actresses-of-japanese-descent", "deaths-from-peritonitis", "japanese-emigrants-to-the-united-states", "20th-century-american-actresses", "japanese-stage-actresses", "american-stage-actresses", "women-film-pioneers"] description: "Japanese actress (1892–1961)" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuru_Aoki" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Japanese actress (1892–1961) ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox person"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Tsuru Aoki |
| image | Tsuru Aoki (ca. 1915).jpg |
| caption | Portrait in a newspaper, c. 1916 |
| birth_date | |
| birth_place | Tokyo, Empire of Japan |
| death_date | |
| death_place | Tokyo, Japan |
| spouse | |
| yearsactive | 1913–1924, 1960 |
| occupation | Actress |
| signature | Portrait photograph of Tsuru Aoki by Nelson Evans and signed by Aoki (cropped to signature).jpg |
| :: |
| name = Tsuru Aoki | image = Tsuru Aoki (ca. 1915).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Portrait in a newspaper, c. 1916 | birth_date = | birth_place = Tokyo, Empire of Japan | death_date = | death_place = Tokyo, Japan | spouse = | yearsactive = 1913–1924, 1960 | occupation = Actress | signature = Portrait photograph of Tsuru Aoki by Nelson Evans and signed by Aoki (cropped to signature).jpg
Tsuru Aoki was a Japanese stage and screen actress whose career was most prolific in the United States during the silent film era of the 1910s through the 1920s. Aoki may have been the first Asian actress to garner top billing in American motion pictures.
Life and career
Born in Tokyo, Aoki came to California in 1899 with her uncle, Otojirō Kawakami, his geisha wife, Kawakami Sadayakko, and Otojirō's troupe of actors. At their first stop in San Francisco, Tsuru performed with the troupe and assisted Sadayakko at a Palace Hotel tea ceremony where attendees raved over her "diminutive daintiness." But when the troupe ran into severe financial difficulties, Otojirō made arrangements to have Tsuru adopted by Toshio Aoki, a sketch artist for a local newspaper. Tsuru Aoki started taking lessons in ballet dance in New York City, when she went along with her uncle Toshio, who was hired by David Belasco for The Darling of the Gods. After Toshio's death a reporter looked after Aoki. Aoki began her acting career after returning to Los Angeles and performing in stage productions in the city's Japanese Theatre where she was noticed by film producer Thomas Ince who placed the young actress under contract. She was also responsible for recruiting Japanese actors for Imperial Japanese Company, a subsidiary of New York Motion Picture Corporation.
Aoki came to be one of the earliest professional Japanese film actresses within the film industry. Tsuru Aoki made her film debut in the Majestic Film Company release The Oath of Tsuru San in 1913 opposite actor William Garwood. Her follow-up film was the 1914 Ince production, O Mimi San, which starred the American child actress Mildred Harris and a young Sessue Hayakawa, with whom Aoki had acted onstage at the Japanese Theatre the previous year. The couple began a romantic relationship that culminated in their marriage on May 1, 1914, weeks before the release of their critically acclaimed and publicly successful film The Wrath of the Gods – a melodrama about an interracial romance between a man portrayed by Caucasian actor/ director Frank Borzage and an Asian woman portrayed by Aoki. The film also starred Sessue Hayakawa and featured actress Gladys Brockwell. Hayakawa and Aoki eventually made more than 20 films together throughout the 1910s and 1920s.[[File:Tsuru Aoki by Albert Witzel.jpg|thumb|Aoki, c. 1915]] [[File:Tsuru Aoki - The Dragon Painter scenes - 1919.webm|thumb|A few scenes of Aoki dancing and acting in the 1919 film [[The Dragon Painter]]]] One of Aoki's most recalled films of the silent period is the 1919 William Worthington-directed The Dragon Painter, based on the novel of the same title by Sidney McCall, in which Aoki starred as a young woman who convinces an isolated, mentally deranged artist named Tatsu (portrayed by Hayakawa) to come down from the mountains so that she may civilize him and he may further his artistic abilities. Other notable films of the period were The Typhoon (1914), The Vigil (1914), The Geisha (1914), The Chinatown Mystery (1915), His Birthright (1918), and The Breath of the Gods (1920).
