Three-wheeler

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Vehicle with three wheels

title: "Three-wheeler" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["wheeled-vehicles"] description: "Vehicle with three wheels" topic_path: "general/wheeled-vehicles" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-wheeler" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Vehicle with three wheels ::

|direction = vertical |width = 250 |image1 = Campagna T-Rex.jpg |caption1 = Campagna T-Rex |image2 = Morgan 3-Wheeler 193X.jpg |caption2 = 1932 Morgan Aero 2-Seater Sports |image3 = Fuldamobil NWF 200, Rare German Threewheeler.jpg |caption3 = Fuldamobil three-wheeler (Postwar-era Germany) |image4 = Trajka.jpg |caption4 = Tricycle truck in Poland (Gorzów Wlkp) |image5 = Trihawk.jpg |caption5 = Trihawk, a tadpole-type trike manufactured in California, United States during the 1980s A three-wheeler, tricar, or trike is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized tricycles, which may be legally classed as motorcycles, while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles.

Overview

Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner-constructed using a portion of a rear-engine, rear-drive Volkswagen Beetle in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include that are specially constructed for off-road use.

Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front (2F1R), (for example: Morgan Motor Company) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (1F2R) (such as the Reliant Robin). Due to better safety when braking, an increasingly popular form is the front-steering "tadpole" or "reverse trike" sometimes with front drive but usually with rear drive. A variant on the 'one at the front' layout was the Scott Sociable, which resembled a four-wheeler with a front wheel missing.

Three-wheelers, including some cyclecars, bubble cars and microcars, are built for economic and legal reasons: in the UK for tax advantages, or in the US to take advantage of lower safety regulations, being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and potential better streamlining, three-wheeled cars are usually less expensive to operate.

Some inexpensive three-wheelers have been designed specifically to improve mobility for disabled people.

Three-wheeler transport vehicles known as auto rickshaws are a common means of public transportation in many countries in the world, and are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries such as India and the Philippines.

History

Early automotive pioneer Karl Benz developed a number of three-wheeled models. One of these, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, is regarded as the first purpose-built automobile. It was made in 1885.

In 1896, John Henry Knight showed a tri-car at The Great Exhibition.

In 1897, Edward Butler made the Butler Petrol Cycle, another three-wheeled car.

A Conti 6 hp Tri-car competed in (but did not complete) a 1907 Peking to Paris race sponsored by a French newspaper, Le Matin.

1885Benz.jpg|1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen Lorry, Threewheeler.jpg| Goliath pickup truck at a meeting for vintage cars in the 1990s Davis Divan, NATMUS, May 2011.jpg | Davis D-2 Divan, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, United States Davis Model 494, NATMUS, May 2011.jpg | Davis 494, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, USA Velorex.jpg|Velorex was a manufacturing cooperative in Solnice, Czechoslovakia, formed in 1936 to satisfy demand for small, inexpensive city cars. 1947 FN Tricar-Autoworld Bruxelles.JPG|FN Tricar Fabrique Nationale FN Herstal AS 24 pic1.JPG|Fabrique Nationale AS 24 Mazda_t2000.jpg|Mazda T2000 truck 1957–1974, length 6.08 m, width 1.84 m, max speed 100 km/h 1957 Daihatsu Midget 01.jpg | An early Daihatsu Midget, which would serve as the basis for auto rickshaws that proliferate across South and Southeast Asia File:Reliant Robin registered July 1975 748cc at Knebworth 2013.JPG|Reliant Robin 3-wheeler car. Pembleton Supersports 2016.jpg|2016 Pembleton Supersports

Configurations

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/ThreeWheeled.svg" caption="Diagram comparing delta and tadpole layouts"] ::

Two front{{Anchor|Tadpole}}

A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents two advantages: it has improved aerodynamics, and that it readily enables the use of a small lightweight motorcycle powerplant and rear wheel. This approach was used by the Messerschmitt KR200 and BMW Isetta. Alternatively, a more conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (the center of mass is further to the front) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one). Some vehicles have a front engine driving the single rear wheel, similar to the rear engine driving the rear wheel. The wheel must support acceleration loads as well as lateral forces when in a turn, and loss of traction can be a challenge.

A new tadpole configuration has been proposed with a rear engine driving the front wheels. This concept (Dragonfly Three Wheeler) claims both stability and traction (two driven wheels), as well as a unique driving experience.

With two wheels in the front (the "tadpole" form or "reverse trike") the vehicle is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being toward the rear of the vehicle.

For lower wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency), a teardrop shape is often used. A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The three-wheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. Examples include the Aptera (solar electric vehicle) and Myers Motors NmG.

Two rear{{Anchor|Delta}}

Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the steering mechanism but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while braking.