Throughout the 1910s, Aoki appeared in approximately 40 films, often in leading-lady roles which was a first for an Asian actress. Some of her co-stars of the era included such notable names as Marin Sais, Frank Borzage, Gladys Brockwell, Mildred Harris, Jack Holt, Jane Wolfe, Dagmar Godowsky, Vola Vale, Florence Vidor, Earle Foxe, and Walter Long. After a series of moderately successful Ince-produced two-reel serials, Aoki's career in the United States began to falter (while her husband's career began to build momentum), and the couple travelled to France in 1923 and filmed the popular -directed drama La Bataille. After returning to America, however, Aoki made only three more films before retiring from the screen to raise her and Hayakawa's three children. Her last silent screen performance was the 1924 release The Danger Line. Aoki returned to the screen in 1960 (her first sound film) to appear with her husband in the drama Hell to Eternity.
Death
Tsuru Aoki died in Tokyo, Japan, on October 18, 1961, of acute peritonitis at the age of 69.
Filmography
::data[format=table]
| Title | Year | Role | Notes | Ref | The Oath of Tsuru San | O Mimi San | The Courtship of O San | The Geisha | Love's Sacrifice | The Wrath of the Gods | A Tragedy of the Orient | A Relic of Old Japan | Desert Thieves | Star of the North | The Curse of Caste | The Village 'Neath the Sea | The Death Mask | The Typhoon | Nipped | The Vigil | Mother of the Shadows | The Last of the Line | The Famine | The Chinatown Mystery | The Beckoning Flame | Alien Souls | The Honorable Friend | The Soul of Kura San | Each to His Kind | The Call of the East | The Curse of Iku | The Bravest Way | His Birthright | A Heart in Pawn | The Courageous Coward | The Gray Horizon | The Dragon Painter | Bonds of Honor | Locked Lips | A Tokyo Siren | The Breath of the Gods | Screen Snapshots | Black Roses | Five Days to Live | Night Life in Hollywood | The Battle | The Danger Line | The Great Prince Shan | Sen Yan's Devotion | Hell to Eternity | Decasia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913 | Tsuru San | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | O Mimi San | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | O San | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Myo | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Little Faun | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Toya San | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Kissmoia | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Katuma | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Owanono | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Star of the North | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Kissmoia | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Little Fawn | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Princess Nona | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | San Toy Nakado | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Mira | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Laughing Moon | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | Girl at Riverside | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1915 | Misao | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1915 | Woo | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1915 | Janira | Short | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1916 | Yuri Chan | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1916 | Toki-Ye | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1916 | Kura-San | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1917 | Princess Nada | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1917 | O'Mitsu – Arai's Sister | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1918 | Omi San | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1918 | Sat-u | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1918 | Saki San | Incomplete film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1919 | Sada | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1919 | Rei Oaki | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1919 | O Haru San | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1919 | Ume-Ko | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1919 | Toku-ko | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1920 | Lotus Blossom | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1920 | Asuti Hishuri | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1920 | Yuki Onda | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1920–1921 | Herself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1921 | Blossom | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1922 | Ko Ai | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1922 | Herself | Incomplete film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1923 | La Marquise Yorisaka | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1924 | Marquise Yorisaka | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1924 | Nita | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1924 | Sen Yan's Wife | Lost film | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1960 | Mother Une | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2002 | Geisha | Archive footage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| :: |
Bibliography
- The Americanization of Tsuru Aoki: Orientalism, Melodrama, Star Image, and the New Woman by Sara Ross. Duke University Press, 2005. Camera Obscura 20 (3 60):129-157; .
References
References
- Joseph L. Anderson, ''Enter a Samurai: Kawakami Otojirō and Japanese Theatre in the West'', 2 v. (Tucson: Wheatmark, 2011), 1: 65, 88. According to Anderson, Aoki was an old friend of an American missionary couple the Kawakamis had met aboard ship, [[Merriman Colbert Harris]] and Flora Best Harris (89).
- Anderson, Joseph L.. (2011). "Enter a Samurai: Full text and illustrations". Wheatmark, Inc..
- "Tsuru Aoki – Women Film Pioneers Project".
- (July 11, 1914). "Advertisement for The Wrath of The Gods". Delaware County Daily Times.
- (February 18, 1916). "The Beckoning Flame". Arkansas City Daily Traveler.
- (August 24, 1916). "Alien Souls". Iowa City Press-Citizen.
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