When the single wheel is in the front (the "delta" form, as in a child's pedal tricycle), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping forces at the center of mass from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the triangle formed by the contact patches of the wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a greater tendency to spin out ("swap ends") when handled roughly.

Lateral stability

Source:

The disadvantage of a three-wheel configuration is that lateral stability is lower than with a four-wheeled vehicle.

With any vehicle, an imaginary line can be projected from the vehicles centre of mass to the ground, representing the force exerted on the vehicle by its mass. With the vehicle stationary, the line will be vertical. As the vehicle accelerates, that imaginary line tilts backward, remaining anchored to the centre of mass the point at which the line intersects the ground moves backward. As you brake it moves forward, with cornering it moves sideward. Should the point at which this line intersects the ground move outside of the boundary formed by connecting the tyre contact patches together (a rectangle for a four-wheeled car, or a triangle for a trike) then the vehicle will tip and eventually fall over. This is true for any vehicle.

With all vehicles it is critical that the vehicle should be engineered to slide before this point of instability is reached.

This can be achieved in several ways:

  • by placing the center of mass closer to the ground
  • by placing the center of mass closer to the axle with two wheels (for three wheelers)
  • by increasing the track width
  • by limiting the grip provided by the tyres, such that the vehicle loses adhesion before it starts to tip.
  • By tilting some or all of the vehicle as it corners.

In the case of a three-wheeled ATV, tipping may be avoided by the rider leaning into turns.

Tilting option

Main article: Tilting three-wheeler

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/TripendoTilted.jpg" caption="Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheeler"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Carver_one_06011701.jpg" caption="Vandenbrink Carver"] ::

To improve stability some three-wheelers are designed to tilt while cornering like a motorcyclist would do. The tilt may be controlled manually, mechanically or by computer.

A tilting three-wheeler's body or wheels, or both, tilt in the direction of the turn. Such vehicles can corner safely even with a narrow track.

Some tilting three-wheelers could be considered to be forms of feet forward motorcycles or cabin motorcycles or both.

Electric three wheelers

::callout[type=note] Main article: Electric vehicle. See also: [[Electric motorcycles and scooters ::

Battery-powered three wheelers

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/I-road_-_Grenoble.JPG" caption="[[Toyota i-Road]], a three-wheeled battery powered personal mobility vehicle"] ::

Main article: Battery electric vehicle, Electric rickshaw

Three-wheeled battery powered designs include:

Solar-powered three wheelers

Main article: Solar vehicle

Here are three notable examples of solar-powered three wheelers; two race cars, the Infinium and the Sky Ace TIGA, and a vehicle planned for production, the Aptera.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/InfiniumAtAirStrip.jpg" caption="Infinium, winner of 2010 [[American Solar Challenge]]"] ::

The Infinium, built by the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, came in 3rd place in the 2009 World Solar Challenge held in Australia, and won the 2010 American Solar Challenge.

Ashiya University's Sky Ace TIGA achieved 91.332 km/h at Shimojishima Airport, in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan, to win the Guinness World Record, on 20 August 2014. It took the record from another three-wheeler, Sunswift IV, designed and built at the University of New South Wales in Australia, by a margin of almost 3 km/h.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/APTERA2019_ASPHALT-DOORS-CLOSED_crop.jpg" caption="Solar panels on the hood, roof, dashboard and hatch of the Aptera EV"] ::

The Aptera solar electric vehicle uses a tadpole layout and is being designed to have a top speed of over 100 mph. The first production Aptera uses a 201-hp (150 kW) permanent-magnet electric motor, supplied by Vitesco. Later versions may use 42 KW in-wheel electric motors and can be ordered with two (front-wheel drive) or three (all-wheel drive) motors. The Aptera's roof and dashboard, and optionally its hood and hatch, are fitted with solar panels, with the full complement being designed to add a range of up to 40 miles per day and 11,000 miles per year in the sunniest climates. First customer availability is planned for before the end of 2024.

Steam-powered three wheelers

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Joseph_Cugnot's_1770_Fardier_à_Vapeur,_Musée_des_arts_et_métiers,_Paris_2015.jpg" caption="Cugnot's ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]], [[Paris]], [[France"] ::

Main article: Steam tricycle, Steamroller

The world's first full-size self-propelled land vehicle was a three-wheeler. French Army Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1770 fardier à vapeur (steam dray), a steam tricycle with a top speed of around 3 km/h (2 mph), was intended for hauling artillery.

Another of the earliest preserved examples is the Long steam tricycle, built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883, now on display at the Smithsonian Institution.

Wind-powered three wheelers

The Whike is a recumbent tricycle with a sail, made in the Netherlands.

All-terrain vehicles

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/HONDA_ATC70_and_SUZUKI_ALT50_TRAILBUDDY_and_YAMAHA_TRI-ZINGER_YT60.jpg" caption="Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha all-terrain vehicles"] ::

Due to the incidence of injuries and deaths related to their use, a 10-year ban, entirely voluntary for manufacturers, was placed on the sale of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in the United States in January 1988. More injuries were sustained by riders by not applying a proper riding technique, and lack of wearing proper safety gear such as helmets and riding boots. In a search conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, it was determined that "no inherent flaw was found in the three wheel design".

{{anchor|Autocycle}} Registration

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/BondBugSilverstone.jpg" caption="[[Bond Bug]] at Silverstone"] ::

In the U.S, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration defines and regulates three-wheeled vehicles as motorcycles. However, in 2015 a bill was introduced in Congress that would prevent some three wheeled vehicles from being classified as motorcycles in the United States, instead creating a new classification for "autocycles".

Driver's license and registration requirements vary on a state-by-state basis. Some states require drivers of three wheeled vehicles to have a motorcycle license and register the vehicle as a motorcycle. Some states, including Virginia, Kansas, and Indiana, classify some three wheeled vehicles as autocycles. Virginia defines an autocycle as "a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles." Indiana defines it as "a three (3) wheeled motor vehicle in which the operator and passenger ride in a completely or partially enclosed seating area that is equipped with:(1) a rollcage or roll hoops; (2) safety belts for each occupant; and (3) antilock brakes;and is designed to be controlled with a steering wheel and pedals." In other jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, Canada, and Connecticut, a three-wheeled vehicle with an enclosed passenger compartment or partially enclosed seat is considered an automobile.

Examples

Two front wheels

::data[format=table]

NameCountryYears manufacturedComments
Léon Bollée VoituretteFrance1895–?
TriPodCars Tripod 1Australia2012–?400 kg Reverse Trike, Bandit 1250, ZX14R (200+ hp) and EV
Berkeley Cars Berkeley T60England1959
EggSwitzerland1896–99
Advance 6 hp air-cooled Tri Car and 9 hp water-cooled Tri CarEngland1902–12
Humber TricarEngland1904
Riley Olympia TricarEngland1904
Mars CaretteEngland1904–05Mars Motors Co existed in Finchley, London, White and Poppe water-cooled engine, Single-cylinder, 3.3 kW
Lagonda TricarEngland1904–07total production: 69 cars
AnglianEngland1905–07
ArmadaleEngland1906–07
Ranger CubEngland1970–1980Reverse Trike/Tadpole, A-Series engine 848-1275cc
Morgan V-Twin and F-SeriesEngland1911–39, 1932–52Morgan Super Sports 2-Seater 1937
American Tri-CarUnited States1912
Birmingham Small Arms Company Three WheelerEngland1929–361100cc engine
ZaschkaGermany1929Folding three-wheeler: Zaschka Three-wheeler 1929
Dymaxion carUnited States1933Concept car designed by Buckminster Fuller
Mathis VEL 333France19463 seats, flat-twin front engine, aluminium body, production less than 10 units
Fend FlitzerGermany1948 - 19511 seat, Messerschmitt kabinenroller precursor, production about 250 units
1951 HoffmannGermany19512 seats, aluminium body, engine mounted on the rear wheel steering pivot
Velorex Oskar and other modelsCzechoslovakia1951–71Originally with leather bodies
IsettaUK1957–62Three-wheeled version of the Isetta built in the UK to take advantage of tax and licensing regulations
ScootacarUK1957–64
Messerschmitt KR175Germany1953–55
Messerschmitt KR200Germany1955–64
Peel P50Isle of Man1963–64Smallest production car ever built
HM Vehicles Free-wayUnited States1979–82
Campagna T-RexCanada1996–present
Malone Car Company F1000Skunk SSTAZRUnited Kingdom
Cree SAMSwitzerland2001Electric, only 80 produced
Myers Motors NmG ("No more Gas")United States2006–presentSingle-occupant all-electric plug-in
BRP Can-Am Spyder RoadsterCan-Am Spyder RoadsterCanada2007–presentThe Can-Am Spyder is a three-wheeled motorcycle manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products.
Brudeli 645LNorway2008–
MoonbeamUnited States2008–present100 mpg DIY, fabric-covered car based on parts from two Honda 150cc motorscooters
TriacUnited States2009–2011Electric, never entered production
XR-3 HybridUnited StatesPlans–2008, Kit–2009Front 3-cylinder diesel (125 mpg), rear electric 40 mile range (220 mpg when used as a hybrid)
Aptera (solar electric vehicle)United States2026 plannedSolar-powered and plug-inElectric
Triton TrikeUnited States2000–presentGas-powered, 42+ mpg, front-wheel drive, custom builds and kits available
Nobe GT100Estonia & United States2021 plannedElectric, powered at all 3 wheels
Polaris SlingshotUnited States2015–present
Vanderhall Laguna RoadsterUnited States2016–2018Exotic Auto-cycle, mono-aluminum chassis, carbon fiber body, 200 HP, 1550 pounds dry weight, side-by-side seating, fwd. 1.4 liter turbo GM power plant. 6 speed Automatic with paddle shift option. Manufactured by Vanderhall Motor Works in Provo, Utah U.S.A
Vanderhall VeniceUnited States2017–presentThe mainstay of the Vanderhall line up, the Venice brings the soul of roadster motoring while extending effortless performance in kind.
Vanderhall CarmelUnited States2020–presentThe Vanderhall Carmel brings more luxury and convenience to the Carmel lineup. With provisions to accommodate a removable capshade, the Carmel promises additional class and comfort for your journey.
Vanderhall EdisonUnited States2020–presentThe Edison2: A fully electric roadster that combines refined and eye-catching design while maintaining classic, elegant lines. Unplug and play has been redefined
Elio MotorsShreveport, LA, United StatesAwaiting fundingTwo passenger fully enclosed cockpit with car controls
Girfalco AzkarraCanada2017All-electric two-passenger three-wheeled vehicle, possibly the quickest three-wheeler
Go3WheelerUnited States2014single person three wheeler
Corbin Sparrow
Piaggio MP3
Tri-MagnumUnited StatesTilting 3-wheeler capable of seating two people.
Volkswagen GX3
Morgan 3-WheelerEngland2012–presentThe power train is a 1983cc 'V-twin' fuel injected engine mated to a Mazda 5 speed (and reverse) gearbox
Fuel Vapours AléCanada2005–presentPrototype. Gets 92 mpg.
Arcimoto FUVUnited States2019–presentTwo passenger all-electric, 102 mile range City
Fiberfab Scarab STMUnited States1976Kit car with canopy door manufactured by Fiberfab
Bricklin 3EVUnited StatesPlannedTwo passenger electric vehicle from Malcolm Bricklin.
::

Two rear wheels

::data[format=table]

NameCountryYears manufacturedComments
ApinoBrazilunknownMini Truck
Benz Patent MotorwagenGermany1886–93
Eco-FuelerUSA2009–20112 seater built in Oregon.
La Va Bon TrainFrance1904–1050–100 believed built
Davis D-2 DivanUnited States1947–48about 13–17 built, including the 494, a Jeep-like military vehicle
Scammell ScarabEngland1948–67
AutoetteUnited States1948–70
Daihatsu BeeJapan1951–1952
Daihatsu MidgetJapan1957–72
Mazda T-2000Japan1957–74
Mazda K360Japan1959–69
Mazda T600Japan1959–71
Kia K-360South Korea1962–1973Kia's first truck (OEM Mazda K-360)
Kia T-1500South Korea1963–?1484 cc, 60 hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 1.5 tons. (OEM Mazda T-1500)
Kia T-600South Korea1969–1974577cc, 20 HP and 500 kg load. Top speed of 75 km/h. 7726 produced (OEM Mazda T-600)
Kia T-2000South Korea1967–19811985 cc, 81 hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 2 tons. 15952 produced (OEM Mazda T-2000)
Piaggio ApeItaly1948–present
Electra-KingUnited States1964?–1980s?Two-seater electric car
Bond 875England1965–70
Bond BugEngland1970–74
Reliant RobinEngland1973–81, 1989–2002
Reliant RegalEngland1953–1973An example of this vehicle is the iconic van belonging to Del Boy and Rodney Trotter in the long-running BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, though it is often incorrectly referred to as a Reliant Robin.
GM Lean MachineUnited States1980sTilt, concept car
TriVetteUnited States1974–1976
TwikeGermany1995–presentElectric-human-power hybrid, developed in Switzerland
ZAP XebraUnited States2006–2009electric power
eTukUnited States2014–re-designed tuk tuk for the US Market, including an all-electric motor
Snyder ST600-cUnited States2011–2012Imported by Snyder Technologies / Wildfire Motors, this is a rebrand of the Fulu Motors 富路金骏马, Fulu Jinjunma in English. Referred to as the 09 golden horse internally.
CarverNetherlands2007–2009Tilt
CityElDenmarkMini-El, City-El
CLEVER
Harley-Davidson
Servi-CarUnited States1932-1973
Harley-Davidson
Tri GlideUnited Statessince 2009
::

References

References

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  18. (10 March 2015). "S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act".
  19. Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-100 (West)
  20. Ind. Code Ann. § 9-13-2-6.1 (West)
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